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Topic: Arapaho language

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	Arapaho - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Arapaho (in French: Gens de Vache) tribe of Native Americans historically living on the eastern plains of Colorado and Wyoming.
		Arapaho is an Algonquian language closely related to Gros Ventre, who are seen as an early offshoot of the Arapaho.
		In mid-summer Arapahos traveled into the Parks region of Colorado to hunt mountain herds, returning onto the Plains in late summer to autumn for ceremonies and for collective hunts of herds gathering for the rutting season.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arapaho (552 words)

	Algonquian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Algonquian (also Algonkian) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic language family (the two Algic languages that are not Algonquian are Wiyot and Yurok of northwestern California).
		The proto-language from which all of the languages of the family descend, Proto-Algonquian, was spoken at least 3,000 years ago, though there is still no scholarly consensus as to where this language was spoken.
		Algonquian is sometimes said to have included the extinct Beothuk language of Newfoundland, although evidence is scarce and poorly recorded, and the claim is mainly based on geographic proximity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Algonquian_languages (1235 words)

	Arapaho language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Arapaho language (also Arapahoe) language is a Plains Algonquian language (an areal rather than genetic grouping) spoken almost entirely by elders in Wyoming.
		The language, which is in great danger of becoming extinct, has diverged very significantly phonologically from its posited proto-language, Proto-Algonquian (Proto-Algonquian maɬkwa, "bear," became Arapaho* wox, and Proto-Algonquian we-ɬari, "her husband," became Arapaho* ííx).
		Arapaho Language Archives, with many dialogues and narratives in Arapaho with glosses
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arapaho_language (276 words)

	Dance & Music
		Languages in this family are or were widely spoken on the eastern seabord, northeast and upper midwest of the US, and in eastern Canada.
		Among the Algonquian languages are Cree, Ojibway, Micmac, Massachusetts, Delaware, Shawnee, Menominee, Potawatomi and Powhatan (the language of Pocohantas).
		Arapaho is one of a group of Algonquian languages spoken on the Great Plains, in an area separate from the main speech area.
	www.colorado.edu /csilw/arapahoproject/language (240 words)

	Northern Arapaho Business Council News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Language Revitalization is defined as; to what is presently being done to correct and improve with proven second language acquisition learning methods and second language programs to insure that the language may once again live in a healthy state for future generations.
		In the early reservation era, the Arapaho language was at a healthy and flourishing state until the 1950s, when the shift in language usage began to decline.
		Unless the dying Arapaho language is reinforced in everyday life, on the job, in religious and cultural ceremonies, tribal social functions, and especially in the home, teaching it in the classroom is unlikely to keep it alive for very long.
	www.northernarapaho.com /news/revitalization.htm (607 words)

	Arapaho language, alphabet and pronunciation
		Arapaho, which is also spelled Arapahoe or Arrapahoe, is an Algonquin language with about 1,000 speakers in Wyoming, most of whom are elderly.
		The Arapaho are currently working to revitalize their language among the younger members of their nation.
		Arapaho is closely related to Gros Ventre (Ahe/A'ananin) to the extent that the two languages are largely mutually comprehsible.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/arapaho.htm (148 words)

	Arapaho Language and the Arapaho Indian Tribe (Inuna-Ina, Hinonoeino, Arapahoe) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Gros Ventre is considered an Arapaho dialect by most linguists--though the two tribes maintain distinct identities, the languages are primarily mutually comprehensible.
		Most Arapaho and Gros Ventre speakers are elderly, but the Arapaho tribe is working to revitalize the language by teaching it to younger Arapahos.
		There are two major Arapaho tribes: the Northern Arapaho, who number about 6000 and are concentrated in Wyoming, and the Southern Arapaho, who are united with their longtime allies the Cheyenne into the Cheyenne and Arapaho Nation in Oklahoma, with a combined 11,000 members.
	www.native-languages.org /arapaho.htm (565 words)

	Arapaho Bilingual Curriculum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Arapaho also has, or had, a highly developed series of poetic techniques and vocabulary specific to storytelling in the Arapaho languagel, so that the discourse of storytelling was recognized by the Arapaho as distinctive from that of everyday speech.
		This is in significant part due to resistance to the language and culture education component in the schools by the state educational bureaucracy and by white teachers in the reservation schools themselves.
		Anderson notes that the traditional Arapaho adaptability and capacity for recontextualization within traditional culture seems to be declining as the language and traditional culture associated with it decline.
	spot.colorado.edu /~cowellj/bilingcurr.htm (5759 words)

	Arapaho - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		ARAPAHO [Arapaho], Native North Americans of the Plains whose language belongs to the Algonquian branch of the Algonquian-Wakashan linguistic stock (see Native American languages).
		One group, the Northern Arapaho, continued to live on the North Platte River in Wyoming, while the Southern Arapaho moved south to the Arkansas River in Colorado.
		Their annual sun dance was a major tribal event, and later the Arapaho adopted the Ghost Dance religion.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-arapaho.html (471 words)

