Hakuseki was born in Edo and from a very early age displayed signs of genius.
On 1693, Hakuseki was called up to serve by the side of Manabe Akifusa as a "brain" for the Tokugawa shogunate and shogun TokugawaIenobu.
en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arai_Hakuseki (476 words)
Buddhist News Network - Archive(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
One thing that emerges is Arai's growing conviction, as he sat listening to Sidotti explicate the dominant religion of the West, that Christianity and Buddhism were bursting with points of intersection.
Arai bolstered these ideas with the geographical and historical knowledge that was available at the time.
Arai was drawn inexorably to the conclusion that Christianity was formed as a new Buddhist sect (or perhaps an offshoot of a Buddhist sect) in the western region of Judea also dominated by Buddhism.
During the Shōtoku period (1711-1716), the central figure of the bakufu who profoundly reformed the reception of the two missions was AraiHakuseki.
In particular, Hakuseki aimed to eliminate the dualism of power between the Tokugawa shōgun and the Tennō by elevating Tokugawa Ienobu as the sole ruler of
Hakuseki became deeply interested in Ryukyuan culture and ―as demonstrated by his works about the small kingdom written after his retirement from political life, works destined to have a great influence on Japanese knowledge about the Ryūkyū islands― he described the Ryūkyū kingdom as a state not far from but close to Japanese culture.
The hook was used to fasten the restraining loop to a bound subject’s clothing.
AraiHakuseki (1657-1725), chief counselor for the sixth shogun, TokugawaIenobu, was a very learned man with a wide range of interests.
When I was seventeen or eighteen, I happened to drop in front of my father what was called an "arresting cord," which was used to tie up a man and was made of slender blue strings braided together, with a hook attached at its end, and which I then had in my breast.
NEW CONDITION Using both historical evidence and ethnographic data, Paula Arai shows that nuns were central agents in the foundation of Buddhism in Japan in the 6th century.
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, USA Using both historical evidence and ethnographic data, Paula Arai shows that nuns were central agents in the foundation of Buddhism in Japan in the 6th century.
Using both historical evidence and ethnographic data, Paula Arai shows that nuns were central agents in the foundation of Buddhism in Japan in the 6th century.
Historical writing would cease to be the sole vehicle for political discussion in Japan in the eighteenth century as Chinese Confucian thought became dominant.
The author illustrates how the first works conceptualized history as imperial history and that subsequent scholars were unable to devise alternative schemes or patterns for history until AraiHakuseki.
By interposing the works of Gukanshø (1219) by Jien, Jinnø Shøtøki (1339) by Kitabatake Chikafusa and Tokushi Yoron by AraiHakuseki a clear pattern, demonstrating the sequential development of complexity and sophistication in handling the question, is revealed.
Now, Yorikata decided that he could not rely on the conservative Confucianists like AraiHakuseki in Edo and must do his best to stabilize things in Kii.
Still, they remained prominent until the end of Tokugawa rule, and some later shoguns were chosen from the Hitotsubashi line.
As shogun, Yoshimune is best known for his financial reform and for dismissing his conservative adviser AraiHakuseki and instigating the Kyōhō reforms.
If we add to this group the groups we learn of from the missionaries, or later from the Dutch travellers between 1649 and 1660, the total goes to 3125, and this does not include Christians who were banished, whose property was confiscated, or who died in poverty.
A Japanese judge, AraiHakuseki, bore witness about 1710, that at the close of the reign of Iemitzu (1650) "it was ordered that the converts should all lean on their own staff".
At that time an immense number, from 200,000 to 300,000 perished.
www.newadvent.org /cathen/09744a.htm (1423 words)
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Kemper 1967, AraiHakuseki und seine Geschichtsauffassung: Ein Beitrag zur Historiographie Japan in der Tokugawa-Zeit (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz)
Lewin 1966, 'AraiHakuseki als Sprachgelehrter', OE 13:191241
Miyazaki 1976, 'AraiHakuseki et l'Europe', Actes du XXIXe Congrés international des Orientalistes, Paris Juillet 1973.
Brownlee organizes his overview of all major figures in the historiography of these three and a half centuries of Japanese history around this focus in order to gauge their reliability as modem truth tellers.
According to Brownlee, a rationalistic and positivistic approach emerges during the Tokugawa period in the writings of scholars of the Hayashi house and the Mito School, a method that is further purified by AraiHakuseki, Yamagata Banto, and Date Chihiro, but encounters resistance from the National Scholars.
This rationalism became self-consciously scientific since the Meiji period, when it encountered European historiographic methods, especially through the teachings of Ludwig Riess who inaugurated the tradition of academic history in Japan.
He is best known for dismissing his conservative adviser AraiHakuseki and instigating the Kyoho ReformsKyōhō reforms.
As the descendant of the Kii domain, he succeeded the post of the shogun in 1716, given that the main lineage lacked a legimate heir.
www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Post/311869 (172 words)
Tokugawa - HighBeam Encyclopedia(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
After the Meiji restoration, the Tokugawa family was allowed to hold some land in Suruga, and when the new nobility was created its head was granted the rank of prince.
Bibliography: See C. Totman, Politics in the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1600-1843 (1967); K. Nakai, Shogunal Politics: AraiHakuseki and the Premises of Tokugawa Rule (1988); T. Smith, Native Sources of Japanese Industrialization, 1750-1920 (1988).
Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Tokugawa" at HighBeam.