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	Arabic Calligraphy, Introduction
		Arabic calligraphy is a primary form of art for Islamic visual expression and creativity.
		Arabic calligraphy is not merely an art form but involves divine and moral representations -- from which calligraphy acquires its sublime reputation.
		The scope of Arabic calligraphy is vast and diffuse.
	www.islamicart.com /main/calligraphy/intro.html (909 words)

	The Arabic Language Script
		Arabic script has a genetic relationship with the Latin alphabet, since both are historically traceable back to a script current on the Levant coast around 1000 B.C. and used for the notation of the language which we call Old Phoenician.
		Arabic calligraphy, thus, is the art of beautiful or elegant handwriting as exhibited by the correct formation of characters, the ordering of the various parts, and harmony of proportions.
		The Diwani script is a cursive style of Arabic calligraphy developed during the reign of the early Ottoman Turks (16th-early 17th century).
	www.indiana.edu /~arabic/arabic_script.htm (2367 words)

	Arabic calligraphy
		Arabic calligraphy is an aspect of Islamic art that has co-evolved alongside the religion of Islam and the Arabic language.
		Arabic calligraphy is associated with geometric Islamic art (the Arabesque) on the walls and ceilings of mosques as well as on the page.
		Instead of recalling something related to the 'True Reality' (the reality of the spiritual world), calligraphy for the Muslim, is a visible expression of the highest art of all, namely the art of the spoken word (the transmittal of thoughts and of history).
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ar/Arabic_calligraphy.html (176 words)

	Egypt: Art of Arabic Calligraphy in Egypt
		Its forms, however, differ, as Arabic calligraphy has surpassed the end of writing process itself to reach eternity in terms of design and styles; further becoming one of the outstanding features of Islamic arts, constituting the common denominator for all Arab and Islamic arts, either they were taking shapes of fixed buildings or mobile antiques.
		Calligraphy, as a matter of fact, was and will remain playing fundamental role in the history of mankind, as it is a key tool of establishing communication among peoples; conveying and preserving human heritage along with its experiences over times and maintaining civilizations from generation to another.
		Schools of calligraphy in Egypt remained abounding in vast experiences until the era, and outspread in north Africa, due to the Arab advent to Egypt in 641 AD when Egypt nursed that kind of art and fostered it, till the calligraphy of Hegaz was converted and oriented to Arabic calligraphy.
	www.touregypt.net /historicalessays/calligraphy.htm (1067 words)

	Arabic/Islamic Calligraphy: Treasure for the Eyes and Soul (#1)
		Arabic, which is composed of 28 letters (mostly consonants), is written from right to left with the letters connected much like English cursive.
		Arabic is the official language of twenty countries from North Africa to the Arabian peninsula.
		Arabic is regarded as a divine language since it is in this language that God chose to reveal his message in the holy Quran.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/arab_culture_and_identity/42636 (456 words)

	Art of Arabic Calligraphy
		Arabic belongs to the group of Semitic alphabetical scripts in which mainly the consonants are represented in writing, while the markings of vowels (using diacritics) is optional.
		The North Arabic script, which was influenced by the Nabatian script, was established in north-eastern Arabia and flourished in the 5 th century among the Arabian tribes who inhabited Hirah and Anbar.
		Although early Arabic sources mention several calligraphic styles in reference to the cities in which they were used, they generally fit into two broad categories with some minor variations, these are the "dry styles," the early predecessors of Kufic, and the "moist styles," the early predecessors of the cursive family or scripts.
	www.sakkal.com /ArtArabicCalligraphy.html (1979 words)

	Arabic calligraphy
		Although the Arabic alphabet as we know it today appears highly distinctive, it is actually related to the Latin, Greek, Phoenician, Aramaic, Nabatian alphabets.
		A wealth of information about Arabic calligraphy can be found at www.islamicart.com, a website produced by the Islamic and Arabic Arts and Architecture Organisation.
		It describes the instruments used for calligraphy and how the proportions of the letters are determined.
	www.al-bab.com /arab/visual/calligraphy.htm (517 words)

