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	Islam, Madrasas And Cultural 'Arabisation': Insights From India By Yoginder Sikand
		Since most of the early masters of the schools of fiqh were Arabs or Arabised non-Arabs, it was but natural that in their approach to shari'ah and to the rules of fiqh that they formulated they were indelibly influenced by Arab cultural norms, values and practices.
		Finally, in discussing resistance to cultural 'Arabisation' wrought by the madrasas it must be recognised that Muslims do not differ from others in being pragmatic or ideologically programmed, as the case might be, in their approaches to religion.
		It is obvious that the appeal of the limited cultural 'Arabisation' promoted by madrasas among some Indian Muslims owes, in large measure, though not entirely, to the sense of siege, fear, insecurity and marginalisation that Muslims in parts of the country face.
	www.countercurrents.org /comm-sikand310706.htm (9089 words)

	Gilbert Grandguillaume, Algeria: The case for diversity; Demagogues and Arabisers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Arabisation, as the term is understood in the Maghreb, means restoring the Arabic language.
		Arabisation of higher education was pursued through the 1980s, when Berber movements opposed to the process appeared on the scene, followed soon afterwards by the Islamist movement.
		Arabisation, to put it bluntly, tends to exclude every language except one—the one spoken by the authorities and no-one else.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/32/080.html (2336 words)

	Algeria
		Arabisation move had to take a back seat as the civil war engulfed Algeria claiming over 75,000 lives in the past five years.
		Not only was he scathing about Arabisation, which he held responsible for the rise of Islamic militancy, but he was contemptuous of Arabic language itself, describing it as `uninteresting', and `unsuitable for knowledge and science'.
		For their part, supporters of Arabisation are deeply suspicious of Berber activism, charging that behind the protests lurks an unpatriotic desire to perpetuate French dominance.
	www.mideastnews.com /ALGERIA8.htm (2058 words)

	Demagogues and Arabisers, by Gilbert Grandguillaume
		During the presidency of Ahmed Ben Bella (1962-1965) their influence was counterbalanced by the progressive wing of the FLN, and the president openly declared that "Arabisation does not mean Islamisation".
		Arabisation, to put it bluntly, tends to exclude every language except one - the one spoken by the authorities and no-one else.
		But is the failure to make Arabisation "total" any more shocking than the fact that, for a large part of the population, it has come to symbolise waste, mess and educational failure.
	mondediplo.com /1997/02/10algeria (2334 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Arabisation as a democratic choice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Against the backdrop of recent legislation aimed at Arabising public administration and education, which provoked a flurry of criticism from Berbers, the media and French cultural circles, Al-Ahram Weekly met with Harbi at his small apartment in a Paris district inhabited mostly by Algerians.
		Consequently, the government's recent Arabisation measures are a blow to the party which leans towards France and which is opposed by Islamists.
		It is also an attempt to accommodate the fait accompli that young Algerians are Arabised, the Arabic press is widely circulated in Algerian markets, and Algerians favour Egyptian to US or French television series and programmes because they seem to address social problems similar to their own.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /1998/392/re4.htm (1101 words)

	algeria
		Not only was he scathing about Arabisation, which he held responsible for the rise of Islamic militancy, but he was contemptuous of the language itself, describing it as “uninteresting”, and “unsuitable for knowledge and science”.
		With independence in 1962, the adoption of Arabic as the national language was a natural choice to mark the break with France and forge an identity suited to the country’s new status as a third-world leader.
		The new Arabisation law, voted by a rubber-stamp assembly in 1996, is ostensibly aimed at displacing French dominance.
	faculty.ed.umuc.edu /~jmatthew/articles/algeria.html (769 words)

	Have your say: Have Kurdish leadership given up implementation of de-Arabisation? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Kurdish leadership’s substantial compromise on the Arabisation issue came after they had agreed to postpone de-Arabisation process until the establishment of the Iraqi government.
		Arabisation made great changes of these conflicting border areas, and there is doubt that Kurds can ever wind al the lost lands again.
		Arabisation begins long before 1968, but the article deals only with injustices after 1968.
	www.kurdmedia.com /news.asp?id=13634 (2041 words)

