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Topic: Arabic poetry

	Arabic Poetry adab.com - Content
		Arabic became the principal reservoir of human knowledge, including the repository for the accumulated wisdom of past ages, supplanting previous cultural languages, such as Greek and Latin.
		Arabic belongs to the Semitic family of languages, of which Hebrew is also a member; thus, the term "Semite" refers to anyone who speaks a Semitic tongue.
		Pre-Islamic poetry was transmitted and preserved orally until the latter part of the seventh century A.D. when the Arab scholars undertook a large effort to collect and record verses and shorter compositions that had survived in the memories of professional reciters.
	www.adab.com /en/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=18 (1502 words)

	Arabic Literature - MSN Encarta
		Poetry continued to flourish under the Umayyad dynasty (661-750) but tended to become artificial, perpetuating forms that represented a vanishing type of life.
		The Abbasid dynasty saw the golden age of Arabic poetry with outstanding creativity covering a large variety of themes and breaking all forms of social taboos.
		It is generally accepted among scholars of Arabic literature that the expedition of Napoleon to Egypt in 1798 marked the beginnings of the renaissance in the Arab world.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761561792/Arabic_Literature.html (2081 words)

	MUSIC
		Arabic ranks sixth in the world's league table of languages, with an estimated 186 million native speakers.
		The structure of the Arabic language is well-suited to harmonious word-patterns, with elaborate rhymes and rhythms.
		The birth of Arabic prose as a literary form is attributed to the Persian secretarial class who served under the Abbasid caliphs (750-1256) in Baghdad.
	www.cacac.org /Arabic_LITERATURE.htm (865 words)

	Arabic Literature - MSN Encarta
		Arabic poets eventually cut loose from their classical moorings and looked to more modern forms, such as free verse—poetry with no fixed rhyme or meter.
		Modern Arabic poetry is a complex genre, including prose poems and forms that are experimental in varying degrees.
		Egypt’s Naguib Mahfouz, one of the best-known Arabic novelists of the 20th century, was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1988.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761561792_2/Arabic_Literature.html (2182 words)

	Arabic literature - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		The first significant Arabic literature was produced during the medieval golden age of lyric poetry, from the 4th to the 7th cent.
		The next great period of Arabic literature was a result of the rise of the new Arabic-Persian culture of Baghdad, the new capital of the Abbasids, in the 8th and 9th cent.
		Notable 20th-century writers in Arabic include the novelist Naguib Mahfouz, winner of the 1988 Nobel Prize in Literature, the playwrights Ahmad Shawqi and Tawfiq al-Hakim, the poets Hafiz Ibrahim, Badr Shakir as-Sayyab, Nazik al-Malaikah, Abdul Wahab al-Bayati, Mahmoud Darwish, and Adonis, and the short-story writer Mahmud Tymur.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Arabicli.html (1036 words)

	Bethlehem University - Academic Programs - Faculty of Art - Arabic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The goals of the Department of Arabic are to provide students with an in-depth knowledge of Arabic language and literature, to enable them to work in the fields of their specialization with competence and to pursue advanced studies.
		This course comprises the study of the renaissance of Arabic poetry in the 19th century, the various schools in modern Arabic poetry, and their development: ad-Diwan, Apollo and al-Mahjar, together with the study of various specimens.
		This course comprises a study of the Qur'anic sciences, Meccan and Medinite exegesis and their impact on Arabic literature, the kinds of al-Hadith, its sources and methods of transference and quotation in language and literature, and the influence of al-Hadith on literature and grammar.
	www.bethlehem.edu /programs/art/arabic.shtml (2493 words)

	Islam, the Qur'an and the Arabic Literature
		Poetry is the mine of knowledge of the Arabs and the book of their wisdom, the archive of their history and the reservoir of their epic days, the wall that defends their exploits, the impassable trench that preserves their glories, the impartial witness for the day of judgement.
		Poetry is the archive of the Arabs; in it their genealogies have been preserved; it sheds light on the darkest and strangest things found in the Book of God and in the tradition of God's apostle and that of his companions.
		As deciphered from the earliest inscriptions, the Arabic alphabet was vague, unsystematic, and inefficient.
	www.al-islam.org /al-serat/Arabic.htm (7759 words)

	Islam and poetry in Iran
		Poetry and poets were travelling a road against Islamic wisdom and rationality: "as the bedouin said, the story of life, death, and a return again to life is nothing but a fable".
		The Arabs considered poetry (butiqa) as part of the nine realms of knowledge which were the precursors of all the rational (aghlieh) and intellectual (zehnieh) sciences.
		Arabic slowly became the scientific language of its era and this influenced Farsi.
	www.iranchamber.com /literature/articles/islam_poetry_iran2.php (1728 words)

