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Topic: Arabization

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Arabization
		Arabization is the gradual transformation of an area into one that speaks Arabic and is part of the Arab culture.
		A Branch of the Rabia' tribe settled Southern Egypt and slowly Arabized the Makurian kingdom in modern Sudan until 1315Ad when the Banu Kanz inherited the kingdom of Makuria and paved the way for the Arabization of the Sudan, that was completed by the arrival of the Jaali and Juhayna Arab tribes.
		Arabization that had begun in the 1960s was reinvigorated.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Arabization (3043 words)

	Algeria - The Arabization Movement
		The arabization of society was largely a reaction to elite culture and colonial domination and dates back to the revolutionary period when it served as a unifying factor against French colonial forces.
		Arabization is seen as a means of national unity and has been used by the national government as a tool for ensuring national sovereignty.
		Arabization of education and the government bureaucracy has been an emotional and dominant issue in Berber political participation.
	countrystudies.us /algeria/146.htm (505 words)

	Does the Arabic Language Encourage Radical Islam? - Middle East Quarterly
		Arabized students tend to repeat the same simplistic stories and rumors that abound in the Arabic-language press, particularly Al-Munqidh, the newspaper of the Islamic Salvation Front.
		Students from the first Arabized cohort of 1989 see themselves and are seen by other students as more competent in the Arabic language than their elders in the university.
		Arabization and Islamization are inseparable parts of a single cultural ideal that now pervades the Arab world.
	www.meforum.org /article/276 (3967 words)

	International Higher Education--18/13
		Arabization aims to make knowledge accessible to all strata of the population, not just to small a "colonial" elite.
		As a result, the Arabization of the sciences, while promoting an agenda of "decolonization," paradoxically reinforces Syria's dependence on the former colonial countries in terms of the engineering sciences and technological know-how.
		Yet, the paradigm behind the politics of Arabization in such countries as Syria and Algeria is the substitution of foreign languages (French, English) with Arabic.
	www.bc.edu /bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/newsletter/News18/text13.html (580 words)

	Algeria Arabization - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Arabization was introduced slowly in schools, starting with the primary schools and in social science and humanities subjects; only in the 1980s did Arabic begin to be introduced as the language of instruction in some grades and some subjects at the secondary level (see Education, this ch.).
		In response to demands of Arabic-language university students for increased arabization, Kabyle students in Algiers and Tizi Ouzou, the provincial capital of Kabylie, went on strike in the spring of 1980.
		Arabization was reaffirmed as official state policy, but it proceeded at a moderate pace.
	www.photius.com /countries/algeria/society/algeria_society_arabization.html (1339 words)

	Middle East Report 222: Refugees in Their Own Country, by Maggy Zanger
		Jalah Jawhar, minister of industry in Sulaimaniyya, where the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) controls one of two Kurdish enclaves, is documenting the slow demographic shift in northwestern Iraq from predominantly Kurdish to predominantly Arab.
		After an internal war in the mid-1990s, there are two Kurdish governments, headed by the PUK and KDP respectively, operating quite efficiently in three Kurdish districts.
		He was originally "Arabized," as he says, in 1989.
	www.merip.org /mer/mer222/222_zanger.html (3029 words)

	Iraq:
		Of these, the number of those expelled as a result of "Arabization" (classified as "victims of ethnic cleansing") was estimated at 58,706 persons, significantly lower than the figures compiled by Kurdish and Turkoman political parties.
		The Iraqi government's attempts to "Arabize" the oil-rich regions are not limited to the expulsion of ethnic Kurds, Turkoman, and Assyrians and their replacement with Arab families brought in from the south.
		The forced mass displacement of populations on the basis of their ethnic identity, which defines the Iraqi government's "Arabization" policy, is only the latest chapter in the long history of government persecution of Kurdish and other minorities, a history that includes the genocidal Anfal campaign of 1988, when more than 100,000 Kurds were killed.
	www.hrw.org /reports/2003/iraq0303/Kirkuk0303-01.htm (5476 words)

	Kurdistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Arabization - Part of the Al-Anfal Campaign, the anti-Kurdish campaign lead by the Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein, spanning between between February and September 1988.
		Arabization was a tactic used by Saddam's regime to drive hundreds of thousands of Kurdish families out of their homes in Kirkuk, which is a city high in oil, and replace their homes with oil field workers of descent.
		The Arabization of Khanaqin Districts: Various Iraqi regimes have been attempt to change the ethnic and demographic composition of the Khanaqin region and other kurish region like Kirkuk.
	hem.passagen.se /khanaqin/Arabization.html (8332 words)

	Arabization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Arabization - Part of the Al-Anfal Campaign, the anti-Kurdish campaign lead by the Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein, spanning between between February and September 1988.
		Arabization was a tactic used by Saddam's regime to drive hundreds of thousands of Kurdish families out of their homes in Kirkuk, which is a city high in oil, and replace their homes with oil field workers of Arab descent.
		The campaign was an attempt to transform the historic Kurdish city of Kirkuk into an Arab Iraqi city.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/a/ar/arabization.html (129 words)

