Arabic-script - Factbites

Arabic-script - Factbites
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Topic: Arabic-script

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	Arabic language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Arabic has been a literary language since at least the 6th century and is the liturgical language of Islam.
		Arabic (العربية al-'arabiyyah, or less formally 'arabi) is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic.
		Since the written Arabic of today differs substantially from the written Arabic of the Qur'anic era, it has become customary in western scholarship and among non-Arab scholars of Arabic to refer to the language of the Qur'an as Classical Arabic and the modern language of the media and of formal speeches as Modern Standard Arabic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arabic_language (2300 words)

	Arabic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Malay in the Arabic script known as Jawi is co-official in Brunei, and used for religious purposes in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore;
		The first known text in the Arabic alphabet is a late fourth-century inscription from Jabal Ram (50 km east of Aqaba), but the first dated one is a trilingual inscription at Zebed in Syria from 512.
		Turkish in the Ottoman Empire was written in Arabic script until Mustafa Kemal Atatürk declared the change to Roman script in 1928.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arabic_alphabet (4093 words)

	The Arabic Language Script
		Arabic script has a genetic relationship with the Latin alphabet, since both are historically traceable back to a script current on the Levant coast around 1000 B.C. and used for the notation of the language which we call Old Phoenician.
		The length of consonants in Nabataean script is not marked at all, and it is still limited to the repertory of the Aramaic script, which is inadequate for the consonant phonemes of Arabic.
		Arabic calligraphy, thus, is the art of beautiful or elegant handwriting as exhibited by the correct formation of characters, the ordering of the various parts, and harmony of proportions.
	www.indiana.edu /~arabic/arabic_script.htm (2367 words)

	Arabic Calligraphy, Introduction
		Arabic script is derived from the Aramaic Nabataean alphabet.
		Writes Welch: "Written from right to left, the Arabic script at its best can be a flowing continuum of ascending verticals, descending curves, and temperate horizontals, achieving a measured balance between static perfection of individual form and paced and rhythmic movement.
		Arabic lettering has achieved a high level of sophistication, and Arabic scripts can vary from flowing cursive styles like Naskh and Thuluth to the angular Kufi.
	www.islamicart.com /main/calligraphy/intro.html (909 words)

	Arabic alphabet, pronunciation and language
		The Arabic script evolved from the Nabataean Aramaic script.
		Arabic, Hausa, Kashmiri, Kazak, Kurdish, Kyrghyz, Malay, Morisco, Pashto, Persian/Farsi, Sindhi, Tatar, Turkish, Uyghur, Urdu
		Arabic is a Semitic language with about 221 million speakers in Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Chad, Cyprus, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebannon, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Oman, Palestinian West Bank and Gaza, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Turkey, UAE, Uzbekistan and Yemen.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/arabic.htm (781 words)

	The Arabic language
		Arabic has many regional dialects, and if you want to master one of these the only really effective way is to spend a few years in the place of your choice.
		Arabic has very few irregular verbs and does not use "is" or "are" at all in the present tense: "the king good" means "the king is good".
		ARABIC ranks sixth in the world's league table of languages, with an estimated 186 million native speakers.
	www.al-bab.com /arab/language/lang.htm (639 words)

	The Arabic Papyri
		It is usually assumed that the dotting of the Arabic script began with the advent of dotting of Qur'anic manuscripts.
		The Arabic Papyri is perhaps one of the most obscure fields of Arabic palaeography.
		This was when Arabic was not yet the "official" language of the state.
	www.islamic-awareness.org /History/Islam/Papyri (315 words)

	AncientScripts.com: Arabic
		Although Arabic inscriptions are most common after the birth of Islam (7th century CE), the origin of the Arabic alphabet lies deeper in time.
		The Kufic script appears to be the older of the scripts, as it was common in the early history of Islam, and used for the earliest copies of the Qu'ran.
		Due to the influence of Islam, the Arabic alphabet is one of the most widespread writing systems in the world, found in large parts of Africa and Western and Central Asia, as well as in ethnic communities in East Asia, Europe, and the Americas.
	www.ancientscripts.com /arabic.html (569 words)

	Major Caligraphic Styles
		Ta'liq (hanging) script is believed to have been developed by the Persians from an early and little known Arabic script called Firamuz.
		The script often is chosen for use on oblong surfaces.
		Thuluth script is characterized by curved letters written with barbed heads.
	www.geocities.com /tayseerj/major_caligraphic_styles.htm (313 words)

	Arabic script
		Arabic script comprises 28 letters (all consonants) and is written from right to left on a horizontal line.
		Arabic is spoken as a mother tongue by an estimated 165 million people around the world and is the official language in many countries.
		Each letter in the Arabic alphabet can have as many as four different forms depending on the position of the letter in a word.
	www.blss.portsmouth.sch.uk /hsc/arscript.shtml#alph (185 words)

