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Topic: Aramaean

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	Aramaeans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Semitic Aramaeans were the principal occupiers of the Levant after the Amorites had moved on to Mesopotamia (late 3rd millennium).
		The Aramaean invasion of Mesopotamia was not confined to Assyria for they are also mentioned at the same time as attacking the mid-Mesopotamia region of Isin/Babylonia, which then was frequently at war with Assyria.
		Aramaean linguistic influence in the Near East was to grow preponderant over the centuries after 1000.
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /a/aramaeans.html (758 words)

	History
		Threat to the Aramaean kingdoms came from the east, where the Assyrians of Mesopotamia were trying to expand their territory.
		It is most probable that the remains of the Aramaean town lie buried under the eastern part of the old walled city.
		The Romans incorporated the Aramaean and Greek sectors of the city to form into a uniform city plan and built a broad wall encircling the whole area.
	www.damascus-online.com /damascus.htm (5344 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Jews
		Characterizing the ancestors of the Hebrews as Aramaean nomads (“wandering” signifying the nomadic state of constant economic hardship) is more or less exact.
		Another instance of tribal history written as personal experience is the covenant between Jacob and Laban (see Genesis 31:44-54), which is interpreted, in biblical criticism, as an early treaty between Hebrew and Syrian tribes, delimiting the borders of their grazing lands to the north of Gilead.
		Tradition and historical theory trace the Aramaean ancestors of Israel (used collectively) to the district of Ur in Sumer, on the lower Euphrates River.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567959/Jews.html (1202 words)

	Early history of Assyria
		Even though the Aramaeans were not able to gain a foothold in the main cities, there are evidences of them in many rural areas.
		An Aramaean prince from the south, Marduk-apal-iddina II (the biblical Merodach-Baladan), seized power in Babylon in 721 and was able to retain it until 710 with the help of Humbanigash I of Elam.
		At the beginning of his reign the Aramaean tribes were still allied with Elam against him, but Urtaku of Elam (675-664) signed a peace treaty and freed him for campaigning elsewhere.
	www.angelfire.com /nt/Gilgamesh/assyrian.html (9518 words)

	AramaeanIsrael
		Aramaeans are documented as west of Assyria and present in Babylonia in Assyrian and Babylonian annals of the late 2d millennium BCE.
		Since rainfall in the steppe lands of Syria, the original homeland of the Aramaeans, was, at best only marginal, a prolonged decrease in precipitation would have brought aridity so severe that the population would need to migrate to find grazing grounds for their flocks.
		For the Aramaeans, the beginning of the Iron Age was a time of forceful expansion, and Tiglath-pileser did not succeed in curbing their progress.
	www.bibleorigins.net /AramaeanIsrael.html (11187 words)

	Tur Abdin - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Tur Abdin (south east of Turkey) is the homeland of the Aramaean.
		The Aramaean are Syrian orthodox Christians and belong to the Holy Apostolic Patriarchate of Antioch.
		The centre of the Aramaeans of Tur Abdin is today the Monastery of Mor Gabriel (397 AD).
	www.open-encyclopedia.com /Tur_Abdin (138 words)

	bloch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Much of this negative portrayal is clearly connected with his Aramaean background and foreignness to Roman norms.
		Two main types of sources have contributed to the investigations on the subject: first, the Greek and Latin literary sources just mentioned, sifted of their slanderous biases, and second, archeological study of the religious monuments of Elagabalus and of Emesa, together with inscriptions in Aramaic relevant to the Syrian cult.
		Above all, we see the Aramaean character of Elagabalus, famous among the Romans he ruled for his sacrilege.
	www.apaclassics.org /AnnualMeeting/03mtg/abstracts/bladel.html (516 words)

	More About Damascus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Aramaeans, who were a semi-nomadic people who spoke a northern Arabian dialect of Arabic called Syriac, originated in the Arabian peninsula.
		The Assyrian nation to the east became a threat to the Aramaean kingdoms in the middle of the first millennium.
		The names of most of the Aramaean kings of Damascus who led their armies in the defense of the city are known.
	www.made-in-syria.com /mrabtdamas.htm (2654 words)