	KRG statement: Crimes of Halabja gassing, Anfal and Arabisation
		Beginning in the 1970s, the Iraqi government carried out an Arabisation or ethnic cleansing programme in Kirkuk, Khanaqin, Sinjar, and other areas inhabited by Kurds, Turkmen and other minorities.
		Non-Arabs living in Kirkuk were compelled under duress to change their registered nationality in their identity documents to the Arab nationality.
		This Arabisation programme of ethnic cleansing continued until 2003.
	www.ekurd.net /mismas/articles/misc2006/8/independentstate912.htm (773 words)

	Politicians press for Kirkuk solution
		As well as the rights of Kurds returning to the "Arabised" city, the issue of Kirkuk's future looms large for Iraqi politician.
		Tens of thousands of Kurds and people from other non-Arab communities were driven out of the city and the surrounding region, while in their place - and often in their homes - Saddam resettled Arabs from southern Iraq.
		Hamid Majid Musa, the secretary general of the Iraqi Communist Party and head of the parliament committee charged with implementing Article 58, said the group is meeting on a weekly basis to establish a formula for compensating displaced people and resolving other issues.
	www.ekurd.net /mismas/articles/misc2005/7/kirkukkurdistan63.htm (1169 words)

	Have your say: Reversing the Arabisation of Kurdistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In the negotiations on Kurdish autonomy in 1970, a previous Iraqi regime postponed negotiations on Kirkuk, and four years later in 1974 the Iraqi government found itself in a position to eliminate the Kurdish armed movement of Mulla Mustafa Barzani.
		The Kurdish leadership has decided to postpone a reversal of the Arabisation of Kirkuk until the end of formation of the Iraqi government.
		The first steps of council to create absolute security in Arabised places, and put maximum security with cooperation of Peshmerge and international forces, no Iraqi army shall be involve, which leak dishonesty and link to terrorist or certain militia.
	www.kurdmedia.com /news.asp?id=12420 (3501 words)

	News & Analysis: Increased violence over Kirkuk land claims (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		However, an 'Arabisation' programme initiated in the former regime of Saddam Hussein in the early 1980s drove tens of thousands of Kurds and other non-Arabs out of Kirkuk, to be replaced with pro-government Arabs from the impoverished south.
		Local government authorities estimate that there are up to 190,000 people of all ethnicities displaced in Kirkuk as a result of the Arabisation programme before and those being forced to leave their homes now.
		Hiltermann said measures should be taken to undo decades of Arabisation but that the immediate priority was to find a negotiated solution to the looming crisis before the December 2007 referendum.
	electroniciraq.net /news/2449.shtml (1173 words)

	Elections hailed a victory as Kurds start to head home - War on Iraq - smh.com.au
		Zakho: Work is under way to bring home Kurds expelled under Saddam Hussein's "Arabisation" policy, said Kurdish leader Massoud Barzani, who hailed elections in the northern oil city of Kirkuk as a victory for all Iraqis.
		A new council in Kirkuk elected a Kurdish mayor on Wednesday amid Arab and Turkmen complaints about the council's strong Kurdish character, but Mr Barzani, the leader of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), said on Thursday that the outcome was an expression of political, religious and cultural tolerance.
		One of the issues facing Kirkuk and northern Iraq generally is resettlement and compensation for the tens of thousands of mainly Kurds who were expelled from their homes and replaced by Arabs under Saddam's Arabisation policy.
	www.smh.com.au /articles/2003/05/30/1054177723627.html (438 words)

	e-TQM College Arabisation and Publishing Center Publishes Seven Books on Total Quality Management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The move is to address the lack of TQM resources in the Middle East and to increase awareness of TQM in the Arab World through knowledge dissemination, while supporting learners’ acquisition of internationally registered publications in English and Arabic.
		The process of publishing and Arabising these books comes in line with e-TQM College's mission to be the college of choice in the Arab world for TQM and related knowledge requirements and to enable individual development and growth in a virtual learning environment,” concluded Dr. Al Awar.
		The Arabisation section of the Center translates articles about TQM, education and training, police strategies and management that are published by Emerald, the largest and most comprehensive collection of peer-reviewed management journals, which also offer online support to the e-TQM students, faculty, researchers and deans through its e-Library.
	www.arabwideweb.com /english/Education_News.asp?id=162 (593 words)

