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Topic: Araucanian

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	ARAUCANIAN,
		The principal surviving Araucanian tribes are the Mapuche, Huilliche, and Picunche.
		Today the chief occupations of the Araucanians are farming and cattle raising; many own their property.
		The capacity of the Araucanians to resist began to weaken late in the 18th century, but they did not finally submit until 1881.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=201367 (242 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Araucanians
		Araucanians, to whom the weapons and tactics of the Spaniards were a surprise.
		Araucanians made rapid progress in everything connected with the art of war, and in this way became formidable enemies to peaceable cultures and the development of the Christian missions, they adopted the arts of peace very slowly and imperfectly.
		Araucanians are the pantheism and fetishism common to all
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01679b.htm (1163 words)

	Araucanian
		One of the Amerind languages, Araucanian is still spoken by one of the larger linguistic communities of the southern half of South America.
		Araucanian was once spoken over most of central Chile, from Copiapo, five hundred kilometres North of Santiago, southwards to the Island of Chiloe, and all the way across Argentina to the Bay of Comodoro Rivadavia.
		Araucanian has contributed to Spanish - thus to English - the word Gaucho (Araucanian caucho - nomad, adventurer) which became the named for the mixed Arcaunian origin and Spanish nomadic population of the Pampas.
	www.flw.com /languages/araucanian.htm (105 words)

	AllRefer.com - Araucanian Indian Information
		Scholars are divided over whether the Araucanian language belongs to the Penutian or the Andean-Equatorial family.
		Rank was derived from martial prowess, wealth, generosity, and eloquence in speech.
		Araucanian Indians believe in a Supreme Being, who is ambisexual, addressed as either ‘Father’ or ‘Mother’.
	www.allrefer.com /araucanian-indian (224 words)

	Araucanians
		When the Spaniards first came in contact with the Araucanians, in 1650, the latter were a sedentary tribe, dwelling in wooden buildings, and, like all Indians, constantly in conflict with their neighbors.
		Maintaining the system of rudimentary social organization to which they were accustomed, and refractory to improvements that would have bettered their general condition, they continued a menace to everything around them without perceiving that they were being gradually enveloped by a culture intellectually superior, with which it was impossible for them to cope.
		The earliest documents relating to Chile and the Araucanians are embodied in the Coleccion de documentos para la historia de Chile, by Jose Toribio Medina, published at Santiago.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/a/araucanians.html (1252 words)

	Center for the Study of Religion and Culture
		Spanish attempts at colonization in Chile were met with heavy resistance by the Araucanians, to the point that the Spanish were effectively removed from south of the Bio-Bio River.
		Before this, the Spanish often placed settlements and fortifications in areas of known religious and political importance for the Araucanians which were later destroyed.
		The end result of this study provides important information regarding Spanish and Araucanian interaction during the contact period, which can be used to guide research elsewhere in Chile and other parts of the world.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /csrc/SRF_2006.html (972 words)

	UNHCR - Chile: Information on the treatment of the indigenous Araucano tribe by the authorities, on their geographic ...
		The source describes the Araucanian as a "group of South American Indians living in the fertile valleys and basins of central Chile" (ibid.).
		although the pre-Columbian Araucanians did not themselves recognize political or cultural unity above the village level, the Spanish distinguished three Araucanian populations: the Picunche in the north, the Mapuche in the middle valleys, and the Huilliche in the south (ibid.).
		The attached excerpt from the Minority Rights Group report The Amerindians of South America provides general information on the subject, including the approximate number of Mapuches (about one million) and their geographic distribution (from Santiago to the southern archipielago), as well as their social and political situation (July 1987, 17, 20-25).
	www.unhcr.org /home/RSDCOI/3ae6ab2f70.html (776 words)

	MavicaNET - Araucanian
		Luettelo / Kulttuuri / Kielet / Language Families of American Indians / Araucanian
		The Mapuche are an indigenous people who live in southern Chile and Argentina.
		Another word that is sometimes used is the Spanish word for the Mapuche and their language, which is "Araucano" (or in English, "Araucanian").
	www.mavicanet.com /lite/fin/2129.html (124 words)

	Definition of Araucanian - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
		1 : a member of a group of Indian peoples of south central Chile and adjacent regions of Argentina 2 : the language of the Araucanian people that constitutes an independent language family
		Learn more about "Araucanian" and related topics at Britannica.com
		See a map of "Araucanian" in the Visual Thesaurus
	www.m-w.com /dictionary/Araucanian (57 words)