	Islam: Arabic Calligraphy
		During the Middle Ages, the Muslims respected calligraphy as the highest art form because the Qur'an was written in Arabic and it represented the word of God.
		Arabic calligraphy is closely connected to the Qur'an and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad.
		Calligraphy is thought of as an expression of man's spiritual state, and purity of writing comes from a pure heart.
	www.sfusd.k12.ca.us /schwww/sch618/Calligraphy/Islam_Arabic_Calligraphy.html (849 words)

	Arabic Calligraphy
		Arabic belongs to the group of Semitic alphabetical scripts in which mainly the consonants are represented.
		Arabic script is derived from the Aramic Nabataean alphabet.
		The major six scripts known in calligraphy as al-aqlam al-sittah -- or as Shish Qalam in Persian and Turkish -- are cursive scripts.
	members.tripod.com /~theone01/Calligraphy/calligraphy.htm (305 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Features \| Calligraphy remembered (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Among its efforts to promote calligraphy, the Egyptian Society for Arabic Calligraphy is planning to publish a magazine, the first of its kind focusing on calligraphy.
		Asked why he thought Arabic calligraphy is not given its due among the cultural arts, art critic Hassan Othman claims that it is because calligraphy is a static art, with little room for innovation.
		"Calligraphy is a craft more than an art," he argued, but he went on to insist that it should be taught in all the faculties of arts in Egypt.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2001/565/fe5.htm (1589 words)

	Arabic Calligraphy by M.J. Alhabeeb
		Arabic calligraphy is a highly demanding and disciplined genre of Islamic art.
		The core of such a challenge of balance was posed through delivering artistic images, flowing in a poetic mode and progressing in a rhythmic pace, by employing a visual scope restricted by stringent elements such as the finite number of the alphabetical shapes, uncompromising aesthetic rules, and strict geometrical measurements and proportions.
		Systematically, and over time, the Arabic and Muslim community in the United States has truly become underprivileged, and has been slowly robbed of the opportunities to honor their heritage and proclaim their roots without being subject to all sorts of links to fundamentalism and terrorism.
	www.people.umass.edu /mja/statement.html (1485 words)

	Arabic Calligraphy Thai Darling Doll (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Arabic language is inseparably linked with the religion of Islam.
		Arabic calligraphy is a genuine Islamic and Arabic art.
		The art of Arabic calligraphy, anyway, was developed over ages to become spiritual engineering...
	www.thaidarlingdoll.com /Arabic-Calligraphy.html (94 words)

	Fayeq Oweis, Arabic & Islamic Art, Arabic Calligraphy, Arabic language teaching
		Calligraphy is known as “beautiful handwriting,” and in Arabic it also means the “art of the pen” and “the geometry of the spirit.” Arabic calligraphy is a genuine Arabic and Islamic art form that links the literary heritage of the Arabic language with the religion of Islam.
		Arabic calligraphy has been used for centuries to decorate architectural buildings, manuscripts, and objects of daily life.
		Arabic Calligraphy - Detailed, richly-illustrated examination of the historical and cultural significance of Arabic calligraphy, from Islamic Arts and Architecture..
	www.oweis.com /calligraphy.html (1970 words)

	Islamic History in Arabia and Middle East (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Even where Arabic did not become the national language, it became the language of religion wherever Islam became established, since the Quran is written in Arabic, the Profession of Faith is to be spoken in Arabic, and five times daily the practicing Muslim must say his prayers in Arabic.
		The use of Arabic script has therefore tended to develop in the direction of calligraphy and the development of artistically pleasing forms of hand lettering, while in the West the trend has been toward printing and the development of ornamental and sometimes elaborate type faces.
		Calligraphy - the art of "beautiful writing" -continues to be something that is not only highly prized as ornament and decoration but is immensely practical and useful as well.
	www.islamicity.com /mosque/ihame/Ref3.htm (1808 words)

