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Topic: Aral Karakum

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Aral Sea

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Central Asia

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	Aral Sea. Who is Aral Sea? What is Aral Sea? Where is Aral Sea? Definition of Aral Sea. Meaning of Aral Sea.
		The Aral Sea is an endorheic inland sea in Central Asia; it lies between Kazakhstan in the north and Karakalpakstan, an autonomous region of Uzbekistan in the south.
		The Aral Sea is badly polluted, largely as the result of weapons testing, industrial projects, and fertilizer runoff before the breakup of the Soviet Union.
		In 1960, the Aral Sea was the world's fourth-largest lake, with an area of approximately 68,000 km² (volume: 1100 km³); by 1998, it had dropped to 28,687 km², and eighth-largest.
	www.knowledgerush.com /kr/encyclopedia/Aral_Sea (470 words)

	History of Afghanistan London Times
		The Aral Sea is situated in the large lowlands of Turan, in the Karakum and Kyzylkum deserts.
		The pollution effect is aggravated by the fact that the Aral Sea is situated on the "highway" where strong currents of air are blowing from the West to the East.
		The other dangerous consequence of desiccation of the Aral Sea is a continuing degradation of mountain glaciers of the Himalayas, the Pamirs, the Tien Shan and the Altais, which are feeding the Syrdarya and the Amudarya rivers with vivifying moisture.
	www.avhub.net /MI_CentralAsia.htm (2287 words)

	FISHERY IN THE LOWER AMU-DARYA UNDER THE IMPACT OF IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE
		The ecological degradation became especially critical east of the Aral Sea, in the lower reaches of the Amu-Darya and the Syr-Darya where the Republic of Karakalpakstan, the Khorezm Region of Uzbekistan, and the Tashauz Region of Turkmenistan are situated.
		The Aral Sea Basin is one of the oldest regions of irrigated agriculture where the favourable climatic conditions and natural fertility of the soil favour the development of agriculture.
		The ecological degradation became especially critical east of the Aral Sea, in the lower reaches of the Amu-Darya and the Syr-Darya where the Republic of Karakalpakstan, the Khoresm Region of Uzbekistan and the Tashauz Region of Turkmenistan are situated.
	www.fao.org /docrep/V9529E/v9529E04.htm (5594 words)

	KARAKUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Die Karakum nimmt etwa 90% der Fläche Turkmenistans ein und hat eine Größe von 300.000 km².
		Aus klimatischen Gründen findet sich in der Karakum allenfalls Steppenvegetation mit verschiedenen Grasarten, denn die hohen Sommertemperaturen und die kalten Winter erlauben auch bei den Frühjahrsregen keine dauernde höhere Vegetation.
		In der Karakum finden sich bedeutende Erdöl- und Erdgasvorkommen.
	www.toonorama.com /encyclopedia/K/Karakum (325 words)

	Desiccation of the Aral Sea: A Water Management Disaster in the Soviet Union
		The Aral Sea is a huge, shallow, saline body of water located in the deserts of the south-central Soviet Union (Figs.
		As in the past, the cause of the modern recession of the Aral is a marked diminution of inflow from the Syr Dar'ya and Amu Dar'ya, the sea's sole sources of surface water inflow, that has increasingly shifted the water balance toward the negative side (Table 1).
		During planning for a major expansion of irrigation in the Aral Sea basin, conducted in the 1950s and 1960s, it was predicted that this would reduce inflow to the sea and substantially reduce its size.
	www.ciesin.org /docs/006-238/006-238.html (5760 words)

	karakum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Caspian Kara Kum ("Black Sand"), the larger desert at over 300,000 km², is east of the Caspian Sea, with the Aral Sea to the north and the Amu Darya river and Kyzyl-Kum desert to the northeast and covers 90 per cent of Turkmenistan.
		It is crossed by the Trans-Caspian railway and the largest irrigation canal in the world, the Kara-Kum Canal at 1375 km in length.
		The Aral Kara Kum desert (40,000 km²) lies north of the Aral Sea in Kazakhstan.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Karakum.html (178 words)