	Facts for Kids: Arapaho Indians (Arapahos)
		Arapaho women wore split skirts or long buckskin dresses, and the men wore breechcloth and leggings.
		Sometimes the Arapaho decorated their clothing with beads, porcupine quills, or rows of elk's teeth (like the lady at the bottom.) Both genders wore moccasins on their feet and buffalo-hide robes to keep warm.
		Arapaho artists are known for their quill embroidery and beadwork, which they used to decorate clothing, moccasins, bags, and even their tepees.
	www.geocities.com /bigorrin/arapaho_kids.htm (1621 words)

	Research View \| The University of Montana
		Arapaho is one of hundreds of dying languages in the world today.
		It is a language spoken by the Northern Arapaho tribe on the Wind River Indian Reservation in Wyoming and by Southern Arapaho in Oklahoma.
		Greymorning is doing it by directing the teaching of the language to the next generation on the Wind River reservation using methods he observed while studying the Punana Leo language immersion programs in Hawaii.
	www.umt.edu /urelations/rview/winter2003/native.htm (1288 words)

	ICT [2004/08/19] Immersion is the best program for preservation of Arapaho language
		In the ongoing strategy meetings to keep the Arapaho language alive by the Northern Arapaho Council of Elders and Wind River Tribal College, it was decided that immersion was the best avenue to pursue in the local communities.
		Language needs to be promoted in the homes with the last remaining speakers.
		Duran insisted that he be retested and that someone who spoke and knew the Arapaho language be present.
	www.indiancountry.com /content.cfm?id=1092929552 (616 words)

	University of Wyoming
		C'Hair, who at age 60 is thought to be the youngest person fluent in Northern Arapaho, says that without the language, Arapaho people are in danger of losing their cultural identities because the two are inseparable.
		Northern Arapaho language is taught at the three reservation schools, and C'Hair, an Arapaho Elder who teaches Arapaho language and culture at Central Wyoming College, the Wind River Tribal College and St. Stephens Indian School, is happy to have the opportunity to teach the class at UW.
		"Language is a vital expression of culture and this project promotes cultural learning through the use of traditional stories, songs, games and expressions of the Arapaho people," Antell says, noting the dinners provide a perfect opportunity to add depth to the classroom experience.
	www.uwyo.edu /news/showrelease.asp?id=2463 (1017 words)

	Arapaho Lands
		The Arapaho equated the life stages with the movement of the sun, the four cardinal directions and the progress of the seasons.
		By the 1860's settlers outnumbered the Southern Arapaho 10 to 1.
		The Northern Arapaho formed an alliance with the Sioux and Northern Cheyenne and were able to hunt in the sparsely populated area that is now Montana and Wyoming.
	rebelcherokee.labdiva.com /arapaho.html (2421 words)

	ICT [2005/11/01] Learning the language
		C'Hair, who at age 60 is thought to be the youngest person fluent in Northern Arapaho, said that without the language, Arapaho people are in danger of losing their cultural identities because the two are inseparable.
		Arapahos are still here and this was our land at one time,'' he said.
		''Language is a vital expression of culture and this project promotes cultural learning through the use of traditional stories, songs, games and expressions of the Arapaho people,'' Antell said, noting the dinners provide a perfect opportunity to add depth to the classroom experience.
	www.indiancountry.com /content.cfm?id=1096411838 (959 words)

	Hello Oklahoma! \| Arapaho Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		A long time ago, when Arapahos used to hunt, when they made a living for themselves, they trapped wild animals.
		The Arapaho alphabet, unlike English, is quite straightforward.
		Each sound in the language basically corresponds to a single letter.
	hello-oklahoma.benjaminbruce.us /arapaho.htm (347 words)

	Project Description
		The (Northern) Arapaho language is spoken by about 1000 people, in a sharply age-stratified distribution.
		There is certainly hope that community and individual efforts will result in successful language learning, and the creation of small enclaves of Northern Arapaho language use in the community.
		Confusion over Arapaho pitch accent has proven to be a stumbling block in the community efforts to teach the language.
	www.linguistics.berkeley.edu /~arapaho/arapaho_elf.html (868 words)

	Native Americans - Arapaho
		Native North Americans of the Plains whose language belongs to the Algonquian branch of the Algonquian-Wakashan linguistic stock.
		One of the Plains groups, the Arapaho lived a nomadic life-style in a region that is bordered by the Yellowstone River and the Rio Grande.
		Summary of the documentation for the Northern and Southern Arapaho human remains housed in the Smithsonian.
	www.nativeamericans.com /Arapaho.htm (467 words)

	The Early History and Names of the Arapaho
		The Cheyenne and the Arapaho are the westernmost representatives of the Algonquian linguistic family, which occupied a large part of northern North America from the Atlantic ocean to the Rocky mountains.
		Since 1874 the Northern Arapaho have lived with the Shoshoni near Fort Washakie, Wyoming; the Southern Arapaho with the Southern Cheyenne on the Canadian river and its branches in Oklahoma; the Gros Ventres of the Prairies near the Assiniboin on Milk river, Montana.
		Their language is the most difficult of all those of the Missouri and the Rocky Mountains.
	www.nanations.com /early_arapaho.htm (2252 words)