	Poetry
		A more popular theory is that Nabati poetry came from an ancient Arabic tribe called the Nabateans, who, between 200 BCE and 600 CE, established a considerable empire in the Fertile Crescent, with Petra, in Jordan, as its capital.
		Eulogy – In Nabati poetry, the eulogy is characterised by praise and exaggeration, that is to say the poet exaggerates his narration of a person’s actions.
		Nabati poetry is a central part of the rich heritage of the Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula.
	sheikhmohammed.ae /english/poetry/nabati.asp (1210 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Arabic poetry
		Arabic poetry usually refers to the poetry of the wider historic Arab empire from the 6th to the 14th Century, during which it attained great richness and versatility.
		The burning, in 1499 or 1500, was apparently due to the 'indecent' nature of a large part of the poetry.
		In Persian poetry and Turkic poetry the gender is not distinguished by the third person pronoun.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Arabic_poetry (515 words)

	Troubadour Poetry An Intercultural Experience
		Their poetry was influenced by Arabic poetry and it became a literary phenomenon that historians of Western literature and culture could not ignore.
		The Troubadour poetry was devoted to praising the woman lover and to express her male lover’s submission to her that reaches a point of idealization of the lover.
		Arabic Andalusit muwashshah is known as strophic poem written in classical Arabic; sometimes its kharja comes in vernacular, while the zajal is all in vernacular and it is the same vernacular dialect of Arab Spain.
	www.arabworldbooks.com /Literature/troubadour_poetry.htm (7016 words)

	EDSITEment - Lesson Plan
		Some kinds of rhymes in poetry are: end rhyme, internal rhyme, hard and soft rhyme, and near or slant rhyme.
		Yet in Arabic poetry, these might be acceptable rhymes.
		Explain that Arabic poetry uses a different form of rhyme than English poetry.
	edsitement.neh.gov /view_lesson_plan.asp?id=388 (1606 words)

	ARABIC PROVERBS AND RELATED FORMS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Poetry was, in pre-modern Arabia, recognized as a potent weapon for bolstering the reputation of one's own group and diminishing that of a rival; indeed, poetry is still regarded as a powerful tool for social and political commentary.
		Barakat suggests that, coupled with the reverence which Arabs have for their history and traditions, this respect for wisdom helps explain the frequency of proverb use in the culture, for the proverb is the linguistic embodiment of traditional wisdom.
		H.A.R. Gibb suggests that the widespread use of proverbs in general conversation "in the East as in the West" has been dealt a fatal blow by the influence of "modern: --meaning Western-- education, and that "the younger generation are rapidly losing their father's memory of and taste for proverbs" (Gibb, 1938:xxxix).
	www.deproverbio.com /DPjournal/DP,6,2,00/ARABICPROVERBS.html (1887 words)

	Islamic History in Arabia and Middle East (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The linguists and exegetes of Kufa and Basra began collecting this poetry in the eighth century because of the light it threw on unusual expressions and grammatical structures in the Quran and the hadith.
		Their poetry obeys strict conventions, both in form and content, which indicates that it must have had a long period of development before it was finally committed to writing by scholars.
		A revival of Arabic literature began in the nineteenth century, and coincided with the first efforts of Arabic speaking nations to assert their independence of Ottoman rule.
	www.islamicity.com /mosque/ihame/Ref5.htm (2634 words)

	SOAS: SOAS: Arabic Poetry and Criticism
		It is intended primarily for students taking MA Arabic Literature, but students of Comparative Literature will find it particularly interesting for the study of poetry and its response to the shaping forces of the age in a comparative context.
		The objective of the course is to introduce students to one of the richest and most rewarding areas of Arabic literature, and to relate the processes of change and search for personal and cultural identity on the literary level to the projects of change in the political and social spheres.
		The ultimate aim is to sharpen students’ awareness of the significance of poetry to the understanding of vital cultural, social and political processes in Arab societies.
	www.soas.ac.uk /studying/coursedetail.cfm?coursesunitsid=1298 (1087 words)

	Islam and poetry in Iran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Pre-Islamic Arabic had little use for books though poetry had such a broad base that the best poems was hung on the walls of Ka’ba – the holiest shrine – a place of pilgrimage and worship.
		Poetry was the most important pastime of the bedouin and a source of pride and honour.
		Poetry is contemptible and the poet is a liar; “The Qur’an is in truth the revelation of God, and the utterance of a noble messenger.
	www.iran-bulletin.org /art/Islam_and_poetry_in_Iran.html (4675 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - ARABIC POETRY:
		The poetic literature of the Arab Jews, to judge from the specimens handed down, must be about as old as Arabic Poetry in general, and in the main is of the same form and stamp.
		The points of the simile are not only the alliteration of "Ka'ab" and "kalb" (dog), but also the putting forth of the tongue, which was regarded as a symbol of poetic satire.
		A kind of revival took place in Arabic-speaking countries at the end of the Middle Ages; but the poetry of this epoch is almost entirely of a liturgical character, and the language is not classical, but is modeled on the dialect of the country in which the Jews happened to live.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=1689&letter=A (908 words)