	Arabic language at AllExperts
		Arabic has been a literary language since at least the 6th century and is the liturgical language of Islam.
		Arabic is a major source of vocabulary for languages as diverse as Berber, Kurdish, Farsi, Swahili, Urdu, Hindi, Turkish, Malay, and Indonesian, as well as other languages in countries where these languages are spoken.
		Arabic calligraphy has not fallen out of use as in the Western world, and is still considered by Arabs as a major art form; calligraphers are held in great esteem.
	en.allexperts.com /e/a/ar/arabic_language.htm (2759 words)

	The Islamic World to 1600: The Arts, Learning, and Knowledge (Calligraphy)
		Although the Arabic language and script existed before Islam, the spread of the religion also facilitated the spread of the language throughout the new Muslim lands.
		Arabic became a basic component of Islamic culture, mostly because it was the language of the Qur'an.
		The Arabic script is still used to write the Kazakh, Uzbek, and Tajik languages in Central Asia, as well as Urdu in present-day Pakistan.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/islam/learning/calligraphy.html (838 words)

	Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Reearch Centers, Calligraphy Center, History of Arabic Calligraphy
		The Arabic language spread as more Muslims were encouraged to learn to write and read in order to comprehend Islamic instructions.
		Fatimid caliphs employed calligraphy and scripts in the decoration and adornment of their palaces, mosques and thrones.
		The most notable epitome of the significance given to calligraphy in Egypt was the manufacturing of the cover of the Ka’aba.
	www.bibalex.org /English/researchers/calligraphy/history.htm (601 words)

	Selections of Arabic, Persian, and Ottoman Calligraphy: Home
		This presentation exhibits 355 Arabic calligraphy sheets, ranging from the 9th to the 19th centuries.
		A majority of the calligraphy sheets were written on paper, however, a group of Qur’anic fragments from the 9th and 10th centuries were executed on parchment.
		Calligraphy was a skill to be mastered, and it was heavily used to express religious sentiment and many other aspects of personal and cultural life.
	international.loc.gov /intldl/apochtml/apochome.html (267 words)

	Arabic Calligraphy by Rasheed Butt
		Butt has concentrated upon composing hilya, the time honoured description of the beauty of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), using the three extant descriptions and writing them in both nashk and nastaliq in a style and shape worthy of their noble contents.
		A special feature of Rasheed Butt's calligraphies is the ornamentation in golden hues and colours with most subtle arabesques, reviving the most delicate designs.
		We hope that the Pakistani master calligrapher will live for many many years to fill the world with the beautiful designs of his miracle-working pen so that we can admire through him the quintessential Islamic art, that of calligraphy, which developed due to the wish to write the word of God as beautifully as possible.
	www.rasheedbutt.com (256 words)

	gallery-arab
		The Arabic alphabet, like Hebrew and Phoenician, is descended from a Semitic alphabet first used nearly 4000 years ago.
		Basic short vowels are indicated by dashes above and below the letters; as it is possible to read Arabic without the vowels, these are usually omitted, except in children's books and in the Koran.
		Just as English has upper and lower case, Arabic has different forms of most letters, depending on whether the letter comes at the beginning, middle or end of a word, or stands alone.
	www.geocities.com /hkhemlock/gallery-arab.html (277 words)

	Arabic Calligraphy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Arabic alphabet has been adopted by non-Semitic languages such as Modern Persian, or Farsi, Urdu, Malay, and some West African languages such as Hausa, for example.
		Calligraphy is a high art form in the Arab world.
		Modern standard Arabic is a descendant of Classical Arabic; frequently, however, the stylistic influence of French and English is evident.
	www.arab.de /arabinfo/acally.htm (122 words)