	Death of religious tolerance in Malaysia \| The Nation \| The Australian
		What has earned him the death threats is his appearance in court on behalf of Lina Joy, a case that has become a battleground of Malaysian political and cultural identity, and of freedom of religion.
		The case highlights what some analysts believe is the Arabisation of Malaysian Islam, a dynamic that can also be seen in Indonesia.
		He does not use the term "Arabisation" of Malaysian Islam, but, revealingly, he talks approvingly of the standardisation of Islam, a beneficial consequence, he believes, of the information revolution.
	www.theaustralian.news.com.au /story/0,20867,20977254-2702,00.html (1416 words)

	Kurdish Human Rights Project
		In one year alone, 120,000 men, women and children were murdered and another 100,000 "ethnically cleansed" as they lost their homes and farms to Saddam's "Arabisation" campaign of replacing Kurds with Arabs from the South of Iraq.
		The triumphant return of Kurds displaced from the Kirkuk region has led to widespread concerns of a violent reversal of Saddam's "Arabisation" policy.
		There are extensive reports describing the ousting of Arab families and the flight of refugees, as Kurdish families claim back property confiscated from them over the past three decades.
	www.khrp.org /country/iraq01.html (560 words)

	Kurds Tell Shiites Enough is Enough With Arabisation Policy
		Some Kurds complain that Shiite Prime Minister Ibrahim al-Jaafari is running the government in a discriminatory manner with the goal of "Arabising" the country, this according to Saywan Barzani, the Paris-based Kurdish envoy to Europe, who spoke to AsiaNews,.
		A few days ago Iraq's Kurdish President Jalal Talabani and Massoud Barzani, leader of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, complained in a letter to al-Jaafari that he was putting the Prime Minister's Office before the government.
		Saddam Hussein's regime had ethnically cleansed the city of its Kurdish population in the eighties and Kurds today hope to reassert the majority status they had before Saddam's "Arabisation" drive.
	www.aina.org /news/20051006111720.htm (440 words)

	Maldives Royal Family Official Website: Arabisation of the Maldives
		Sparing use of the word dhanaalu continued for several more centuries as can be seen in surviving title deeds and grants.
		The Thaana script used to write modern Divehi was invented in resistance to the drive to Arabise and strip the Maldives of its national heritage by the Islamic "intelligentsia".
		In that regard Maldivians proved to the mullahs to be resilient and a tougher nut to crack than the Persians, Islamised Indians, Turks and the Malays who all abandoned their indigenous writing systems and/ or adopted the Arabic script.
	www.maldivesroyalfamily.com /maldives_arabisation.shtml (1980 words)

	Middle East Online
		In the process of the Kurds’ reversal of the Arabisation of Kirkuk, thousands of Arabs and Turkmen were killed, analysts said.
		Analysts said that the next 18 months will be crucial for Kirkuk’s future as this will be decided by a census and a referendum that are scheduled to take place there at the end of 2007.
		Kurds are pinning their hopes on the implementation of Article 140 of the Iraqi Constitution, which aims to reverse the Arabisation policy in Kirkuk by normalising the city’s situation.
	www.middle-east-online.com /english/features/?id=18336 (994 words)

	Arabisation of Islam fuels extremist factions - On Line Opinion - 26/11/2004
		But the growing Arabisation of the religion is directly related to its modern extremist factions.
		On our doorstep, it can be seen in organisations such as Jemaah Islamiah, which has sprung up in Indonesia, a country not usually associated with such an “Arabised” interpretation of the religion.
		First of all, radical clerics continue to press for rituals and attire derived from a nomadic culture of the desert over one thousand years ago.
	www.onlineopinion.com.au /view.asp?article=2774 (856 words)