	Aral Sea Catastrophe:Case for National,Regional and International Cooperation
		Commercial fishing and shipping in the Aral Sea was abandoned in the mid-1980s, while the region's two major factories (fish-producing and pulp paper) had to switch to more expensive, imported raw materials of inputs, after the disappearance of local fish and reeds.*15 Half the population (mainly non-indigenous) left the region.
		The Republic of Tajikistan is situated in the South-East of Central Asia and borders Uzbekistan in the west, Kyrgyzstan in the north, China in the east, and Afganistan in the south.
		Now the Aral Sea catastrophe has become one of the biggest ecological disasters of the twentieth century, so to save the drying up and dying Aral and to overcome the catastrophic consequences of it, both emergency and long-term measures are needed.
	src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp /sympo/97summer/islamov.html (11871 words)

	3. The Aral Sea basin
		A three-fold increase in reflected solar radiation in the Aral area due to a sevenfold rise in the albedo of the area previously occupied by the Aral Sea has contributed to an increase in the continentality of the climate (Kondratyev, Grigoryev, and Zhvalev 1986).
		Soil pollution in the Aral region is observed throughout the agricultural zones.
		A specific peculiarity of the Aral basin is the increase in river-water mineralization owing to the discharge of drainage waters from irrigated massifs.
	www.unu.edu /unupress/unupbooks/uu14re/uu14re0a.htm (2793 words)

	Karakum Desert - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Karakum Desert, also spelled Kara-Kum and Gara Gum (“Black Sand”) (Turkmen: Garagum, Russian: Karakumy) is a desert in Central Asia.
		It lies east of the Caspian Sea, with the Aral Sea to the north and the Amu Darya river and Qyzyl-Qum desert to the northeast.
		The Murghab and Tejen rivers flow out of the Hindu Kush Mountains to the south and empty into the desert, providing water for irrigation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kara_Kum (214 words)

	The Evolution of the Aral Sea and Its Economic Impacts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Bordered by the Karakum and Kyzylkum deserts and the Ustyurt Plateau, it was once teeming with life, able to support the population living around it with irrigated agriculture, animal husbandry, hunting and trapping, fishing and the harvesting of reeds 4.
		However, the major depletion of the Aral Sea is not due to evaporation.
		The people of the Aral Sea region are struggling to survive due to actions taken in the past.
	stu.beloit.edu /~oliverr (1401 words)

	Karakum Desert -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Another, smaller desert in Kazakhstan near the Aral Sea is called the Aral Karakum.
		The Karakum, a desert of long sand ridges, is its largest single feature and accounts for more than 70 percent of the land area.
		The Karakum Canal, using water from the Amu Darya, irrigates approximately 1,000,000 acres (404,700 hectares).
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9110529 (807 words)

	Potable Water
		In order to provide to the population of the Aral Sea Region safe water there was constructed the Aral- Sorbulak water pipeline (ASWP) during the soviet period.
		Due to the reason of high salinity of underground water during the soviet period the majority of the remote villages was drilled boreholes and installed desalination equipment for each village.
		Majority of population in the remote villages in the Aral Sea Region (63 villages with the population of 65 000) is using underground water through wells and boreholes.
	nailaokda.8m.com /water.html (976 words)

	Karakum introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Karakum (“Black Sand”) Desert is bordered by the Sarykamysh Basin on the north, by the Amu Darya (ancient Oxus River) valley on the northeast and east, and by the Garabil Plateau and the Badkhyz steppe region on the southeast.
		In the south and southwest the desert runs parallel to the foot of the Kopet-Dag Range, and in the west and northwest the Karakum borders the course of the ancient valley of the Uzboy River near the Caspian Sea.
		The relief of the Karakum is quite sharp and well defined and may be subdivided into three parts: the elevated northern Trans-Unguz Karakum, the surface of which has been eroded by violent winds; the low-lying plain of the Central Karakum; and the southeastern Karakum, through which a chain of salt marshes runs.
	www.mertebe.org /English/Turkmenistan/Geography/Desert/garagum_intro.html (394 words)

	Gareth Morgan - Aral Sea and the cost of letting the Desert Bloom
		For all the world's shock-horror reaction to what the Soviets did to the Aral Sea when creating the vast cotton plantations of Central Asia, we found the benefits to the people of the region at least as dramatic as the ecological damage.
		For us it was a 1,700 km round-trip across the Karakum desert to get up to the sea from the west-east line we've been maintaining on this journey along the Silk Roads to China.
		The town from which we made the last push to the Aral, Nukus, was the site for the Soviet's chemical warfare experiments, and until recently has had the Americans in there trying to clean up the mess.
	nbr.infometrics.co.nz /printcol.php?id=1015 (1028 words)