	Algeria - The Arabization Movement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Under Boumediene, arabization took the form of a national language requirement on street signs and shop signs, despite the fact that 60 percent of the population could not read Arabic.
		The Kabyles, who are the most numerous, have succeeded, for example, in instituting the study of Kabyle, or Zouaouah, their Berber language, at the University of Tizi Ouzou, in the center of the Kabylie region.
		The French government has consistently maintained a tolerant position, arguing that arabization is an Algerian "internal affair"; yet it seems certain that such sweeping changes could endanger cultural, financial, and political cooperation between the two countries.
	www.countrystudies.us /algeria/146.htm (505 words)

	The myth of 'all Arabs being natives in all of the middle east'
		After Arabs invaded Egypt in 640 C.E., the native Copts were subjected to centuries of Arabization and Islamization.
		In contrast to the Maronites of Lebanon (who had the opportunity of gathering with access to the Mediterranean) and in contrast to the Assyrians of northern Mesopotamia's highlands (who were able to retreat to a mountainous mini-homeland), the Copts of Egypt found themselves trapped between desert and Nile.
		It is time?long past overdue?to confront the racist arabization of the Amazigh lands.
	www.geocities.com /arabracismandislamicjihad/MythArabsNativesME.html (822 words)

	[Islam-Online- Art & Entertainment]
		In North Africa, the issue of Arabization - replacing French with Arabic in the areas of education and government - is still as controversial as it was when the countries of the region gained their independence 40 years ago.
		In addition to that, the emergence of Berber opposition to Arabization, with calls for the respect and use of the Berber language, are reasons for the fitful and overpoliticized Arabization of Algeria.
		The issue of Arabization was not debated seriously until the 1970s, when the government sought to Arabize the philosophy books of the high schools, which encompassed many leftists and Marxist views.
	www.islamonline.net /IOL-english/dowalia/art-10-2-2000/art2.asp (1200 words)

	Algeria - Arabization
		Beginning in the late 1960s, the government of President Houari Boumediene decided upon complete arabization as a national goal and began the first steps to promote Arabic in the bureaucracy and in the schools.
		Arabization was introduced slowly in schools, starting with the primary schools and in social science and humanities subjects; only in the 1980s did Arabic begin to be introduced as the language of instruction in some grades and some subjects at the secondary level.
		On the secondary level, arabization was proceeding on a grade-by-grade basis.
	www.countrystudies.us /algeria/53.htm (1286 words)

	5. Arabization for Applications (SAIS - Applications)
		The Application Arabization Maintainer should be responsible for testing the application in the version submitted and later ones.
		This status is verified by a second person in the Arabeyes community before it is submitted to be included in the applications table.
		Applications which are specifically developed with Arabization in mind, such as the Arabeyes internal projects, are assumed to be maintained by their own developers.
	www.arabeyes.org /download/documents/distros/sais-en/asl-apps.html (503 words)

	WorldChanging: Tools, Models and Ideas for Building a Bright Green Future: Arabization - It's Harder than just Right to ...
		December 21, 2004 1:15 PM One of the most exciting announcements at the Global Voices workshop at Harvard Law School a week ago was the new Arabic weblogging tool developed by iUpload and funded by Spirit of America, a non-profit group dedicated to increasing goodwill between Americans and Iraqis through relief work in Iraq.
		Alaa Abd El Fatah, a brilliant Arabization geek and a member of EGLUG, the Cairo-based Egyptian Linux Users' Group, is helping to translate a series of introductions to open source software being developed by EGLUG partners in the colloquial arabic spoken in Egypt, rather than the classical arabic understood throughout the region.
		One approach to solving the language problem is to agree on a common source of terms - Raed suggests that PC World, published in Dubai, is becoming the "stylebook" for Arabic technical discussions.
	www.worldchanging.com /archives/001773.html (1156 words)

	Linguistic Obstructions to Scientific Information in High Technology Areas - 60th IFLA General Conference
		Universities like ours, are, through their faculty research and development, contributing heavil y towards developing the methods to deal with the language issue.
		However, the solutions that we share with the reader of this paper are localized solution at the national level and do raise issues of portability, interoperability, etc. across national boundaries.
		As examples of the numerous student graduation projects and graduate theses related to the Arabization effort, we will cite some work to give the reader an idea about this effort.
	www.ifla.org /IV/ifla60/60-agrj.htm (1959 words)

