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	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Arabic language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Arabic has been a literary language since at least the 6th century and is the liturgical language of Islam.
		Since the written Arabic of today differs substantially from the written Arabic of the Qur'anic era, it has become customary in western scholarship and among non-Arab scholars of Arabic to refer to the language of the Qur'an as Classical Arabic and the modern language of the media and of formal speeches as Modern Standard Arabic.
		The Qur'an is expressed in Arabic and traditionally Muslims deem it impossible to translate in a way that would adequately reflect its exact meaning—indeed, until recently, some schools of thought maintained that it should not be translated at all.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Arabic_language (2310 words)

	Algeria - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Algeria (Arabic: الجزائر /ælʤæˈzæːʔir/, Berber : Ldzayer /ldzæjər/), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (Arabic:الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية [εlʤumhu:ˈrijjʌ lʤεzεːʔirijjʌ dːiːmuqrɑ:ˈtˁiːjjʌ ʃːaʕˈbijjʌ]), is a country in north Africa, and the second largest country on the African continent, Sudan being the largest.
		The 20% or so of the population who self-identify as Berbers, and primarily speak Berber languages (also termed Tamazight), are divided into several ethnic groups, notably Kabyle (the largest) in the mountainous north-central area, Chaoui in the eastern Atlas Mountains, Mozabites in the M'zab valley, and Tuareg in the far south.
		Algeria's largest and official language, Arabic, is spoken natively in dialectal form ("Darja") by some 80% of the population, and, as in the entire Arab world, used in the Modern Standard Arabic variant in the media and on official occasions.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Algeria (2950 words)

	All Arabic, all the time - in Vermont - Campus Watch
		Harris, who is considering a career with the State Department, studied Arabic in Jordan but found it hard to become fluent because so many Jordanians wanted to practice their English with her.
		At Middlebury, though, adherence to the language pledge is so strict that even when she and friends went to Mr.
		This fall, he will teach the first Arabic language and literature courses to be offered during the regular academic year instead of just the summer.
	www.campus-watch.org /article/id/1188 (1868 words)

	Takaful :: Glossary (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Fatwa(h) (Arabic ‘clarification’; synonyms: futya, ifta’; Persian and Turkish fetwa): ruling of religious and legal scholars clarifying a particular matter through interpreting the principles of Shariah, with the aim of subsequent application of their conclusions in the practical life of the Muslim community.
		Rahn (Arabic ‘pledge, gage’): property (movable or immovable) pledged as a guarantee of the repayment of the debt by the debtor.
		Rukba (Arabic ‘waiting’): contract under which one party transfers to the other party the right to use certain property the ownership of which after the death of one of the parties will be transferred to the surviving party.
	www.takafol.ru.cob-web.org:8888 /eng/rubrika.php?rub=47 (3814 words)

	CNN.com - Pledge back in court - August 9, 2002
		The appeal requests an "en banc" rehearing before the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals, meaning that an 11-judge panel is asked to consider the case as opposed to the three judge panel that issued a 2-1 ruling.
		Michael Newdow of Sacramento, California, had challenged the 'under God" clause of the pledge, saying it was a government endorsement of religion when recited in school by his daughter and her classmates.
		In his ruling, Judge Alfred T. Goodwin wrote that the "under God" phrase in the pledge was added by Congress during the height of the Cold War to differentiate the United States from the atheistic aims of the Soviet Union.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/LAW/08/09/pledge.appeal/index.html (362 words)

	About the USA > U.S. Government > Pledge of Allegiance
		The Pledge of Allegiance received official recognition by Congress in an Act approved on June 22, 1942.
		However, the pledge was first published in 1892 in the Youth's Companion Magazine in Boston, Massachusetts to celebrate the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America.
		In its original version, the pledge read "my flag" instead of "the flag of the United States." The change in the wording was adopted in 1923.
	usa.usembassy.de /government-pledge.htm (257 words)

	What's Wrong with Arabic Language Education -- An Opinion, UCLA International Institute
		The assumption is that Arabic is an inherently difficult language that must be taught through endless drilling in grammar and the mastery of obscure texts.
		But when Arabic programs fail to engage their foreign students in the Arab world itself, where saturation in the linguistic and cultural experience is guaranteed, I consider it a crime.
		We need an Arabic program that can benefit from over 100 years of educational reform, from John Dewey to Montessori to Howard Gardner, and lead us out of the dark ages of drill and kill and this constant insistence on grammar so that standardized tests can be given and people graded and put in boxes.
	www.isop.ucla.edu /article.asp?parentid=12111 (2939 words)

	Arabic pledge - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Arabic pledge resulted from the German Empire's unrestricted submarine warfare during World War I.
		Nevertheless, in August the British passenger liner Arabic was torpedoed by a German U-boat.
		With the threat from the United States that they might join the war, the German government issued what became known as the "Arabic pledge," which stated that Germany would warn non-military ships 30 minutes before they sank them to make sure the passengers and crew got out safely.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arabic_pledge (256 words)