	GENESIS - LoveToKnow Article on GENESIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Or, if the sons of Jacob had Aramaean mothers, to prove that those which are derived from the wives were upon a higher level than the sons of the concubines is more difficult than to allow that certain of the tribes must have contained some element of Aramaean blood (ci.
		Mizpah in Gilead is the scene of a covenant or treaty between Jacob and his Aramaean relative commemorated by a pillar (Ma~bah).
		That the journey of Jacob-Israel from his Aramaean relatives into Palestine hints at some pre-Mosaic immigration is possible, but has not been either proved or disproved.
	4.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GE/GENESIS.htm (11491 words)

	AskWhy! Judah North and Judah South - Jewish Mythology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Mostly we know about them from Assyrian inscriptions and official records, and these are principally accounts of their military subjection, and occasionally of rebellion, and, in respect of Damascus, particularly, the bible, where it does not contradict the other sources.
		Aramaean pottery was usually not decorated, although was finished with a red slip.
		The inhabitants seemed to have been Aramaeans but had retained Canaanite or Phoenician as the basis of their written records for civic and religious purposes.
	www.askwhy.co.uk /judaism/0410JudahNS.html (2564 words)

	The Assyrian/Chaldean Dilemma-Part-1
		During Solomon’s reign the main power center of the Aramaeans shifted from Zoba to Damascus (1 Kings 11:23-5) and by the Beginning of the ninth century the Aramaean kingdom of Damascus was powerful enough to be of serious threat to Israel.
		The trading role of the Aramaeans across all of Syria and Mesopotamia had a secondary consequence, it lead to the spreading of their language to other ethnic groups, until by 400 BC it was spoken or used for some purposes from Egypt to Iran.
		Aramaeans also served in the army, and one small tribe, the Itu’a, are often mentioned in Assyrian letters as policing conquered cities,.
	www.chaldeansonline.net /ghassan/dilemma-part1.html (4012 words)

	[Projekat Rastko / Project Rastko] Legends of Babylon and Egypt in Relation to Hebrew Tradition - Leonard W. King (1915)
		One of the local gods of Tahpanhes is represented on the Cairo monument, an Egyptian stele in the form of a naos with the winged solar disk upon its frieze.
		The upper scene engraved upon the stele represents Abbâ and his wife in the presence of Osiris, who is attended by Isis and Nephthys; and in the lower panel is the funeral scene, in which all the mourners with one exception are Asiatics.
		Here the king is seen leading his eldest son by the hand in some stately ceremonial, and ranged in registers behind them are the younger members of the royal family, whose ages are indicated by their occupations.[3] The employment of basalt in place of limestone does not disguise the sculptor's debt to Assyria.
	www.rastko.org.yu /civ2/sumer/lking-legends.html (19220 words)

	John Messo, Tur Abdin, and the Aramaean Renaissance
		Several leading Aramaean intellectuals already started the gigantic task of clarifying several points related to the proper name of the Aramaeans; one of these young Aramaean Orientalists is John (Yuhannun) Messo, who happens to be from the culturally illustrious area of Tur Abdin, what has correctly been called ‘Mount Athos of Mesopotamia’.
		We find therefore significant to present herewith an article composed by John Messo that is focalized on the Aramaean Identity of the Tur Abdin Aramaeans; we believe that specialized readership will search the rich footnotes in the original publication, whereas we make here available the main body of the article integrally.
		We also disagree on the correct orthography of the name of the Aramaeans in English; but we respected the orthography followed by the author throughout the text of his article.
	www.buzzle.com /editorials/8-13-2005-74813.asp?viewPage=2 (581 words)