	CEPs and the Aral region
		Awareness of the potential degradation surrounding the Aral Sea draw-down was widespread, even in the 1950s and 1960s, a time when policy makers had a blind faith in the use of technological fixes to overcome obstacles in the paths to economic development and when the Soviet government did not allow organized dissent.
		The fate of the Aral Sea, under conditions of increasing diversions from the two major sources of Aral Sea water, was more or less known in the absence of any intervention to stop or limit the diversions.
		Thus, much is already known about the decline in the level of the Aral Sea: when it began, why it happened, who benefited and who suffered as a result of the decline, what actions were proposed to deal with the declining levels and with the deteriorating circum-Aral human health and environmental conditions, and so forth.
	www.unu.edu /unupress/unupbooks/uu18ce/uu18ce05.htm (4220 words)

	The Aral Sea and South Prearalie. Part I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Despite the fact that since the beginning of the past millennium many scientific volumes were devoted to the Aral Sea, its chronology remains contradictory and unclear.
		At that time the Aral part of the united sea flooded entirely the Sarykamysh depression and formed the bay stretched out to the Pitnyak, which is now occupied by the present-day delta of the Amu Darya and the Khiva oasis (as well, this explains the presence of salts deposit at the Pitnyak).
		Since the ancient times, all the researchers and historians were describing transformations of the Aral and Caspian seas depending on water availability and irrigation development in their united drainage basin.
	www.cawater-info.net /aral/aral1_e.htm (660 words)

	Desiccation of the Aral Sea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The demise of the Aral Sea, described by Science magazine in 1999 as "perhaps the most notorious ecological catastrophe of human making," was a long term process.
		From 1939 with the opening of the Great Fergana Canal (link) through the early 1960s when the Karakum Canal was completed, massive quantities of water were diverted from the Syr Darya and Amu Darya, the two rivers running into the Aral Sea, to irrigate the ever-expanding cotton fields of Soviet Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.
		Between 1960 and 1995 the surface area of the Aral had declined from 64,500 square kilometers to less than 30,000, and the sea had become three separate highly saline lakes.
	www.soviethistory.org /index.php?action=L2&SubjectID=1985aral&Year=1985 (424 words)

	Workshop Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Today, the Aral story is quite well known to environmental groups within and outside the region, and it has been brought to worldwide attention as the result of a 1990 National Geographic Magazine article.
		This part is within the Aral Basin and, as known, is closely tied to the ethnic groups in neighboring countries.
		In retrospect, it is interesting to note that the Aral Sea itself had not been selected a central topic for discussion at the meeting, even though it is a part of the Amudarya basin that has been the most visible to observers around the globe since the mid-1980s.
	www.isse.ucar.edu /centralasia/summary.html (15609 words)

	A tragédia ecológica do Mar de Aral
		O Mar de Aral era, até 1960, o quarto maior lago do mundo, cobrindo uma área de 66 mil quilómetros quadrados, com um volume estimado de mais de 1.000 km cúbicos [Kabori e Glantz, 1998].
		Quando o Aral começou rapidamente a encolher, os barcos de pesca e as suas tripulações ficaram encalhados, algumas vezes a dezenas de quilómetros das antigas margens.
		Levende (1998): 'The Aral Sea and its Fishery – A Project Report', Funded by the Danish Society for a Living Sea, June.
	www.resistir.info /asia/mar_de_aral.html (6625 words)

	worldsurface.com - sustainable tourism for backpackers and independent travellers
		Kazakstan is a vast tableland bordering the Caspian Sea to the west and southwest, containing the Aral region of the Karakum Desert in the centre, and rising to high mountains in the southeast along the border with Kyrgyzstan and China.
		The landscape is dominated by steppeland and by the Betpaqdala, Muyunkum, Kyzylkum, Greater Barsuki, and Aral Karakum deserts.
		The Aral Sea, which has shrunk from the diversion of the Syr Darya and other feeder rivers, lies partly in west-central Kazakstan.
	www.worldsurface.com /browse/static.asp?staticpageid=320 (268 words)