	Why learning Arabic is so hard. - Robert Lane Greene - Slate Magazine
		Arabic has one "h" akin to ours, and another that has been described as the sound you would make trying to blow out a candle with air from your throat.
		Arabic is a VSO language, which means the verb usually comes before the subject and object.
		Arabic spoken in Morocco is as different from Arabic spoken in Egypt and from Modern Standard as French is from Spanish and Latin.
	www.slate.com /id/2120258 (1632 words)

	Behind the Name: Arabic Names
		They are not necessarily of Arabic origin, though most in fact are.
		Means "glory of religion", derived from Arabic عزّ ('izz) "glory, power" and دين (din) "religion"...
		Means "the chosen one" in Arabic, an epithet of Muhammad...
	www.behindthename.com /nmc/ara2.php (158 words)

	The Chronicle: 8/18/2000: Summertime in Vermont, and the Sound of Arabic Echoes in the Hills
		We learn that Arabic remains suffused not only with religious meaning -- the Koran was revealed in Arabic -- but also with poetry, an art form that preceded the dawn of Islam in the seventh century.
		Having already studied Arabic for one year at Harvard University, where I am a student at the divinity school, I am placed in a second-year class with 11 other students.
		For example, Arabic does not use "is" in the present tense, a rule that initially makes translation confusing.
	chronicle.com /free/v46/i50/50b00201.htm (1357 words)

	Arabic
		Since its establishment in 1982, the Arabic School at Middlebury has evolved to become the primary destination on the North American continent for students who wish to learn and live the Arabic language and culture in a relatively short period of time.
		Arabic newspapers, magazines, television and websites will keep you up to date on current events around the world.
		We pledge that we are equally committed to the same mission and we will provide you with the tools and the assistance necessary for you to achieve your goals.
	www.middlebury.edu /academics/ls/arabic (612 words)

	Arabic pledge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Arabic Pledge resulted from German unrestricted submarine warfare during World War I.
		With the threat that the United States might join the War, the German government issued what became known as the "Arabic Pledge" which stated that Germany would warn non-miltary ships 30 minutes before they sank them to make sure the passengers and crew got out safely.
		They broke this pledge on March 24th, 1916 when a German U-boat torpedoed the French ship, the "Sussex." This then led to the Sussex pledge.
	arabic-pledge.iqnaut.net (204 words)

	APRIL 18, 2006
		Mayor Correll led the audience in recitation of the pledge of allegiance.
		The Net Revenues of the System are hereby pledged for the payment of the Bond and shall be used and applied in the order of priority provided in Section 11 of this Ordinance.
		This recital is conclusive evidence of the validity of the Bond and the regularity of its issuance.
	www.ci.jerome.id.us /Council/JCH_Minutes_041806.htm (6576 words)

	Reaction to Pledge
		House members recite the pledge Thursday morning in Washington, D.C. Virtually the entire Senate showed up for a morning prayer Thursday, heads bowed as they stood at their desks, to affirm that the United States is "one nation under God" after a federal appeals court declared the Pledge of Allegiance unconstitutional in schools.
		A nearly full House gathered for an enthusiastic recitation of the pledge, and later passed, 416-3, a resolution protesting Wednesday's decision by the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals.
		I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.
	constitution-first.org /reaction_to_pledge.htm (920 words)

	Can Arabs understand each other? - By Lee Smith - Slate Magazine
		Not exactly: There is an official language used in the media and diplomacy, and colloquial Arabic is spoken on the streets and in the markets.
		It's the language of the newspapers and Arabic literature, and it differs from the Quran only in that its vocabulary has expanded to include ideas that weren't in circulation 1,500 years ago.
		The sound of the Quran, God speaking in Arabic to the Arabs, is part of its meaning.
	www.slate.com /?id=2063956 (1188 words)

	Students
		But the learning and studying with friends, and the friendships that have formed through communicating in the Arabic language, that's really special to me. We each have a different way of learning things, but we're always helping each other and testing each other, especially with the vocabulary and grammar.
		I did not like the pledge, especially in the beginning, because of the frustration of not being able to communicate.
		Perhaps the key to the success of the program, after the pledge, is the patience and commitment of the faculty.
	www.middlebury.edu /academics/ls/arabic/students (1776 words)

	Worldandnation: All Arabic, all the time - in Vermont
		All Arabic, all the time - in Vermont
		Middlebury College students of the language must pledge to speak, read and write only Arabic for nine weeks.
		A Middlebury College calligraphy club member writes Arabic letters.
	www.sptimes.com /2003/07/07/Worldandnation/All_Arabic__all_the_t.shtml (1887 words)

	index
		I pledge allegiance to ALLAH and His Prophet,
		I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America
		As an American citizen, with rights and responsibilities, I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America And to the republic for which it stands, one nation, Under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.
	www.biae.net /pledge.html (148 words)

	Sussex pledge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		On May 4th, 1916, Germany issued the Sussex Pledge, declaring it would not attack passenger ships, and that it would search a merchant ship before sinking it.
		In exchange, Germany demanded that the United States get other belligerent nations to honor "the rules of international law" (a reference to the British starvation blockade), a condition which Wilson rejected.
		Germany honored the pledge until February of 1917, when it resumed unrestricted submarine warfare.
	sussex-pledge.iqnaut.net (176 words)