	KryssTal : Writing - Arabic
		The Arabic script is used by the Arabic language spoken in
		A form of the Arabic script which is used, with extra letters, to write several languages in
		The Arabic numerals were borrowed by the Arabs from
	www.krysstal.com /writing_arabic.html (125 words)

	UniPers v Perso-Arabic script
		The fact of the matter is that the difficulties of the current script prevent the majority of Persian speaking people from studying the treasures of their own Persian literature.
		We have to keep reminding ourselves that the highest priority for a script is to facilitate communication among people, and to make written material readily available to all with as little effort as possible expended in learning how to read.
		The Arabic language will continue to be written in the Arabic alphabet which was designed for it.
	www.unipers.com /upvpa.htm (4537 words)

	languagehat.com: ARABIC SCRIPT.
		Writing has a profound significance because Arabic was both the language of God's revelation to the Prophet Muhammad in the early seventh century AD and the script in which the Qur'an, the holy book of Muslims, was written down.
		It includes sections on script styles, calligraphy, objects with writing (I particularly like the Earthenware bowl with Kufic inscription), and others; Islam in China and the Malay Peninsula includes an amazing example of Arabic calligraphy done in Chinese style, with a brush.
		From very early on Arabic script also began to be used for its decorative potential.
	www.languagehat.com /archives/001771.php (262 words)

	► » Arabic Alphabet Tutorial - FREE Arabic Reading/Writing Course - Read Arabic Script
		please note that the Arabic script is read from right to left.
		For the Arabic classes, it is necessary that one have at least some command of reading and writing in the Arabic language.
		Click on the Arabic letter to hear what its name is, and click on the English equivalent for a demonstration of its pronunciation.
	www.shariahprogram.ca /Arabic-alphabet.shtml (378 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Teach Yourself Beginner's Arabic Script
		As both books point out, the main problem in learning the Arabic script is the letters change their form depending on their position in the word, in other words, on whether they're at the beginning, middle, or end of the word.
		Despite the difficulty with the alphabet/script, Arabic has very regular verb constructions, and dictionaries in fact can refer to them by numbers I-X. The three cases Arabic posseses, the nominative, accusative, and jussive, are really no longer used in actual conservation, and you're only likely to find them in scholarly discourse or in the Koran.
		Furthermore, Mace tends to use a kind of shorthand script when writing: the teeth of "s" and "sh" are smoothed out, the three dots over printed "sh" are represented as a circumflex, and the two dots over "t" and under "y" are represented as a short horizontal bar.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0071419829?v=glance (2135 words)

	Arabic Computing Information (Penn State)
		A Arabic and QWERTY Arabic keyboard are available in Macintosh, but you may have to install it from the Macintosh System disk because it is a complex script.
		The Arabic script is used for other languages besides Arabic, but their local alphabets may include special characters for sounds not found in Arabic.
		In order to process Arabic correctly, a software must be able to display text from right to left and make sure the letter forms are displayed correctly depending on their positions within a word.
	tlt.its.psu.edu /suggestions/international/bylanguage/arabic.html (1510 words)

	Abjad - The Arabic Alphabet Learning System
		It is a most remarkable fact that the Arabic Alphabet, when arranged according to their inherent characteristics of its letters, forms a beautifully symmetrical 7 by 7 triangle.
		Abjad's Arabic Alphabet Learning System is also suitable for adult education and has been adapted for use with children who have special needs.
		This system can - for the first time - address precisely those challenges associated with teaching Arabic that are not fully addressed by the traditional method of teaching.
	www.abjad.com /more_about.html (2616 words)

	Arabic and the WWW
		The fact that the ASCII character set is not sufficient to display Arabic is due to the special features of the Arabic script.
		Arabic text is cursive and written from right to left with the exeption of numbers, which are laid out left to right.
		For Arabic as well as for all other languages it is necessary to encode the characters for that the computer can handle it and text can be transmitted through networks.
	ssgdoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de /vlib/html/docs/arabwww_en.html (1977 words)

	Allaahuakbar......An Invitation to Discover True Islaam [Salaf][Quran][Hadith][Islam][sunnah][allaahuakbar.net][Muslim][Christianity] [Hinduism][atheist][Buddism][Jain][jesus]Bible
		study Arabic and ISLAAM in syria study Arabic language and Shari'a in the heart of Damascus, the capital city of Syria where once taught the great 'Shaykhul Islaam' Ibn Taimiyyah and many of his contemporaries.
		study Arabic IN MOROCCO The Arabic Language Institute in Fez (ALIF) offers three and six-week courses in all levels of Modern Standard Arabic and Colloquial Moroccan Arabic throughout the year, and has established itself as the pre-eminent institution in the Maghreb for the teaching of Arabic as a foreign language.
		Their Arabic books include quite a number of classic Islamic works as well as books by Shaikh-ul-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah and Shaikh al-Albaani.
	www.allaahuakbar.net /quran/study_arabic.htm (484 words)