	Arabic calligraphy \| creativebits
		In a previous post someone well spoted that I was playing with "Arabic" numbers, which are in fact Indian numbers (the circle means 5 and the dots are zeros.) It's the Westeners who use Arabic numbers such as: 1,2,3.
		I think the main reason Arabic calligraphy didn't penetrate the pop culture is because it's very closely associated with religion and the usage of these styles may be a sensitive issue.
		Modern Arabic design, such as the Futura-inspired Arabic typography you feature in your post, is seen quite often on the signs and buildings we see everyday in the newscasts about deaths in Iraq, and unfortunately, we see it on the websites of fundamentalist terrorist groups...
	creativebits.org /inspiration/arabic_calligraphy (1414 words)

	Citations: Learning Arabic Calligraphy: Naskh - Mahmud (ResearchIndex)
		STRETCHING In high quality Arabic and Persian printing, stretching is preferred to inserting extra interword spacing to achieve left (end of the line) justification.
		This stretching is called keshide in both Arabic and Persian, from the Persian word keshidan, which means to stretch.
		In Arabic and Persian, there are two kinds of stretching, 1.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/936504/0 (736 words)

	Unique Arabic calligraphy exhibition opened \| Dubai Shopping Festival (DSF)
		The 'Dubai International Exhibition on the Art of Arabic Calligraphy' is showcasing the works of 25 prize-winning contemporary calligraphers from eight Arab and Islamic countries - Turkey, Jordan, Egypt, Syria, Sudan, Iraq and Iran in addition to the UAE.
		Arabic calligraphy is one of the most respected art forms and the exhibition provides a perfect platform for learning about the entire spectrum of Arabic calligraphy.
		There is also a section selling calligraphy works and workshops where lessons would be given to visitors on the art of Arabic calligraphy.
	www.ameinfo.com /53009.html (843 words)

	Arabic calligraphy@Everything2.com
		After the definitive fixing of the arabic script around 786, by Khalil ibn Ahmad al Farahidi, many styles were developped, both for the writing down of the Quran and other books, and for inscriptions on monuments as decoration.
		The traditional instrument of the Arabic calligrapher is the qalam, a pen made of dried reed; the ink is often in color, and chosen such that its intensity can vary greatly, so that the greater strokes of the compositions can be very dynamic in their effect.
		Indeed, Arabic calligraphy hasn't fallen out of use as in the western world; the Arabic script, cursive by nature unlike the latin alphabet, is used to write down a verse of the Quran, a Hadith, or simply a proverb, in a spectacular composition that is often undecipherable.
	www.everything2.com /index.pl?node_id=1289272 (598 words)

	Arabic Super Bargains, Arabic Computers / Notebooks, Arabic Dictionary, Arabic ESL-English as Second Language, Arabic ...
		Arabic is one of the world's major languages, spoken in a broad belt extending from the Arabian Peninsula across the Fertile Crescent and on to the Atlantic Ocean.
		The Arabic alphabet is believed to have evolved from that of an ancient people known as the Nabateans, but how, when, and where exactly it originated is still a matter of controversy.
		Arabic has contributed many words to the English language, many of them beginning with the Arabic definite article al-.
	www.worldlanguage.com /Languages/Arabic.htm (672 words)

	Arabic Language
		The Qur’an is one of the oldest surviving documents written in Arabic.
		Some Arabic letters represent sounds that are written as two letters in English (“sh” and “th”, for example).
		Arabic letters are connected to form words in a “cursive” style; there is no way of “printing” Arabic.
	www.amideast.org /offices/kuwait/saud/arabic.htm (335 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Arabic calligraphy is a rich art form and a strict discipline.
		The flexibility of the Arabic alphabet allows calligraphic structures to be formed horizontally or in descending order.
		In established calligraphy studios, copies of the Quran were written on parchment in oblong format, and inscription were designed which were later chiseled into stone for buildings, or woven or embroidered into materials as ornamentation.
	www.lycos.com /info/arabic-calligraphy--arts.html (451 words)

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