	Murdock Translation - Appendix
		The uncertainty which is found in the tradition, respecting the precise time, and place, and author of this version, is good evidence of the truth of the tradition; for it shows, that this version was made at so early a period, that the particular circumstances attending its formation were hid in obscurity.
		But to all the Jews of Palestine, an Aramaean dialect very similar to the Syriac, was vernacular, and was the ordinary language of all public addresses in the synagogues of their country.
		Hence we may suppose, that the Gospel was first preached among the Syrians in the Aramaean language, either in pure Syriac or in the dialect of the Jews.
	www.aramaicpeshitta.com /AramaicNTtools/Murdock/murdock_appendix.htm (8513 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		By 1000 BC, however, Aramaeans had seized power and a number of small states developed.
		Guzana was the capital of the Aramaean state of Bit Bahiani.
		Alongside these Aramaean states were Neo-Hittite states, such as Carchemish, where similar forms of relief decoration have been discovered - an example is the basalt stela in The British Museum.
	www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk /compass/ixbin/print?OBJ1531 (313 words)

	Aramaic Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		They are regarded by Hebrews as one of their closest relative nations and with them share the title "Children of Eber" from Genesis 10:21.
		In Deuteronomy 26:5 Jews are taught to remember that Jacob was practically Aramaean with a grandmother, mother and wives from Naharaim.
		They are descendants of Shem, from whom the Aramaic word She-maa-yaa (Semitic) is derived, but Aram of the two Nahors, though a descendant of Shem, is not to be confused with Aram the son of Shem.
	www.wikiverse.org /aramaic-language (794 words)

	Damacus
		The Aramaeans were Arab people who spoke a northern Arabian dialect of Arabic called Syriac, originated in the Arabian peninsula.
		The Assyrian army reached the Syrian-Phoenician coast and Damascus in 732-841 B.C. After many repeated incursions.It is most probable that the remains of the Aramaean city lie buried under the western part of the present day walled city.
		Then sovereignty passed into the hands of the Assyrians and subsequently to the Neo-Babylonians (Chaldeans) under Nebuchadnezzar in 572 B.C. Babylonian domination was cut short by the Persian king, Cyrus, who took the city in 538 B.C. and made Damascus the capital and military headquarters of the Persian province of Syria.
	www.crystalinks.com /damascus.html (1548 words)

	DAMASCUS--THE CITY OF TRADE
		The elaborate system of nail-writing of the ancient Sumerians was too involved for the Aramaean business man. He invented a new alphabet which could be written much faster than the old wedge-shaped figures of Babylon.
		Aramaean became the English of the ancient world.
		He spoke in Aramaean, the language of the merchant, which had become the language of the simple people of the old Mediterranean world.
	www.globusz.com /ebooks/AncientMan/00000024.htm (417 words)

	Umayyad Mosque - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Muslims consider it to be one of the holiest mosques.
		The spot where the mosque now stands was a temple of Hadad in the Aramaean era.
		The Aramaean presence was attested by the discovery of a basalt orthostat depicting a sphinx, excavated in the north-east corner of mosque.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Umayyad_Mosque (315 words)

	Aramaean - InformationBlast
		The Aramaeans we are told by Georges Contenau, the famous Assyriologist, were Semites, “who had been nomads from time immemorial.” [Georges Contenau, “Everyday Life in Babylon and Assyria”;, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 1955] The Aramaean history is indeed very mysterious.
		Patricia Crone and Michael Cook emphasized the uniqueness of the Aramaeans in that regard when compared to their closest neighbors, the Suryaye (English Syrians, and not to be confused with today's Moslem inhabitants of the Syrian Arab Republic).
		The Aramaeans never established an empire to the true sense of the word; because they did not have that political or cultural cohesiveness necessary for survival as a political and national people.
	www.informationblast.com /Aramaean.html (631 words)

	Amorites and Arameans - NonBiblical usage
		As a general rule, "Amorite" occurs in the early history of the region now known as Syria, and "Aramaean" later on.
		Aramaean influence can be traced back to the Ur III dynasty, and an Amorite presence is known in the Lebanon until the 19th dynasty from Egyptian records, and a little later in Assyrian records.
		From this time on through the Neo-Assyrian period until the time of Tiglath-pileser III (conventionally and NC 744-727) there were repeated conflicts between Assyrian and Aramaean armies, with opposition to Assyria largely led from Damascus.
	www.oldtestamentstudies.net /sojourn/aramamorextra.asp?item=11&variant=1 (908 words)

