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Topic: Aramaic

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	Aramaic Language: The Language of Christ
		Aramaic survived the fall of Nineveh (612 B.C.) and Babylon (539 B.C.) and remained the official language of the Persian Empire (539-337 B.C.).
		The term Aramaic is derived from Aram, the fifth son of Shem, the firstborn of Noah.
		Western Aramaic- The dialect of the Jews (Jerusalem, the Talmud and the Targums) and the Syro-Palestine dialect.
	www.mountlebanon.org /aramaiclanguage.html (733 words)

	Aramaic; Aramaic Language (International Standard Bible Encyclopedia) :: Bible Tools (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Aramaic was the official language of the extensive Persian empire, as it had been to some extent that of its predecessor, the empire of Assyria.
		As it is frequently asserted that the Aramaic of Daniel and Ezra is that of the Targums, it is necessary to examine the truth of this statement.
		In regard to pronouns, while in Biblical Aramaic, as in Sinjirli and Assouan, the 1st person singular is 'an'a, in Targumic it is 'anah: the plural in Biblical Aramaic is 'anachna' akin to 'anachnah in Assouan, whereas in the Targums it is usually 'anan, though sometimes the Biblical form appears.
	bibletools.org /index.cfm/fuseaction/Def.show/RTD/ISBE/ID/678 (3141 words)

	Aramaic
		Aramaic survived the fall of Nineveh (612BC) and Babylon (539BC) and remained the official language of the Persian Empire (539-337BC).
		Jesus preached in Aramaic, and parts of the Old Testament and much of the rabbinical literature were written in that language.
		Aramaic survives today in Eastern and Western dialects, mostly as the language of Christians living in a few scattered communities in Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq, and Iran.
	www.flw.com /languages/aramaic.htm (169 words)

	History of Aramaic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Aramaic is the ancient language of the Semitic family group, which includes the Assyrians, Babylonians, Chaldeans, Arameans, Hebrews, and Arabs.
		Aramaic and Chinese inscriptions from the Hsian-Fu Monument:
		Aramaic inscriptions on the mosaic testify to the importance of Hamat Gader, a city renowned for its baths during the Roman period.
	www.peshitta.org /initial/aramaic.html (1139 words)

	The Aramaic Language
		Aramaic is one of the Semitic languages, an important group of languages known almost from the beginning of human history and including also Arabic, Hebrew, Ethiopic, and Akkadian (ancient Babylonian and Assyrian).
		Aramaic was used by the conquering Assyrians as a language of administration communication, and following them by the Babylonian and Persian empires, which ruled from India to Ethiopia, and employed Aramaic as the official language.
		Aramaic remained a dominant language for Jewish worship, scholarship, and everyday life for centuries in both the land of Israel and in the diaspora, especially in Babylon.
	cal1.cn.huc.edu /aramaic_language.html (639 words)

	>>> AsiaNews.it <<< Gibson’s film inspires passionate interest in Aramaic
		He is the author of the book, “Teach Yourself Aramaic”, and believes that the release of the film, “The Passion of the Christ” could be a reason for the increased demand for learning the language.
		He said his church has about 100 works in Aramaic in its library, including a 16th century hand-written prayer book written by a native of Kerala, and a text on Canon Law believed to be compiled by Mar Abdisho in the 13th century.
		Aramaic and its deriving dialects have been transmitted down the centuries through their descendants.
	www.asianews.it /view_p.php?l=en&art=909 (655 words)

	Aramaic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Aramaic is closely related to Hebrew, Syriac, and Phoenician, and its alphabet is believed to have been based upon the Phoenician alphabet.
		Aramaic exercised an important influence on Hebrew, and Jewish culture, and parts of the Old Testament (e.g.
		West Aramaic still exists, and is spoken in some villages and smaller towns in Syria and Lebanon.
	www.i-cias.com /e.o/aramaic.htm (395 words)

	AllRefer.com - Aramaic (Language And Linguistics) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Although Aramaic was displaced officially in the Middle East by Greek after the coming of Alexander the Great, it held its own under Greek domination and subsequent Roman rule.
		In the course of its long history the Aramaic language broke up into a number of dialects, one of the most important of which was Syriac.
		Descended from the Aramaic alphabet are the Square Hebrew alphabet, which is the ancestor of modern Hebrew writing; the Nabataean, Palmyrene, and Syriac scripts; and the Arabic alphabet, among others.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/Aramaic.html (471 words)

