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	Scale (music) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Scales are often abstracted from performance or composition, though they are often used precompositionally to guide or limit a composition.
		Scales in traditional Western music generally consist of seven notes, made up of a root note and six other scale degrees whose pitches lie between the root and the root's first octave.
		The notes in a chord are usually a subset of a particular scale, in the common practice period being built upward by thirds from a particular scale degree.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Scale_(music) (1017 words)

	IDRAC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A scale developed to evaluate, in a simple and quantitative manner, the severity of a depressive state, and to show modifications under treatment.
		The scale is intended for use within psychiatric populations as a measure of the symptom - severity of depressed mood, and as screening instrument for use among or in non-psychiatric populations.
		A scale addressed to children and adolescents that aims at evaluating their social adaptation and well being through a series of questions related to involvements in school, extracurricular activities, family life, friendships, dating, and others.
	www.idrac.org.lb /assessment.php (1388 words)

	Scale (music)
		In music, a scale is an ascending or descending series of notes or pitcheses, as opposed to a series of intervalss, which is a musical mode.
		Scales may be described as tonal, modal, diatonic, derived or synthetic, and by the number of tones included.
		Scales in traditional Western music consist of seven notes, made up of a root note and six other scale degrees whose pitches lie between the root and its first octave.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/s/sc/scale__music_.html (532 words)

	Definition of Arab music - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The basis of the Arabic music is the maqam, which looks like the mode, but is not quite the same.
		The main difference between the western chromatic scale and the Arabic scale is the existence of quarter tones.
		However, while in theory the quarter tone scale or all twenty four tones exist, according to Yūsuf Shawqī (1969) in practice there are many fewer tones (Touma 1996, p.170).
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Classical_Arab_music (1715 words)

	The Arabic Maqam
		In Arabic music, a maqam (plural maqamat) is a set of notes with traditions that define relationships between them, habitual patterns, and their melodic development.
		The Arabic scales which maqamat are built from are not even-tempered, unlike the chromatic scale used in Western classical music.
		In conclusion, the new generation of Arabic musicians, singers and listeners is losing touch with the traditional intonation of the 1920s and 30s largely because of the introduction of even-tempered instruments and harmony in Arabic music.
	www.maqamworld.com /maqamat.html (1738 words)

	LUTE - LoveToKnow Article on LUTE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The,modern Egyptian lid is the direct descendant of the Arabic lute, and, according to Lane, is strung with seven pairs of catgut strings played by a plectrum.
		When frets (crosslines dividing the neck or finger-board to show the fingering) are employed they are of catgut disposed according to the Arabic scale of seventeen intervals in the octave, consisting of twelve limmas, an interval rather less than our equal semitone, and five commas, which are very small but quite recognizable differences of pitch.
		The lute family is separated from the guitars, also of Eastern origin, by the formation of the sound body, which is in all lutes pear-shaped, without the sides or ribs necessary to the structure of the flat-backed guitar and either.
	66.1911encyclopedia.org /L/LU/LUTE.htm (1476 words)

	Proficiency Scales
		A proficiency scale is a set of descriptions of what you can do in a language.
		Proficiency scales are useful in the following ways: to decide what to aim for to know when you achieve your goals.
		The scale describes all four language skills (speaking, listening, reading, and writing) and has more divisions in the lower levels.
	www.arabacademy.com /testingunitscales_e.htm (307 words)

	What Are Makams?
		Arabic classical music went through an important period of early development during the 9th through the 12th centuries when the Arabs ruled large parts of the Middle East, North Africa and southern Europe.
		Arabic scholars made significant contributions in studying and interpreting the works of the ancient Greeks; the Arabic system of modes known as maqamat came out of these early studies.
		Arabic maqamat are based on a 24 note octave which includes whole-tones, half-tones and quarter-tones.
	www.hinesmusic.com /What_Are_Makams.html (893 words)

