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Arawakan languages

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	Native American languages: Languages of South America and the West Indies — FactMonster.com
		In the aboriginal period the Cariban languages were important in the West Indies, Brazil, Peru, the Guianas, Venezuela, and Colombia.
		The Arawakan and Tupí-Guaraní families belong to the Equatorial branch of the Andean-Equatorial languages.
		In the aboriginal period (before 1500), Arawakan tongues were spoken in the West Indies and S Brazil and along the eastern side of the Andes.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/society/A0859890.html (514 words)

	Native American languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		A language family consists of two or more tongues that are distinct and yet related historically in that they are all descended from a single ancestor language, either known or assumed to have existed.
		The languages of the Tanoan branch of Aztec-Tanoan are spoken in the Rio Grande valley, New Mexico, and Arizona.
		At present, the aboriginal languages of the Western Hemisphere are gradually being replaced by the Indo-European tongues of the European conquerors and settlers of the New World—English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Dutch.
	www.bartleby.com /65/na/NatvAmlang.html (3048 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Arawakan languages
		The languages called Arawakan or Maipuran were originally recognized as a separate group in the late nineteenth century.
		The Arawakan languages are spoken over a large swath of territory, from the eastern slopes of the central Andes Mountains in Peru and Bolivia, across the Amazon basin of Brazil, southward into Paraguay and northward into to Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela, and Colombia on the northern coast of South America.
		In the seventeenth century, the language of the Island Carib was described by European missionaries as two separate unrelated languages — one spoken by the men of the society and the other by the women.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Arawakan_languages (1002 words)

	Arawakan languages at AllExperts
		The Arawakan languages are spoken over a large swath of territory, from the eastern slopes of the central Andes Mountains in Peru and Bolivia, across the Amazon basin of Brazil,southward into Paraguay and northward into to Surinam, Guyana, Venezuela, and Colombia on the northern coast of South America.
		In the seventeenth century, the language of the Island Carib was described by European missionaries as two separate unrelated languages — one spoken by the men of the society and the other by the women.
		The language spoken by the men was a language of the Carib family very similar to the Galibi language spoken in what later became French Guyana.
	en.allexperts.com /e/a/ar/arawakan_languages.htm (1003 words)

	AllRefer.com - Native American languages : Languages of South America and the West Indies (Language And Linguistics) - ...
		In the aboriginal period the Cariban languages were important in the West Indies, Brazil, Peru, the Guianas, Venezuela, and Colombia.
		The Arawakan and TupI-GuaranI families belong to the Equatorial branch of the Andean-Equatorial languages.
		In the aboriginal period (before 1500), Arawakan tongues were spoken in the West Indies and S Brazil and along the eastern side of the Andes.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/N/NatvAmlang-languages-of-south-america-and-the-west-indies.html (626 words)

	Arawak - Thagodz Wiki
		The group belongs to the Arawakan language family and they were the natives Christopher Columbus found when he first landed in the Americas.
		Arawakan languages are spoken over a large territory, from the eastern slopes of the central Andes Mountains in Peru and Bolivia, across the Amazon basin of Brazil, southward into Paraguay and northward into to Surinam, Guyana, Venezuela, and Colombia on the northern coast of South America.
		In fact, Arawakan is the largest family in the Americas with the respect to number of languages (also including much internal branching) and covers the widest geographical area of any language group in Latin America.
	www.thagodz.com /search/wiki/?title=Arawak (868 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		In one usage Arawakan is synonymous to what has recently been called the Maipurean or Maipuran family, a core family of undoubtedly related languages.
		Its closest relative among the better attested Arawakan languages seems to be the Goajiro language, spoken in Colombia.
		The language spoken by the woman belonged to the Arawakan language family.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Arawakan (964 words)

	Athena Review 1,3: South American Languages
		Many Arawakan languages are now extinct, but a few survive in the former heartland region of the Amazon-Orinoco.
		Arawakan speakers who migrated from Venezuela to the Greater Antilles are now grouped into Taino, Sub-Taino, and Lucayan dialects, first encountered by Columbus.
		As a result, the Tupi language became the lingua franca of traders, missionaries, and soldiers such as Orellana and Fritz (Omagua), and Staden (Tupinikin and Tupinambá).
	www.athenapub.com /salang1.htm (2065 words)