	Articles - Aramaic language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		From the seventh century CE onwards, Aramaic was replaced as the lingua franca of the Middle East by Arabic.
		Nabataean Aramaic is the language of the Arab kingdom of Petra.
		Palmyrene Aramaic is the dialect that was in use in the city of Palmyra in the Syrian Desert from 44 BCE to 274 CE.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Aramaic?mySession=d1cad7ae77191c8c4bf3fba576ae9802 (5294 words)

	CNN.com - In Jesus movie, some see hope for a dying tongue - Feb. 22, 2004
		Carpenter, for instance, is "nagouro" in Aramaic, "nagar" in Hebrew and "najar" in Arabic.
		Aramaic reached its widest influence when it was adopted by the Persian empire about 500 B.C. Written in a 22-letter alphabet -- similar in form to Hebrew -- it was a relatively simple language, and scribes and intellectuals helped spread it in a largely illiterate world, Bar-Asher said.
		Aramaic was largely replaced by Arabic during the Islamic conquest of the 7th century.
	www.cnn.com /2004/TECH/science/02/22/jesus.language.ap (831 words)

	Aramaic/Proto-Hebrew alphabet
		The Early Aramaic or Proto-Hebrew alphabet was developed sometime during the late 10th or early 9th century BC and replaced Assyrian cuneiform as the main writing system of the Assyrian empire.
		Aramaic, a language which was the lingua franca of much of the Near East from about 7th century BC until the 7th century AD, when it was largely replaced by Arabic.
		Aramaic has also been written in versions of the Latin, Hebrew and Cyrillic alphabets, though the Syriac is the most widely used script to write Aramaic.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/aramaic.htm (287 words)

	Lord's Prayer in Aramaic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Aramaic was the language of Semitic culture, the language of the Hebrew patriarchs and, in the older days, the lingua franca of the Fertile Crescent.
		The term "Hebrew" is derived from the Aramaic word Abar or Habar which means " to cross over." This name was given to the Hebrew people simply because Abraham and the people who were with him crossed the river Euphrates and went to Palestine.
		After the captivity, Aramaic became the vernacular of the Jewish people and is still used by them in the worship.
	pw1.netcom.com /~aldawood/aramaic.htm (210 words)

	Jewish Language Research Website: Jewish Aramaic
		The Aramaic language has been around for over three thousand years, beginning in the 11th century B.C.E as the official language of the first Aramean states in Syria.
		Aramaic is a close sister of Hebrew and is identified as a "Jewish" language, since it is the language of major Jewish texts (the Talmuds, Zohar, and many ritual recitations, such as the kaddish).
		Aramaic has been until our present time a language of Talmudic debate in many traditional yeshivot (traditional Jewish schools), as many rabbinic texts are written in a mixture of Hebrew and Aramaic.
	www.jewish-languages.org /jewish-aramaic.html (719 words)

	Aramais – the language of Jesus
		Today, four versions of Aramaic are spoken by some 3,000,000 speakers: Turabdinic, Urmic and Neo-Mandean, based on East Aramaic dialects, and the language of Maaloula in Syria, which has its roots in a West Aramaic dialect.
		Studies of Aramaic are important in linguistics and philosophy, but are also relevant to other disciplines in the humanities such as history, cultural studies, comparative religion and comparative literature.
		The language is important both as a form of communication and as a tradition for those groups whose native tongue it is. In addition, the language is of great significance for theological studies in the fields of Judaism, the early Christian Church and Islam.
	assembly.coe.int /Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc04/EDOC10323.htm (451 words)

	CitizenLink - Features - Gibson Had a Passion for Aramaic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		That language is Aramaic, an ancient Semitic tongue closely related to Hebrew that today is considered by some linguists to be a "dead language," still used in dialects by only a small number of people in remote parts of the Middle East.
		Once, however, Aramaic was the lingua franca of its time, the language of education and trade spoken the world over, rather like English is today.
		By the 8th century B.C., the Aramaic tongue was widely in use from Egypt to Asia Major to Pakistan and was the main language of the great empires of Assyria, Babylon and later the Chaldean Empire and the Imperial government of Mesopotamia.
	www.family.org /cforum/feature/a0033464.cfm (751 words)

	Search Results for Aramaic - Encyclopædia Britannica
		Derived from the North Semitic script, the Aramaic alphabet was developed in the 10th and 9th centuries BC and...
		The adaptation of the North Semitic alphabet to the Aramaic language took place at some time in the 10th century BC, when Aramaic was spoken in several petty kingdoms in northern Mesopotamia and...
		Aramaic was the mother of many languages in the Middle East and Asia.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=Aramaic&ct=&fuzzy=N (431 words)