	Boldu, The Araucanian Indians Traditonal Tonic - Diet-and-Health
		Boldu, The Araucanian Indians Traditonal Tonic - Diet-and-Health
		Boldu is a traditional remedy used by the Araucanian Indians of Chile as a tonic.
		The plant stimulates liver activity and bile flow and is chiefly valued as a remedy for gallstones and liver or gallbladder pain.
	www.diet-and-health.net /Naturopathy/Boldo.html (315 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Araucanian language
		Araucanian (also Mapudungu) is an indigenous language family of central Chile and west central Argentina in South America.
		Mapudungun is an Araucanian language spoken in Chile and Argentina by the Mapuche people.
		Huillice is an Araucanian language spoken in Chile.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Araucanian-language (344 words)

	ARAUCANIAN LANGUAGE : Encyclopedia Entry
		Mapudungun (mapu means 'earth' and dungun means 'to speak') is a language isolate spoken in central Chile and west central Argentina by the Mapuche (mapu is 'earth' and che means 'people') people.
		It is also known as Mapudungu, Araucanian (Araucano) (the name given to the Mapuche people by the Spanish, it sometimes has a negative connotation) and Mapuche.
		Its speakers number 440,000, with 400,000 in the Central Valley of Chile and 40,000 in the Argentinian region of Patagonia.
	www.bibleocean.com /OmniDefinition/Araucanian_language (1698 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Araucanians
		Araucanian Independent language family of South American Indians who live in Chile and Argentina.
		Founded in 1558, it was later destroyed by the Araucanians and was reestablished in 1796 by order of Ambrosio O'Higgins.
		Founded in 1552, it was a fortress in the defense against the Araucanians and was a royalist center during the war of liberation.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Araucanians&StartAt=1 (605 words)

	Chile CONQUEST AND COLONIZATION, 1535-1810 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current ...
		In December 1553, an Araucanian army of warriors, organized by the legendary Mapuche chief Lautaro (Valdivia's former servant), assaulted and destroyed the fort of Tucapel.
		Cut off to the north by desert, to the south by the Araucanians, to the east by the Andes Mountains, and to the west by the ocean, Chile became one of the most centralized, homogeneous colonies in Spanish America.
		In addition to the Araucanians, buccaneers and English adventurers menaced the colony, as was shown by Sir Francis Drake's 1578 raid on Valparaíso, the principal port.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/chile/chile_history_conquest_and_colonization_1535_1810.html (1080 words)

	Native American Languages - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		In North America they occur in Eastern Pomo and in Tuscarora (Iroquoian); in Middle America in Nahuatl, in the Oto-Manguean languages, and as final consonants in Quiché Maya and the Totonac languages; and in South America as final consonants in Toba and as nasals in Zamuco.
		It is common in South America, occurring in the Araucanian, Guaraní, Guaymí (Chibchan), Panoan, and Tucanoan groups, and elsewhere.
		Dual number is found in Eskimo languages and in the Athabascan, Siouan, Iroquoian, Muskogean, and Uto-Aztecan groups in North America, and Araucanian and others in South America.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761573518___5/Native_American_Languages.html (2434 words)

	Mapuche Nation
		The Araucanian war has been widely documented by Spanish historians who recognize that the Spanish loss in soldiers and resources in this war was greater than losses through all other conquests throughout the Americas combined.
		The cost to the Spanish army during the Araucanian War was around 50.000 soldiers and an estimated 60.000 "indios auxiliares".
		These indians auxiliares were enlisted (sometimes by force) from others indigenous nations by the Spanish, who were driven ahead of their armies, acting as a sort of battering ram against the enemy.
	www.mapuche-nation.org /english/html/m_nation/main/m_nation.htm (3747 words)

	Araucania, "kingdom of"
		This claim is taken very seriously by the adherents of the present claimant and indeed the Mapuche Indians continue to assert their independence from Chile, citing this curious episode in their history.
		The election, according to Mr Morrison, Secretary General of the North American Araucanian Royalist Society, was apparently by "acclaim", and the present nominated heir of the original King has continued to take an interest in Mapuche affairs.
		These decisions, however, do not mean (as has been implied by the Araucanian royalists), that France legally recognizes these claims; such recognition is the prerogative of the French State and is beyond the jurisdiction of a civil court determining a libel suit.
	www.chivalricorders.org /royalty/fantasy/araucani.htm (587 words)

	Cherruve
		The Cherruve were the spirits of the shooting stars in Araucanian mythology.
		The Araucanian Indians were located in Chile, South America, and were a fierce tribe of warriors.
		Cherruve are often depicted as man-headed serpents in various Araucanian Indian artifacts such as pottery.
	www.pantheon.org /mythica/articles/c/cherruve.html (67 words)

	98/58/1 Earrings, pair, silver, worn and made by Araucanian Indians, Angoll, Chile, 1800-1850 - Powerhouse Museum ...
		A pair of nearly rectangular earrings, splayed at the lower edge with a hinged semi-circular hook for attachment through the lobe of the ear.
		The Araucanian Indians of Chile, among other highland people of South America, have long established metalworking traditions that predate the coming of the Spanish.
		A very conservative early 19th century date has been assigned on the basis that according to early records, Araucanian Indian headmen used to wear quadrangular earrings like this and, during the 19th century, the decoration of Araucanian silver work became much more complex.
	www.powerhousemuseum.com /collection/database/?irn=164177&search=Metalworking&images=&c= (488 words)