	Asia Times: Turkmenistan's dream destined to be blown away
		The crown jewel of the Soviet scheme was the 700-mile Karakum canal, which draws water from the Amu Darya and routes it to agricultural oases dotting Turkmenistan's Karakum Desert.
		Soviet agricultural practices have reduced the Aral Sea to less than one-quarter of its 1960 volume and made it one of the world's most polluted bodies of water.
		Compounding the level of fear in this equation is Vozrozhdeniye, once a small island in the middle of the Aral that is now connected to the mainland.
	www.atimes.com /c-asia/BJ26Ag01.html (706 words)

	Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 98024788
		Desertification in the Aral Sea region Asomitdin A. Rafikov 5.
		Change of the rivers' flow in the Aral Sea Basin (in connection with the problem of quantitative assessment and consideration of environmental after-effects) K. Tsytsenko and V. Sumarokova 10.
		Fish population as an ecosystem component and economic object in the Aral Sea Iliya Zholdasova 11.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/cam021/98024788.html (265 words)

	ESIG Alert:
		In 1954, construction began on the Karakum Canal in order to bring Amudarya water to oases in the desert of the Karakum.
		Today, the Aral story is quite well known to environmental groups within and outside the region, and it was brought to worldwide attention as the result of a February 1990 National Geographic Magazine article.
		Even though the supply of water from the Amudarya could be sufficient for all the inhabitants of the basin, under the current situation water is scarce, especially in the downstream regions in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, which cannot afford to lose any more water to diversions than has already occurred since their independence in 1991.
	www.fragilecologies.com /oct08_02.html (1156 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Creeping Environmental Problems and Sustainable Development in the Aral Sea Basin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Environmental degradation in the Aral Sea basin in Central Asia has been a touchstone for increasing public awareness of environmental issues.
		The Aral crisis has been touted as a "quiet Chernobyl" and as one of the worst human-made environmental catastrophes of the twentieth century.
		The Aral Sea region(Figure 1.1) has been characterized in the popular press and in the scientific literature as a region deep in crisis; an environmental crisis, a health crisis, a development crisis, and most of all a water crisis.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521620864?v=glance (681 words)

	BWO “Amudarya”
		Amudarya River trunk from the beginning to Aral Sea as well as management and operation of interstate main canals with structures located in Amudarya lower reaches downstream Tuyamuyun hydrounit.
		BWO should control all pumping stations in trunk of rivers Amudarya, Pyandj, Vakhsh, Kafirnigan and on interstate canals as well as part of river water intakes not transferred to BWO this is Dangara hydrounit at Vakhsh River, Karakum Canal, and Tuyamuyun hydrounit with reservoirs at Amudarya River.
		It worth to note that within framework of regional interaction on interstate and inter-sectoral transboundary water resources use in Aral Sea basin currently in low water years sufficiently difficult situation is formed that demands adoption of special decisions on strengthening of joint cooperation, first of all, by additional organizational and juridical measures.
	www.icwc-aral.uz /bwoamu.htm (2297 words)

	Karakum Canal
		Under construction since 1954, the 1,100 kilometers completed by 1988 diverted a significant amount of the Amu Darya s waters west through and into the Kara Desert and Ashkhabad, the republic s capital, and beyond.
		The canal opened up expansive new tracts of land to agriculture, while contributing to a major environmental disaster, the drying up of the Aral Sea.
		The primitive construction of the canal allows almost 50 percent of the water to escape en route.
	www.cold-war.info /glossary/karakum-canal.html (116 words)

	swot-analize (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		(under the reason of "the Aral Sea saving", billions $ for construction of the "Gold Sea" in the Karakum desert) are spent.
		After the Aral Sea the Amu Darya river will be also ruined.
		The threat - the Aral Sea region can be turned into a desert.
	nukus1.connect.uz /doors/swot.html (174 words)

	Aral Karakum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This Central Asia location article is a stub.
		This page was last modified 08:23, 5 Feb 2005.
		The article about Aral Karakum contains information related to Aral Karakum and See also.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Aral_Karakum (67 words)

	Shuttle images of UZBEKISTAN
		ARAL SOUTH: • • • • • • • •
		SE ARAL SEA: • • • • •
		SW ARAL SEA: • • • • • • •
	rove.to /uzbekistan (424 words)

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