	Free Legends Of Babylon And Egypt In Relation To Hebrew Tradition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Elephantine papyri have shown that the early Jews of the Diaspora, though untrammeled by the orthodoxy of Jerusalem, maintained the purity of their local cult in the face of considerable difficulties.
		Hence the gravestones of their Aramaean contemporaries, which have been found in Egypt, can only be cited to illustrate the temptations to which they were exposed.[1] Such was the memorial erected by Abseli to the memory of his parents, Abb?and Ahatb?
		The upper scene engraved upon the stele represents Abb?and his wife in the presence of Osiris, who is attended by Isis and Nephthys; and in the lower panel is the funeral scene, in which all the mourners with one exception are Asiatics.
	www.getfreereports.com /rep/1arts/legendofbaby.htm (17860 words)

	Assyria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He may be regarded as the founder of the first Assyrian empire.
		After Tiglath-Pileser I, the Assyrians were in decline for nearly two centuries, a time of weak and ineffective rulers, wars with neighboring Urartu, and encroachments by Aramaean nomads.
		The next king, Ashurnasirpal II (883-858 BC), embarked on a vast program of merciless expansion, first terrorizing the peoples to the north as far as Nairi, then subjecting the Aramaeans between the Khabur and the Euphrates.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Assyria (1847 words)

	Calculated Frightfulness of Ashur Nasir Apal, A.T. Olmstead (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		These Aramaeans were rapidly taking over the civilization of the conquered peoples and were already laying the foundation for that supremacy of the Aramaean langnage and customs which was to be the dominant fact in the history of Mesopotamia for the next fifteen hundred years.
		That the Aramaeans were already settling down to the industrial life they later so completely dominated is indicated by the vessels, pans, bowls, cauldrons of bronze, couches of ivory overlaid with gold.
		The successful expedition of the preceding year against the Aramaeans of the north was followed in the next June by an attack on the tribes of the same race who were settled farther south in the steppe.
	www.dabar.org /Assyria/Olmstead/Bk2/CalculatedFrightfulness.htm (20186 words)

	Aramaic language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		During the twelfth century BCE, Aramaeans, the native speakers of Aramaic, began to settle in great numbers in modern-day Syria, Iraq and eastern Turkey.
		As the language grew in importance, it came to be spoken throughout the Mediterranean coastal area of the Levant, and spread east of the Tigris.
		Ancient Aramaic refers to the Aramaic of the Aramaeans from its origin until it becomes the official 'lingua franca' of the Fertile Crescent.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/A/Aramaic-language.htm (5371 words)

	ZENOBIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Aramaeans are the most numerous since they have populated the Desert Kingdoms for a millenia.
		Indigenous to the Desert Kingdoms, Aramaeans are the city-dwelling descendants of desert bedouin of a thousand years earlier.
		Tough, talkative and cunning, the Aramaean blood-lines have mingled and merged with centuries of invaders and settlers.
	www.eyeballkid.co.za /zenobia/zen3.html (6686 words)

	Review of E. Lipínski, The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		To elucidate the world of the Aramaeans Lipínski continually draws upon a vast array of Aramaic, Assyrian, Babylonian, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and also Arabic textual materials that range in time from early antiquity to the Middle Ages (in some case even to the present day).
		Where the sources differ on important issues, he is careful to note it, and he always registers notes of methodological caution when the evidence (or lack thereof) necessitates it.
		Notable here is Lipínski's attempt to identify the Aramaean cities lying along the caravan routes of the Israelite patriarchs and kings and his effort to establish approximate distances between them based on the speed of camel caravans (e.g., pp.
	www.arts.ualberta.ca /JHS/reviews/review036.htm (878 words)

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