	Aramaic language -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		Modern Aramaic (Neo-Aramaic) comprises West Neo-Aramaic, spoken in three villages northeast of Damascus, Syria, and East Neo-Aramaic, a group of languages spoken in scattered settlements of Jews and Christians in southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq, and northwestern Iran, and by modern Mandaeans in the Shatt Al-'Arab.
		Derived from the North Semitic script, the Aramaic alphabet was developed in the 10th and 9th centuries BC and came into prominence after the conquest of the Aramaean states by Assyria in the 9th and 8th centuries BC.
		Syriac was based on the East Aramaic dialect of Edessa, Osroëne (present-day Sanliurfa, in southeastern Turkey), which became one of the chief centres of Christianity in the Middle East at the...
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9355676?tocId=9355676 (963 words)

	qumran.htm
		Such Aramaic influence in the scribe should be expected and is confirmation of the chronological context of copying the scrolls.
		Q = " 'etsba'otheykem" [Aramaic] nfpl cs + suf 2mpl (your fingers) and "be-a' von" prep + nfs (in iniquity) Both these words are added and not found in the Masoretic text and they are both Aramaic spellings of the words.
		Aramaic spelling in Q. Line 19: 3rd and 4th words: Q = add waw cj to each not in M. 2nd word: "na' " (please) is completely obscured by the lacuna.
	www.ao.net /~fmoeller/qum-1.htm (2394 words)

	The Hidden Pearl: The Syrian Orthodox Church and Its Aramaic Heritage
		By the time of Jesus, Aramaic was the main language of Palestine, and quite a number of texts from the Dead Sea Scrolls are also written in Aramaic.
		Aramaic continued to be an important language for Jews, alongside Hebrew, and parts of the Talmud are written in it.
		Giacomo Pezzali is therefore in a position to develop the fascinating project on the Aramaic Heritage as an ethnographic film, thereby bringing the language and the face of the descendants of the ancient Aramaic peoples to the limelight, through thousands of historical roads and crossroads; civilisations, cultures, traditions and diverse peoples.
	sor.cua.edu /Pub/BrockHPearl (1383 words)

	Bad Aramaic Made Easy (This Rock: September 2003)
		Witherington’s lack of ease with Aramaic is apparent by the fact that, in his part of The Brother of Jesus, he freely explains Greek words for things but tends to fall silent when it comes to Aramaic.
		He is a native speaker of Aramaic (the ethnic language of Chaldeans) and the author of several textbooks on both modern and classical Aramaic.
		Not only would they need to produce such an Aramaic word, along with the evidence backing up its existence in first-century Aramaic; they also would need to show evidence that it was the preferred term for "cousin" at that time.
	www.catholic.com /thisrock/2003/0309fea2.asp (2781 words)

	Articles - Jesus spoke Aramaic
		It was a multi-lingual environment in which Hebew and Aramaic had to at least have the advantage of usage in the ordinary conversations of daily life.
		Specialists of the Aramaic language have analyzed closely this topic, and had come to distinguish various Aramaic dialects in the contemporary Palestine of Jesus as testified to by inscriptions thus discovered.
		Aramaic spoken in the Orontes River Basin of Syria.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/ofm/art/ART9807.html (1239 words)

	Aramaic Mnemonics in Codex Leningradensis
		Each Aramaic word which is part of the mnemonic corresponds with a Hebrew word in one of the verses in which the lemma occurs.
		The Aramaic mnemonic is cited in Deut 8:7* [104r] and in Joel 1:20* [307v].
		This is seen quite clearly in the contrast between the Aramaic of the mnemonics and the Aramaic of the Targumim of the verses cited.
	rosetta.reltech.org /TC/vol04/Marcus1999.html (4082 words)

	Aramaic Studies: A Journal for the Aramaic Bible and More
		The Journal provided the first focused platform for the study of all Bible translations into Aramaic, facilitating the discussion of linguistics, translation strategies, and exegetical traditions, aspects which more often than not are relevant to all of the versions.
		So far, studies dealing with related topics as Aramaic lexicography, Elephantine Papyri, Syriac inscriptions, and the Zohar, had to be declined because they did not correspond to the aims of the Journal.
		It stands to reason that any scholar dealing with aspects of Aramaic language and literature cannot afford to ignore the larger issues of Aramaic linguistics and literary traditions, and that studies in complete isolation from related fields are not desirable.
	syrcom.cua.edu /hugoye/vol6no1/HV6N1PRRomeny.html (454 words)

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