	MUSIC
		THE METRES normally used in Arabic poetry were first codified in the 8th century by al-Khalil bin Ahmad and have changed little since.
		In Arabic poetry each line (bayt; abyat) is divided into two halves (shatr; shatrayn).
		Because short vowels are generally considered long when they occur at the end of a line, the vowels which appear short in their written form also rhyme with their corresponding long vowels - it's the pronunciation, not the writing, that counts.
	www.cacac.org /ARABIC_POETRY.htm (334 words)

	Arabic literature. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Poetry regained some prestige under the Umayyads, when al-Akhtal (c.640–c.710) and al-Farazdaq (c.640–732) wrote their lyric works.
		Under the Abbasids (750–1258), Hellenic, Syrian, Pahlavi, and Sanskrit works became available in translation, and the Arabic language further developed as a vehicle of science and philosophy.
		Among the most popular of Arabic poets, Mutanabbi (915–65) wrote some of the most complex, and most eloquent, Arabic poems.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ar/Arabicli.html (798 words)

	Adonis: The Avatar of Avant-Garde Arabic Poetry by PGR Nair
		In his case, it is the ancient Arabic poetry including mystic verses that he had read and listened to during his childhood that has acted as the womb for shaping his imagination.
		The Arabic poetry of 13th century Iraqi mystic poet Abn al-Jabber al-Niffari has been influential in imbuing his poetry with an inner cadence particularly in his long narrative poems which are full of fierce energy, paradoxes and strange metaphors.
		Another poet he identifies as his doppelganger in shaping his poetry is the greatest poet of pre-Islamic Arabia, Imru'l-Qays, the sixth-century prince who roamed in exile until, it is said, he was murdered with a poisoned shirt that he was given.
	www.boloji.com /poetry/articles/014.htm (1618 words)

	Al-Mutanabbi and Arabic Classical Poetry.
		Arabic is very different from the Indo-European languages in its letter forms, grammatical structure and sounds.
		Poetry was written for speaking, or singing even, and modern Arabic poetry can retain something of that fervour and majesty of expression.
		That said, contemporary Arabic poetry now generally looks to the west for inspiration, envying its greater freedom of political and social expression.
	www.poetrymagic.co.uk /poets/almutanabbi.html (619 words)

	Adonis Indicts Arabic Poetry - Al Jadid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		His thesis appears to be that past and present Arabic poetry is basically similar, if not identical, in experience and expression.
		In other words, poetry must serve a cause, and ideology in the first case, while in the second, and in fact the more keenly felt and popularly enjoyed function, the purpose is sheer pleasure and jubilation.
		Thus, unrhymed, non-musical poetry, poetry based on "contemplation and examination of inner worlds" lies so outside Arabic poetic taste as to be utterly marginalized, removed from any but a tiny, refined audience.
	almashriq.hiof.no /general/000/070/079/al-jadid/aljadid-adonis2.html (473 words)

	Arabic poetry
		THE METRES normally used in Arabic poetry were first codified in the 8th century by al-Khalil bin Ahmad and have changed little since.
		In Arabic poetry each line (bayt; abyat) is divided into two halves (shatr; shatrayn).
		Because short vowels are generally considered long when they occur at the end of a line, the vowels which appear short in their written form also rhyme with their corresponding long vowels - it's the pronunciation, not the writing, that counts.
	www.al-bab.com /arab/literature/poetry.htm (541 words)

	datadubai.com: The Greatest Arabic Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		One single line of poetry was sometimes able to elevate the position of a tribe, as happened to the Bani Anfulnaqah, which in English means the tribe of the nose of the camel.
		Poetry has had a great role to play in Arabic ethics, as in the saying of Abi Tammam: Were it not for the morals set by poetry, the builders of the edifice of greatness would not know how to begin.
		Poetry which flourished in Iraq and later in Egypt during the Naserite era sang the praise of the principles of nationalistic causes.
	www.datadubai.com /poetry.htm (1357 words)

	An Evening of Arabic Poetry Oct. 21 - The Library Today (Library of Congress)
		Two classical poems will be recited in Arabic, and two readers will then offer brief introductions to selections of modern Arabic poetry, explaining who the poets are and the circumstances of the poems' composition.
		She has taught modern Arabic at the University of Provence Aix-Marseille and is now a lecturer in Arabic at Princeton University's Near Eastern Studies Department.
		Until recently she was assistant professor of Arabic literature at the American University in Cairo; she is now on the faculty of the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, where she is establishing an Arabic language and culture program.
	www.loc.gov /today/pr/2004/04-176.html (549 words)

	Poetry-Islam and Middle East
		Turkish Poetry in Context: Site includes poetry from medieval Turks, as well as a brief history of the Turkish people, and the poets who lived during this period, from Ashiq to Baqi.
		Desert Poetry: “For Arab poets, the desert in its presence or absence is power…” This site is devoted to poets of Saudi Arabia and their attachment to the desert landscape.
		Poetry Project: Yemen: Through the World Bank’s Culture and Poverty Projects, Yemeni women will increase their literacy rate, and help perfect their poetry.
	www.ou.edu /mideast/category/poetry.htm (742 words)

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