	From Cape Horn to Panama, by Robert Young (1905)
		The Araucanians were a brave race, yet not, so far as appears, swayed by any lust of conquest beyond their own territory.
		Summarizing their other characteristics, it may be added that the Araucanians are faithful to their engagements, hardy and hospitable, of quick understanding, and of a frank bearing, an Araucanian generally looking his interlocutor full in the face.
		The white settlers, many of them Germans, distil for their (the Indians') especial benefit unrectified alcohols of most searchingly corrosive power, the result of which may be seen in the towns on Sunday afternoons and evenings, when they roll in the gutters by the dozen, and get lodged in the police-station.
	anglicanhistory.org /sa/young1905/12.html (3800 words)

	Sioux and the Pampas Indians
		The Araucanian Indians who lived in the pampas stood in their way.
		The Araucanians were great horsemen who held off white settlers for two centuries.
		In the1830’s expansion began after negotiations for land between the Araucanian leader Calfucura and the Argentine caudillo Rosas took place.
	daphne.palomar.edu /marguello/sum02/Hist141/Dickerson036/chapter_3.htm (791 words)

	Chile: The Problem of Araucania and the Mapuche Nation
		The brave Araucanians were finally beaten by numbers and forces by the Chilean Army, where a peace treaty was signed in Osorno in the 1860's.
		The problem was exacerbated when the Mapuche were stirred by violent elements, mostly foreign (like the pro-communist human rights etc), and many started attacking logging companies as well as owners of land holdings in the region as a way to redress their needs and let out their anger and frustration.
		Thus the Araucanian region remains poor today in dire lack of investment because of the political climate that the government has left unresolved.
	www.geocities.com /chilenationalist/araucania.html (986 words)

	Lautaro Summary
		Lautaro (whom the Spaniards called Alonso) carefully observed the Spaniards' tactics and mode of warfare, noting their vulnerable points to such good effect that, when the warlike Araucanians rose against the Spanish in 1553, he was able to escape to the Indians and in spite of his youth win acceptance as their leader.
		However, Araucanian tradition dictated a lengthy victory celebration, which kept Lauaro from exploiting the weakness of the Spanish position as he desired.
		It was only in February of 1554 that he succeeded in putting together an army of 8,000 men, just in time to confront a punitive expedition under the command of Francisco de Villagra.
	www.bookrags.com /Lautaro (1394 words)

	Mapudungun Information
		It is also known as Mapudungu, Araucanian (Araucano) (the name given to the Mapuche people by the Spanish, it sometimes has a negative connotation) and Mapuche.
		Its speakers number 440,000, with 400,000 in the Central Valley of Chile and 40,000 in the Argentinian region of Patagonia.
		The Araucanian language, also known as Mapudungun, has been classified by some authorities as being related to the Penutian languages of North America.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Mapudungun (1611 words)

	Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia
		This site is maintained by the North American Araucanian Royalist Society [NAARS], a nonprofit organization founded in 1995.
		The Steel Crown is the journal of the North American Araucanian Royalist Society.
		Araucanian Market offers for sale items related to the Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia.
	www.geocities.com /tourtoirac (547 words)

	Chile Early History - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		In a Christmas Day battle in 1553, an Araucanian army of warriors on foot, led by Lautaro, a legendary chief, met and defeated a force of Spanish cavalry commanded by Valdivia.
		The Araucanians were contained only with difficulty throughout the next three centuries.
		The Araucanians made frequent incursions northward, one of which threatened to destroy the Spanish settlement in Santiago in 1554.
	www.photius.com /countries/chile/national_security/chile_national_security_early_history.html (527 words)

	Temuco, Chile - Travel Photos by Galen R Frysinger, Sheboygan, Wisconsin
		The Chilean Araucanian- agreement ending the Indian wars was signed on a nearby hill in 1881.
		Probably the fiercest and boldest of the Native South Americans, the Araucanians waged relentless warfare in defense of their tribal domains for more than 200 years, repeatedly turning back the Spanish intruders.
		The capacity of the Araucanians to resist began to weaken late in the 18th century, but they did not finally submit until 1881.
	www.galenfrysinger.com /temuco_chile.htm (183 words)

	araucanian email (spam-free!) and website community (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It can be used for anything: the araucanian surname, the araucanian family, the araucanian fan club, the araucanian alumni group, araucanian genealogy, or any other community or group about araucanian.
		This your chance to get a matching araucanian email address, matching araucanian website and matching araucanian single sign-on "passport" (once these are commonly accepted).
		If you were looking for a different araucanian, please do a araucanian search here.
	www.araucanian.pw (359 words)

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