	Welcome to The American Presidency
		The Arabic pledge gave Wilson an opportunity to pursue a campaign for peace that he had begun the winter before.
		He prevented dismemberment of Germany in the West; helped to establish a new Poland; won acceptance of the principle that colonies should be administered in trust and a pledge of future general disarmament; and, most important, forced the creation of the League of Nations, with responsibility for executing the treaty and preventing future wars.
		He was certain that American leadership in the League and the passing of time would rectify the injustices of the settlement.
	ap.grolier.com /article?assetid=0420330-00&templatename=/article/artic... (4655 words)

	Unit Seven: 1900-1920
		Lusitania, Arabic pledge, Sussex pledge: In 1915, the British Lusitania was sunk bringing protests from Wilson.
		The Arabic was sunk in the same year and Germans followed with the Arabic pledge promising to stop attacks on passenger vessels.
		In 1916, Germans sunk the Sussex and made the Sussex pledge to promise a stoppage of attacks.
	www.course-notes.org /unitnotes/unit7.htm (12024 words)

	chap23
		The French ship Sussex is sunk by German U-Boat in the English Channel which violated the Arabic Pledge(would not sink unarmed merchant ships not carrying war related items)
		states that if Germany violates this pledge, then diplomatic ties will be cut off.(Like a dare, "they would not want to do that")
		-Germany violates the pledge, resumes unrestricted submarine warfare.
	wshs.wtvl.k12.me.us /~social/alan/ap/chap23/ppt23.htm (670 words)

	World War 1 and 2 - Sussex pledge
		On March 24th, 1916, a German U-boat torpedoed the French Sussex, mistaking the steamboat for a minelayer and killing 50 passengers and injuring 30 more, including several Americans (though the ship did make it to a French port).
		As a violation of the Arabic Pledge declared after the sinking of the Lusitania on May 7th, 1915, this incident outraged President Wilson and Congress, who issued an ultimatum to Germany on April 18th that the sinking of unarmed ships must cease, or else the United States would sever diplomatic ties.
		On May 4th, 1916, Germany issued the Sussex Pledge, declaring it would not attack passenger ships, and that it would take into account the safety of the passengers and crew and search a merchant ship before sinking it.
	www.worldwardiary.com /history/Sussex_pledge (245 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		According to the report, Knesset Member Issam Makhoul (Hadash-Ta’al) wrote to Minister Meir Sheetrit to complain that there are no signs in Arabic in Israel’s new airport, even though Arabic is one of the country’s two official languages.
		“Signs in Arabic are a basic thing for Arab citizens in Israel, and are required to change the racist position on the matter,” Makhoul said.
		Arabic-language signs are also intended to make airport employees realize Arabic is an official language in Israel and should naturally appear on public signs, the Knesset member added.
	www.ynetnews.com /articles/0,7340,L-3091528,00.html (221 words)

	Canadian Lebanese Human Rights Federation / Press Releases
		Release from the LF in response to Franjieh's lies (Arabic) 7.3.01
		Release from the Lebanese Forces (Arabic) 21.2.01 (Ehden massacre)
		Report on the mass held by the LF in commamoration of Martyrs.
	www.clhrf.com /lebaneseforces.htm (419 words)

	World War in 1915
		Germany's ambassador to Washington protested the British use of the American flag and the murder of German sailors.
		But it was the killing of the two Americans who had been aboard the Arabic that aroused Americans and concerned President Wilson.
		Following the sinking of the Arabic, Wilson did win from Germany a pledge that it was putting restrictions on its submarines – to be known as the Arabic pledge.
	www.fsmitha.com /h2/ch05b.htm (3525 words)

	Canadian Lebanese Human Rights Federation / Archives
		Montereal Maronite Bishop closes a Church and alienates 130 families (Arabic).
		Boutrous's Harb's speech in the Parliament (Arabic) 6/11/00
		Ramzi, a new martyr (Arabic) By: Charbel Barakat 13.6.02
	www.10452lccc.com /documents.htm (1453 words)

	Neutral Rights and Submarine Warfare
		However, in August, the British liner Arabic was sunk with the loss of two American lives.
		Formal protests brought German promises of reformed policies for passenger ships in the "Arabic Pledge." Nevertheless, an Italian liner was torpedoed by an Austrian U-boat in November.
		The next crisis occurred in March 1916, when the French steamer Sussex was torpedoed in the English channel; one American was killed.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1096.html (1055 words)

	World War I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Royal Navy was also forced by the threat of the mine and torpedo to adopt a strategy of distant blockade rather than the traditional close blockade.
		The Allies would pledge to disarm all their merchant ships, while Germany and Austria would agree not to sink merchantmen without warning.
		The British were dismayed, believing that such an agreement would leave their merchant fleet completely at the mercy of the Germans.
	hometown.aol.com /jtpegues1/worldwarI.html (7577 words)

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