	Iraqi Kurds seek reversal of "ethnic cleansing"
		"The government of Iraq had a policy of Arabisation, ethnic cleansing, that sought to change the demographic character of Kirkuk.
		A Kurdish official has said that for peace to prevail in Iraq the "ethnic cleansing" of Kurds must be reversed in the oil-rich town of Kirkuk, scene of Arab-Kurd tension since the U.S. led war.
		"The government of Iraq had a policy of Arabisation, ethnic cleansing, that sought to change the demographic character of Kirkuk," Barham Saleh, a senior official of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), told Reuters in Sulaimaniya on Saturday.
	www.puk.org /web/htm/news/nws/news030701.html (514 words)

	GitexTimes.com {News: Arabisation tops Microsoft agenda}
		The Middle East market is key for Microsoft, which is why it continues to invest in Arabising its software, says Abdullatif Al Mulla, general manager of Microsoft South Gulf.
		Although each of the freshly Arabised solutions deliver on a particular user need, it is the CRM application that could prove the most successful.
		Thus far, successful CRM implementations in the region have been few and far between, something Al Mulla attributes to the fact that no solutions currently on the market allow users to work well in both Arabic and English.
	www.gitextimes.com /news/details.php?id=13145 (289 words)

	The forgotten church of iraq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A problem of a different kind that has plagued many Christians in Iraq is the government program to “Arabise” its citizens.
		Human Rights organisations say that the Assyrian Christians as with other minorities in the region have suffered under the Arabisation programs.
		Although not Arabs they have been forced to sign national correction forms that require them to renounce their ethnicity.
	www.ekklesia.co.uk /content/services/churchiniraq/arabisation.shtml (259 words)

	e-TQM College launches Arabisation and Publishing Center \| e-TQM College
		The move seeks to increase TQM awareness in the Arab World through knowledge dissemination, at the same time enabling learners to acquire internationally registered quality management publications in English and Arabic.
		Najwa Dham, Dean of Academic Research and Director of Arabisation and Publishing, said, 'The publishing center will bring out well-researched books authored by regional and international experts that dwell on a wide spectrum of topics pertaining to quality management and related fields.
		The books will bring to focus the importance of adopting TQM principles to achieve organizational excellence and professional development, with the support of case studies and examples.
	www.ameinfo.com /76271.html (961 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| IT \| High tech at GITEX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		After years of wading through English language content, the region's IT users have suddenly been treated to a cornucopia of tools designed to make computing in Arabic a whole lot easier.
		If the events and announcements of the region's most prestigious IT event, GITEX Dubai (14-16 October), are anything to go by, then Arabic content and Arabisation are definitely the region's current IT fashions.
		The GITEX audience also witnessed the launch of an Arabic search engine, and IBM announced that Linux, its free operating system, would be fully Arabised by the second quarter of next year.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2001/558/it1.htm (1062 words)

	e-TQM College enters into partnership with Dubai Quality Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Abdul Qader Obaid Ali, Chairman, Dubai Quality Group, said, “Providing a basis for exchange of knowledge among the business community has been a key objective of Dubai Quality Group, and the use of quality management books published by e-TQM College will prove to be an added tool for DQG in achieving its goals.
		The books published by e-TQM College’s Arabisation and Publishing Center are regarded as the most comprehensive Arabic reference books on management and quality related topics, and this will enable us to further the adoption of quality principles both in the public and private sector.”
		Commenting on the MoU, Dr. Mansoor Al Awar, Vice President, e-TQM College, said, “The principles of TQM are being increasingly accepted in the region, and our partnerships with different government and private sector organizations highlights the shift towards a quality-focused business environment.
	www.arabwideweb.com /english/Education_News.asp?id=163 (469 words)

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