	Northern Arapaho Business Council News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This is a drawback to their ability to continue learning and retaining their language.
		Those children who stay in our program until completion are the ones who are more successful in learning the Arapaho language.” The Immersion Program covers children from the age of three to five.
		Encouragement was given for everyone who can speak the Arapaho Language to talk it in everyday circumstances.
	www.northernarapaho.com /news/immersion.htm (617 words)

	Online Dictionaries - Native American Dictionaries Online
		The Abenaki Language - Vocabulary and grammar for the Abenaki language.
		Dictionary Of The Northern Arapaho Language - HTML English-Arapaho dictionary is a revised version of the original produced in 1983 by Zdenek Salzmann and the Arapaho Language and Culture Commission (ALCC) for the Northern Arapaho tribe on the Wind River Indian Reservation in Wyoming.
		It is a seriously endangered language, with very few native speakers remaining; however, in recent years, there has been increasing interest in the language among Mingo descendants, both in the traditional homeland areas, as well as across the country.
	www.multilingualbooks.com /onlinedicts-nativeamerican.html (1609 words)

	American Indian Institute, College of Continuing Education,University of Oklahoma
		Greymorning has tested this system with two children and brought them to a level of language competency where they are both problem solving in Arapaho and are able to cross translate complex sentences from Arapaho to English and English to Arapaho.
		The survival of culture depends on the survival of that culture’s language.
		Language templates to use as guides for developing a systematic language learning process that will help language learners to move toward a language-speaking competency.
	www.ou.edu /aii/NPLC04.htm (788 words)

	Strategic Plan Page
		Fremont County School District #38, Arapahoe School, and the Arapahoe community are committed to ensure educational excellence; value students in a safe and healthy environment; and to provide opportunities for positive academic, social, physical, spiritual, and cultural development.
		Arapahoe School collaborates with parents and the community to emphasize high expectations for student learning and the work performance of staff.
		Arapahoe School recognizes the varying intelligence, abilities, and talents of its students and will provide a dynamic program to meet their individual needs.
	www.arapahoeschool.com /strategic_plan.htm (3039 words)

	Arapaho - Arapaho Language
		I am Stephen Greymorning but in the Arapaho way I am called "Hawk Flies By In The Winter Greymorning", and I believe if Indians lose their language it will be bad for all people.
		I am really worried if we lose our language we won't be able to think in the Arapaho way.
		If we lose our language we will lose our ceremonies and ourselves because our life is our language, and it is our language that makes us strong.
	www.language-museum.com /a/arapaho.php (139 words)

	Blue Sky People
		At school, I was not allowed to speak my language or I would get punished; however, when I went home the Arapaho language was spoken every day by my family members.
		The objective of the Arapaho Language Lodge is to immerse the children in the language.
		I also feel that it is important to teach the language to our people because "it is part of their identity, and there is a void in young people's lives if they don't have the language".
	www.uatuahine.hawaii.edu /hana/si98/singer/default.html (432 words)

	Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 40, no. 1
		A noun class marked by long-vowel pluralization appears to be widespread in the Tepiman languages and may reflect a broader tendency within Uto-Aztecan.
		Emphasis is on the parallactic view afforded by an ethnolinguistic and ethnohistorical orientation that considers the multiplicity of local views, language as practice, and relations to other historical dimensions of sociocultural change heretofore residual to previous linguistic and sociolinguistic models of language shift.
		Moreover, Uzbek, a Turkic language of Central Asia, requires that nouns be specified in order to be counted, and, just like Mandarin or Thai (and other typical “classifier” languages) and Russian or English (and other typical “gender” or “nonclassifier” languages), it has several different grammatically motivated strategies, including classifying specifiers, for accomplishing the specification.
	www.indiana.edu /~anthling/v40-1.html (510 words)

	BillingsGazette.com :: Arapaho tongue seen as at risk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Arapaho and the Eastern Shoshone share the Wind River Indian Reservation, and reservation schools teach both tribal languages.
		Ridgely said immersion programs are the most effective way to teach a language and that students could be paired with tribal elders so they could continue to practice.
		Ridgely said maintaining the Arapaho language was essential to preserving the tribe's culture.
	billingsgazette.net /articles/2006/06/03/news/wyoming/68-at-rist.txt (520 words)

	"the People's Paths home page!" First People's Language
		Aboriginal Languages Initiative Objective: "The Aboriginal Languages Initiative maintains and revitalizes Aboriginal languages for future generations by increasing the number of Aboriginal language speakers, by encouraging the transmission of these languages from generation to generation, and by expanding language usage in family and community settings.
		The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas "SSILA was founded in December 1981 as the international scholarly organization representing American Indian linguistics, and was incorporated in 1997.
		Potawatomi Web "The Potawatomi language belongs to the Algonkian language group; as such it is related in structure and vocabulary to the Ojibwe, Menominee, Kickapoo, Miami-Illinois, Shawnee and Cree languages, and most closely resembles Ojibwe and Kickapoo.
	www.yvwiiusdinvnohii.net /language.html (4804 words)

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