	Atlas of the Languages of Suriname, Reviewed for Kacike by Janette Bulkan Forte
		The Arawak language, which was attested early on in the conquest is among the few survivors of the indigenous languages of the Caribbean area.
		The various creole languages of Suriname are assumed to have a common origin in a contact language in use on the plantations in the coastal area of Suriname in the latter half of the 17
		Language, too, participates in this religious division: while the reformist mosques emphasize the use of Arabic in prayer, the conservative, west-facing mosques pray using an old-fashioned, literary Javanese, almost as impenetrable to the congregation as Arabic would be.
	www.kacike.org /ForteAtlas.htm (6486 words)

	context :: the language of the pirahã people of amazonas
		Yet, the Pirahã language and culture has several features that not known to exist in any other in the world and lacks features that have been assumed to be found in all human groups.
		In addition, Alf Hornborg's (Lund University) research into the Arawak language family counters the common interpretation that the geographical distribution of languages in Amazonia reflects the past migrations of the inhabitants.
		Moreover, Arawakan languages spoken in different areas show more similarities to their non-Arawakan neighbors than to each other, suggesting that they may derive from an early trade language.
	straddle3.net /context/03/en/2005_09_02.html (491 words)

	Indigenous Languages of South America
		There is great confusion in the names of languages and language families, due to the different orthographic traditions of Spanish and Portuguese, and tothe lack of a standardized classification scheme.
		Arawakan languages formerly extended from the peninsula of Florida in North America to the present-day Paraguay–Argentina border, and from the foothills of the Andes eastward to the Atlantic Ocean.
		Even languages with relatively large populations of speakers are in danger of disappearing by the end of the 21st century unless governments institute meaningful language preservation programs.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/december2005/saIndigenous.html (1369 words)

	Native Americans
		Often the language of signs is taught along with lipreading and with a manual alphabet, i.e., a method of forming the letters of the alphabet by fixed positions of the fingers in the air.
		Languages of the Tanoan branch of the Aztec-Tanoan linguistic stock are spoken at 11 pueblos, including Taos, Isleta, Jemez, San Juan, San Ildefonso, and the Hopi pueblo of Hano.
		Languages of the Keresan branch of the Hokan-Siouan linguistic stock also are limited to Pueblo peopleWestern Keresan, spoken at Acoma and Laguna, and Eastern Keresan, at San Felipe, Santa Ana, Sia, Cochiti, and Santo Domingo.
	www.nativeamericans.com /Natives.htm (18836 words)

	The Languages of the Andes - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Greenberg’s (1956) classification of the languages of the Andes
		Greenberg’s (1987) classification of the languages of the Andes
		Languages such as Allentiac, Muisca and Puquina, which have long been extinct, are known from premodern sources only, and the interpretation of the symbols used to represent them remains tentative.
	www.cup.cam.ac.uk /aus/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=052136275X&ss=fro (2583 words)

	The Languages of the Andes - Cambridge University Press
		Andaquí and the languages of the Upper Magdalena valley
		The languages of the Chaco region: Guaicuruan, Matacoan, Zamucoan and Lengua–Mascoy
		Language planning and policy with respect to the Amerindian languages and to bilingual education
	www.cambridge.org /us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=052136275X&ss=toc (176 words)

	Numbers in Over 5000 Languages
		Their ears may not be attuned to the language; or there may be dialectal variation, or even sound change.
		There is nothing inherent in the language variety to tell us what it is. Linguists sometimes use "language" to refer to a mutually intelligible group of dialects (but note that intelligibility can be partial).
		For non-African languages, a macron indicates length and is indicated :.
	www.zompist.com /numbers.shtml (926 words)

	The Ultimate Arawakan languages - American History Information Guide and Reference
		The Arawakan languages are an indigenous language family of South America and the Caribbean.
		The languages called Arawakan were originally recognized as a separate group in the late nineteenth century and were called the Nu-Arawakan languages.
		The language spoken by the woman belonged to the Arawakan language family, but was not closely related to the Taíno language or to the Arawak language proper.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Arawaks (599 words)

	Cariban languages at AllExperts
		Carib languages are widespread across northern South America, from the mouth of the Amazon River to the Colombian Andes and from Maracaibo (Venezuela) to Central Brazil.
		Cariban languages are relatively close to each other; in some cases, it is difficult to decide whether different groups speak different languages or dialects of the same language.
		Because of this, the exact number of Cariban languages is not known with certainty (current estimates range from 25 to 40, with 20 to 30 still spoken).
	en.allexperts.com /e/c/ca/cariban_languages.htm (496 words)