	Arabic Music Internet Reference : AMIR - The database of arabic music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Arabic music is the kind of music heard in the arabic countries from the Gulf to the Maghreb.
		The arabic music uses accoustic and electric instruments, but every instrument used should be able to play arabic scales.
		Arabic scales use quarter tones in addition to the semitones used in the chromatic scale.
	www.al-amir.com (271 words)

	Musical note intervals
		Scales are used to describe how the pitch varies, i.e the way the tune goes up and down in pitch.
		For instance, the Arabic 17-tone scale, if you choose to show the ratio from the previous note, turns out to be made up of intervals of two sizes, 256/243, and 531441/524288, which you can compare with the Pythagorean diatonic with ratios 9/8 and 256/243.
		The widest intervals of this Arabic scale are the same size as the smallest ones of the Pythagorean diatonic one, and two wides plus one small are the same size as the wide notes of the Pythagorean diatonic.
	www.tunesmithy.connectfree.co.uk /musical_note_intervals.htm (4235 words)

	Scales for Improvising Jazz
		Because bebop scales are made up of eight notes it is likely that if you start a typical 8th note run on a downbeat with a chord note (root, 3rd, 5th or 7th) the other chord notes will also fall on strong beats.
		This scale is often called the altered scale as it supplies many of the notes that are possible to alter on a dominant 7 chord.
		Note that the first half of this scale is identical to the way a D diminished scale fits the chord, the second half is a whole tone scale.
	www.petethomas.co.uk /jazz-scales.html (1493 words)

	[No title]
		The 16/3 is the so-called Kidjel Ratio promoted by Kidjel in 60's cet182.scl 17 17th root of 6, Moreno's C-17 cet195.scl 7 7th root of 11/5 cet21k.scl 56 scale of syntonic comma's, almost 56-tET cet222.scl 14 14th root of 6, Moreno's C-14 cet233.scl 21 21st root of 17.
		chin_5.scl 5 Chinese pentatonic from Zhou period chin_60.scl 60 Chinese scale of fifths (the 60 lu") chin_7.scl 7 Chinese heptatonic scale and tritriadic of 64:81:96 triad chin_bianzhong.scl 12 Pitches of Bianzhong bells (Xinyang).
		Scales, p.175 gyaling.scl 6 Tibetan Buddhist Gyaling tones measured from CD "The Diamond Path", Ligon 2002 h10_27.scl 10 10-tET harmonic approximation, fundamental=27 h12_24.scl 12 12-tET harmonic approximation, fundamental=24 h14_27.scl 14 14-tET harmonic approximation, fundamental=27 h15_24.scl 15 15-tET harmonic approximation, fundamental=24 hahn9.scl 9 Paul Hahn's just version of 9 out of 31 scale.
	www.xs4all.nl /~huygensf/doc/scalesdir.txt (3606 words)

	Arabic Program Description
		In addition, students are given a special course in oral skills to improve their ability to discuss in Arabic their background, future plans and current political issues; to satisfy everyday and professional needs; and to give short oral reports.
		While in the first year course Arabic is spoken in class whenever possible, it is the only language used for communication in the second and third year course.
		SAIS is also the home of the Center for Arabic Study Abroad, a consortium of 21 universities, which offers intensive advanced Arabic language training to members of the academic community at-large who represent various disciplines or fields in the area of Middle Eastern Studies.
	www.sais-jhu.edu /languages/Arabic/arabicprog.html (1006 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Scale (music) [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In music, a scale is an ascending or descending series of notes or pitches, as opposed to a series of intervals, which is a musical mode.
		Scales in traditional Western music consist of seven notes, made up of a root note and six other scale degrees whose pitches lie between the root and the root's first octave.
		The music of India includes some excellent examples, as some ragas employ scale intervals smaller than a semitone, up to twenty two pitches, though many of these are shrutis or inflections of the twelve main notes (Callow and Sheperd, 1972; Jhairazbhoy and Stone, 1963).
	encyclozine.com /Scale_(music) (802 words)