	Ukindia Learning to read Arabic
		Arabic is the language of a large part of our planet.
		Arabic is written in the opposite direction from English, i.e.
		The words are mostly in English so you can more easily recognise the shape of the letters.Write to us to let us know if you find the lessons useful and if you spot any mistakes.
	www.ukindia.com /zar1.htm (286 words)

	Pravapis.org - Al Kitab manuscript - sacred Tatar books in Belarusian language and Arabic writing (English version)
		By using the Arabic script, a little bit altered to reflect the Belarusian phonetical features, some phonetical traits are expressed even better in the Arabic script rather than in Cyrillic texts of that time: the so called "dziekannie" and "cekannie" (soft "d" becoming "dz" and soft "t" becoming "c"), palatalization of "s", "z", "d", "t".
		In order to preserve their religion they had to translate Koran and other sacred Islamic books into Belarusian language, but preserving the Arabic script.
		Kitabs are the books written in Belarusian language using Arabic script.
	www.pravapis.org /art_kitab1_en.asp (905 words)

	Support for Authentic Arabic
		The Arabic script with its 14 basic shapes, a useful writing system for native speakers of Arabic, made Arabic difficult to read for the new, non-Arab Muslims.
		This process resulted in what can be considered the Arabic scripted world.
		The present complexity of script is the result of a conscious effort by a few Arab and Persian scholars to make the script in itself an expression of Islamic culture.
	diwww.epfl.ch /w3lsp/conferences/ridt98/decotype.html (943 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Arabic Script: Styles, Variants, and Calligraphic Adaptations
		The author of previous books on Islamic history and a calligrapher and engraver himself, Khan begins this study of Arabic script by sketching the development of the Arabic alphabet and the various scripts in which it has been written.
		Particularly interesting is the letter from the prophet Muhammad to Mundar ibn Saui (the script used by Muhammad is a bit different than contemporary Arabic script).
		One of the world's major forms of writing, Arabic script became widespread as a result of Islamic conquests of much of the world.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0789207109?v=glance (1534 words)

	Arabic - Test for Unicode support in Web browsers
		Arabic Web pages with UTF-8, ISO and Windows encodings are supported by the Opera Web browser version 7.2 (or higher).
		It is used for the following languages: Arabic, Farsi (the official language of Iran), Jawi, Kurdish, Pashto (the official language of Afghanistan), Sindhi and Urdu (the official language of Pakistan); it can also be used for Panjabi.
		Arabic Web pages with UTF-8 and MacArabic encodings are supported by the iCab Web browser for Macintosh computers.
	www.alanwood.net /unicode/arabic.html (579 words)

	Arabic calligraphy
		Other languages – such as Persian, Urdu and Malay &; use adaptations of the Arabic script.
		Although the Arabic alphabet as we know it today appears highly distinctive, it is actually related to the Latin, Greek, Phoenician, Aramaic, Nabatian alphabets.
		This takes a historical view of the development of Arabic writing and calligraphy, from the earliest alphabets to the evolution of kufic and cursive styles.
	www.al-bab.com /arab/visual/calligraphy.htm (508 words)

	Arabic Writing
		Arabic script is not used solely for writing Arabic.
		Arabic writing itself was believed to have something of a sacred nature.
		Arabic is also central to other languages in the Muslim world.
	www.atozwriting.com /arabicwriting (1532 words)

	RLIN- Arabic Script Cataloging
		A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO SCHOLARLY RESEARCH Arabic script on RLIN is a major contribution to the advancement of Middle East scholarship and research.
		But, because of the nature of Arabic-script languages (e.g., the absence of written vowels), transliteration is often imprecise and can render an online record irretrievable.
		SPECIAL FEATURES The RLIN Arabic enhancement features: * Ability to key in and read Arabic characters from right to left, the natural order of Arabic-script languages.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /African_Studies/Software/RLIN_Arabic_10732.html (914 words)

	Hausa language, alphabets and pronunciation
		There is no standard spelling system for Hausa written with the Arabic script so there is some variation in spelling between different writers.
		Since the beginning of the 17th century, Hausa has been written with a version of the Arabic script known as ajami.
		A version of Hausa written with the Latin alphabet and known as boko began to emerge during the 19th century.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/hausa.htm (269 words)

	Arabic OpenType specification
		Registered features of the Arabic script are defined and illustrated, encodings are listed, and templates are included for compiling Arabic layout tables for OpenType fonts.
		Font developers will learn how to encode complex script features in their fonts, choose character sets, organize font information, and use existing tools to produce Arabic fonts.
		This document presents information that will assist font developers in creating fonts for all Arabic script languages covered by the Unicode Standard 3.1.
	www.microsoft.com /typography/otfntdev/arabicot (221 words)

	Tokenizing an Arabic Script Language (ResearchIndex)
		For Arabic script languages the tokenization process faces more problems and it plays a more crucial role in natural language processing (NLP) systems for Arabic script languages.
		The research is based on a project for tokenization and parsing Persian, Arabic and Kurdish...
		Finite-State Morphological Analysis and Generation of Arabic at..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /rezaei01tokenizing.html (280 words)

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