	Syntactic Typology: Studies in the Phenomenology of Language: The Syntax of Subject-Final Languages
		Finally, verb-initial languages generally are prepositional (Baure and related Arawakan languages plus a few others such as Quileute on the northwest coast notwithstanding), so it is not likely that prepositionality is directly dependent on the property of being subject-final.
		In the Amerindian languages of this sample, the possessor noun phrase is not marked as genitive or introduced by a preposition, and the head noun carries a pronominal prefix or clitic which agrees in person and number with the possessor (something which is otherwise common in Amerindian languages).
		In all the languages in the sample except Tzeltal and Otomi, causative constructions are formed by prefixing the verb root with a causative morpheme.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/centers/lrc/books/type06.html (10385 words)

	LUCL - Giving them back their languages
		The endangered Amerindian languages of the Guianas: Wayana and Tunayana-Waiwai.
		The languages of the Guianas constitute an as yet untapped source of knowledge for those studying emergent grammar and grammaticalization processes, as well as ethnolinguistics.
		In particular, full grammatical descriptions of these languages are required for the programmatic focus of the project which aims to look in detail at certain aspects of the languages that have cultural import, namely the semantic and pragmatic domains pertinent to the worldview of the speakers.
	www.lucl.leidenuniv.nl /index.php3?c=195 (542 words)

	Goajiro Tribe (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The name of their language is Arawakan (a member of the Arawakan language family).
		Arawakan languages were spoken in a number of distinct and isolated areas ranging from Cuba and the Bahamas, southward to the Xingu River in southern Brazil, and from the mouth of the Amazon River to the eastern foothills of the Andes.
		Many communities still speak Arawakan languages in Brazil, and other Arawakan speakers are found in areas such as Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, and Suriname.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/southamerica/goajiro.html (360 words)

	SSILA 2004 Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Due to the influence of the descriptions of these languages by the pioneer ethnographers and explorers, there remains a misunderstanding related to the proper name of many of these languages.
		For example, the Kurripaco (Curripaco) language of the Izana, Kuiarí, and Guainía rivers has been erroneously named as “Baniva of Izana” due to the work of Nimuendaju (1932), while the Baniva spoken at Xié river in The Upper Rio Negro of Brazil has been referred as “Warekena” by Aikhenvald (1998).
		In this paper I present a proposal in order to clarify, based on Indian lore and technical descriptions of these languages, the names that should be used to refer to these Arawakan languages.
	wings.buffalo.edu /linguistics/ssila/meetings/SSILA04/abstracts/nanez.htm (163 words)

	SCL 2006
		The Conference theme is Caribbean Language Studies and Educational Development, and the Conference is dedicated to the memory of Douglas MacRae Taylor, linguist, anthropologist, and authority on Dominican Island Carib language and culture.
		Abstracts on all types of Caribbean languages, including Amerindian languages, creole languages, standard and non-standard varieties, and immigrant languages are invited.
		When examples are in languages or varieties other than standard English, provide word by word glosses and capitalise the portions of the examples which are critical to the argument.
	www.scl-online.net /callforpapers2006.html (991 words)

	Native American Language Net: Preserving and promoting indigenous American Indian languages
		We are a small non-profit organization dedicated to the survival of Native American languages, particularly through the use of Internet technology.
		Actually, Native American languages do not belong to a single Amerindian family, but 25-30 small ones; they are usually discussed together because of the small numbers of natives speaking most of these languages and how little is known about many of them.
		These are linguistically diverse languages deserving of individual attention, and it is very difficult to make accurate generalizations about them as a group.
	www.native-languages.org (1207 words)

	Karifuna (Island Carib)
		The Karifuna language was spoken in Dominica, St. Lucia and parts of Trinidad by the Kalinago, (or Karinaku) people, also incorrectly called Caribs.
		Talk about this myth in the forum.) Concerning the language, it is often repeated that men and women spoke a different language.
		After many years, the Carib language of the men turned into a Carib creole which they used to communicate with the Caribs of Trinidad and South America for trade.
	www.cariblanguage.org /karifuna.html (845 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Garifuna
		There are estimated to be about 200,000 of them in Central America and the United States.
		Properly, the term Garifuna refers to the individual and the language, while Garinagu is the (plural or collective) term for the people.
		In 1635, two Spanish ships carrying slaves to the West Indies from what is now Nigeria were ship-wrecked near the island of Saint Vincent.
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Garifuna (415 words)

	Native American languages - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Native American languages languages of the native peoples of the Western Hemisphere and their descendants.
		Berkeley students work to preserve lost Native American languages.
		Relocations upon relocations: home, language, and Native American women's writings.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-NatvAmlang.html (3401 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Andean Equatorial
		You have reached the page on the Andean Equatorial language family, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		The Andean Equatorial languages, with the exception of Garifuna, are all found in South Amerida.
		Among the Arawakan languages are Araua and Taino, the latter spoken in the West Indies.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/aeqlh.htm (1521 words)

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