	Home Page
		In music a scale is basically a set of notes that are used to compose music.
		To play a scale on the keyboard start at C and play every note until the next C. Because you have started on a C and ended on a C we call this the C scale and C we call the home or KEY note.
		Listen to this scale - it is the Arabic Scale and it is used to compose Arabian music.
	website.lineone.net /~jssks4 (365 words)

	Articles Natacha Atlas
		Because I work with a lot of people who are western but love Arabic music, I also wanted an aspect of their idea of what Arabic music sounds like to them, so you have all of this stuff coming into Halim, but there is still sort of a nice classical sound to certain tracks.
		Arabic music is really about a group of Arabic scales together.
		Sometimes a song will start with an improvisation on an Arabic scale, then there will be a riff, then move back into a mode of said scale, and then move on to another scale completely, so there can be up to two or three scales in one song.
	www.natachaatlas.net /natlas6z_gb.html (2680 words)

	The Bohlen-Pierce Site: Bohlen's first notes
		(Principle of consonance) The scale is to be built such that the main part of its intervals is in consonance with the combination tones generated.
		Scale with the most simple numerical relations, therefore possible base scale, on the other hand poor regarding tension.
		That the scale meets the demand of his second "law", the equidistance principle, is only matter-of-factly documented on two of the first pages of the following stack of notes.
	members.aol.com /bpsite/firstnotes.html (1268 words)

	JEROEN PAUL THESSELING
		Pythagorean scale construction took a different turn in the Middle East during the medieval period.
		Medieval Islamic theorists extended the process of cyclic Pythagorean scale construction, pushing it through an extended Pythagorean cycle of 17 tones.
		Expressed in ratios and transposed into one 2/1 the consecutive scale degrees are:
	www.jeroenthesseling.com /arabicscale.htm (49 words)

	Egyptsound: On the discovery...
		The equipment records *the signal digitally, loads it into the memory of the computer, apply fourier transform to generate the frequency spectrum, from which the fundamental frequency of the note and all its harmonics are measured to the nearest one thousand of a Hertz.
		This suggests that the arabic scale was originated at the time of ancient Egyptians and was used afterwards by the Persians who transfered it to the arabic civilization.
		It gives scale which is very similar to that of the CG 69815 flute except that the fourth note is a little bit ambigous in subjective test.
	egyptsound.free.fr /fathi.htm (2739 words)

	ACLS Humanities Program in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine: Project Reports Danylo Radivilov, Institute of Oriental ...
		The Project "Description of the Arabic (Islamic) manuscripts of the I. Franko Lviv State University Scientific Library" is the first stage of the full scale project "Arabic (Islamic) manuscripts of Ukraine." The main objective of the project is the arrangement of the computerized database with the subsequent publication of the general catalogue.
		The catalogue is supposed to contain brief but comprehensive paleographic description of the manuscripts, the estimation of the importance of their texts as well as the accurate data for the exact localization of the manuscripts in the archives.
		During the realization of the project "Description of the Arabic manuscripts of the I. Franko Lviv State University Scientific Library" more than 20 manuscripts and fragments (more than 9000 pages) were carefully described.
	www.acls.org /hum-reports/uk00radivilov.htm (764 words)

	ipedia.com: Scale (music) Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Scales are theoretical constructs which may be used to control a composition, but much music is written without any scale in mind.
		Many other musical traditions employ scales that include other intervals.
		Gamelan music uses a small variety of scales including Pélog and Sléndro.
	www.ipedia.com /scale__music_.html (547 words)

	Forums -> A Look At Arabic Music Scales - Mac & Music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		One other great thing is that the two main western scales (Major and Minor) are among the eight main scales of arabian music, fitting perfectly with the other ones, and named AJAM for Major and NAHAWAND for Minor...
		I have been listening to some arabic music lately at a local cafe where the owners have a great CD collection, they are always playing music from their home country and the arabic world.
		One of the best resources I've ever come across re scale construction from a 'western' classical point of view, is Nicholas Slonimsky's exhaustive "Thesaurus of scales and melodic patterns", it must cover just about every possible permutation of notes under the sun! I know a few 'jazzers' friends who've found it useful.
	www.macmusic.org /agora/forums?act=ST&f=8&t=8305&lang=EN& (1106 words)