	IDMC : Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre \| Countries \| Iraq \| The "Arabization" policy of the former ...
		For the hundreds of thousands of Kurds displaced from their homes by Arabization, armed conflict, and genocide in Iraq, their continued displacement represents a crime that must be redressed.
		The decrees passed by the Ba`th government in implementation of its Arabization policy also exist, as do detailed records of the Arab families that were brought to inhabit the vacated areas.
		Shaikh Mustafa made a point of crucial relevance to the resolution of the property disputes in the north, namely that the majority of Arabs who came to the north to resettle rural villages were not given title to the land they farmed, but rather worked under annual rental contracts.
	www.internal-displacement.org /idmc/website/countries.nsf/(httpEnvelopes)/BC3C8C062C1A07EA802570B8005A74C0?OpenDocument (2840 words)

	Arabization
		Although the French-Arabic schools were not popular among the majority of the indigenous population, in the 20th century, the movement begun in 1922 by Abd al-Hamid Ben Badis to "purify" Islam, or more accurately to easternize the religious beliefs and practices of Algeria, resulted in the growth of Qur'anic schools, which also taught Arabic.
		None condemn the settlements and displacement of peoples to arabize these countries; yet, this is an ongoing process in both Morocco and Algeria.
		While the governments say they recognize that their countries is Amazigho-Arab and that Tamazight is permitted, the fact is that anything related to the Amazigh, including the language, music, art, etc., is relegated to the folkloric, to the "traditional," painting anything related to Amazighity as archaic and nostalgic, rather than a living, breathing, developing reality.
	waac.info /amazigh/WAAC/arabization.html (1298 words)

	Refugees International: Articles: The Many Causes of Internal Displacement in Central and Northern Iraq: Consequences ...
		Arabization: The policy of “Arabization,” i.e., forcing ethnic Kurds, Turkmen and Assyrians from their homes to replace them with Arabs, began in the 1930s.
		Arabization resulted in ethnic cleansing primarily through bureaucratic repression such as rules prohibiting non-Arabs from owning land, attending school and engaging in certain business practices.
		While the horrific policy of Arabization destroyed families, property, and livelihoods while displacing hundreds of thousands of people, reversing this process, by returning those initially displaced to their original homes, will result in many of the same consequences.
	www.refugeesinternational.org /content/article/detail/897 (1947 words)

	Let’s think of Arabization first
		In order to achieve Arabization, the following points must be defined concerning an Arab approach.
		First, the matter of infrastructure: To build a telecommunication network, an Arab data base and an Arab entity up to international standards which could be the Arab Internet.
		Arabization might possibly create some kind of alternative to globalization.
	www.arabnews.com /?page=7§ion=0&article=4562&d=10&m=8&y=2001&pix=opinion.jpg&category=Opinion (303 words)

	Kurdistan Regional Government Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		They will be transferred to the middle and southern governorates, and as part of the attempt to completely Arabize the Khanaqin City, their families will also also relocated.
		We call upon Islamic and Arab governments as well as concerned international organizations to come to the aid of those Kurdish citizens, who are no threat to any one, and to affect the return of those expelled and deported from Kurdistan, the land of their forefathers.
		Deportation of Kurds and Arabization of the areas under the pretext of "National Security" coincide with the pronouncement by Iraqi officials calling for an "Iraqi Solution" for our problems.
	old.krg.org /news/1998/arabization.asp (1352 words)

	The Arabist » Software Arabization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Researcher Rashad Mahmood has written a well-researched article on the Arabization of software for the current issue of Business Monthly.
		Despite the huge potential for Arabization, companies face several hurdles in adapting western software for Arabic users, says Maged Makram, localization project manager at Microsoft Egypt.
		âArabization is much more challenging than converting to another western language.
	arabist.net /archives/2006/09/11/software-arabization (425 words)

	Exit Zero Genocide and Arabization
		In Darfur, the government's drive to "Arabize" a country that is made up of myriad ethnic groups has found a full and willing partner in Arab nomads whose search for new water and grazing land for their herds has led them into conflict with the majority population of settled African farmers.
		The Anna Nicole Smith of the blogosphere, Juan Cole pointlessly weighs in by saying that the situation in Darfur can't be motivated by racism or Arabization because the bad guys don't look Arab.
		In contrast to all the bad news about Islamists and Arabization, The New York Times presented a very upbeat view of another pathologically oppressive Shariah state, the United Arab Emirates.
	whataretheysaying.powerblogs.com /posts/1115678310.shtml (902 words)

	DefendAmerica News - Article
		Arab and Kurd representatives met May 10 in the farming community of Makhmor, roughly central to Mosul, Erbil and Kirkuk, to settle a farmland dispute stemming from the "Arabization" policies of the Ba'ath Party regime.
		After its rise to power in 1968, the Ba'ath Party proved no different, instituting what Kurds call “Arabization.” Since then, more than 200,000 Kurds were expelled into the far north of Iraq, according to the Erbil-based Committee for Confronting Arabization in Kurdistan.
		Arabization, called “nationality correction” by Ba'ath Party authorities, increased after Operation Desert Storm in 1991, when Kurds were periodically given the chance to declare themselves Arabs or be deported north into the no-fly zone.
	www.defendamerica.mil /articles/may2003/a051903b.html (984 words)

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