	[No title]
		Scale of petiole seen from behind with flat or broadly concave crest, sides in lower half of scale parallel, tapering inward only in lower half of scale, crest blunt in profile (Fig.
		- Scale of petiole seen from behind with crest convex or angularly produced upward in middle, rarely with small central notch; sides of scale tapering inward evenly from crest to peduncle 5 Fig.
		Additionally, the coarse bristles on the tibiae are suberect, not barely raised from the surface as in F. prociliata.
	www.utep.edu /LEB/ants/Formicarufagroup.doc (6014 words)

	P-ART JOURNAL: 27 MICROTONAL TODAY
		In major-key melodies, the third and seventh degrees of the tone scale are shifted upward.
		The tempered chromatic scale of western music reflects the mechanical requierements of pianos although it has its foundation in pure harmonic intervals.
		The minor mode in a blues or Arabic scale will sound quite distinct from the same minor mode in a classical harmonic or tempered scale.
	users.skynet.be /P-ART/PARADISE/JOURNAL/JOURNL27/journ27.htm (1066 words)

	Generalmusic.us genesys FAQ
		A range of unique functions (including the ability to create and memorize a variety of personalized Arabic Scales) provides keyboard players with unlimited freedom of expression.
		Arabic Scale provides 3 presets, and it's also possible to memorize up to 3 personalized Arabic scales.
		scale (3 memory buttons), programmable pitch bend (+12/-12 semitones).
	www.generalmusic.us /ORKeyboards/pk5.htm (679 words)

	Exotic Ports of Call by Tom Serb
		The differences in the scale are the third, fifth, and seventh, which all get flatted.
		The Rwanda scale is the same as minor pentatonic with a second instead of a fourth.
		Well, that's the one with the most freedom of all: if you learn the scales, and how to work with them, and you do it long enough you'll hear them when you want to, and you'll be able to pick and choose elements from different scales as part of an overall melody.
	www.guitarnoise.com /print_article.php?id=474 (713 words)

	Ahmed Abdel-Khalek Home's....Psychology
		Abdel-Khalek, A.M., and El-Nayal, M. The construction of a scale to measure the symptoms of menopause.
		Abdel-Khalek, A.M. The Arabic Scale of Death Anxiety: Psychometric properties.Derasat Nafseyah, 6, 443-455, in Arabic.
		The factorial structure of The Arabic Obsessive-Compulsive Scale in kuwaiti and American students.
	members.tripod.com /~AbdelKhalek/home.htm (2534 words)

	[No title]
		Acquire and analyze Arabic resources for small-scale MT (dictionary, parallel-corpus, character encoding, ) Preliminary testing and refinement of rule-enhanced transfer-MT Testing and refinement of SMT and EBMT improvements in Chinese Initial development of new Multi-Strategy MT engine (combining statistical, example-based and transfer MT components).
		Develop initial Arabic version of small-data statistical MT Develop initial Arabic version of small-data example-based MT Experiment with class-based (mostly automated) generalization methods for improving example-based MT. By October 2002: Improve Arabic version of small-scale example-based MT. Improve Arabic version of small-scale statistical MT. Develop initial version of rule-enhanced transfer MT for Arabic.
		By Year end 2002: Evaluate Arabic small-scale multi-engine MT system (as well as its components) Evaluate Chinese small-scale multi-engine MT (and its components) Experiment whether reordering methods also benefit Arabic small-data MT. Demonstrate both MT systems upon request at DARPA Write final report on both Chinese and Arabic MT methods and results.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-40/Nice/Docs/MilliRADD_Statement_of_Work.doc (381 words)

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