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Topic: Arbuscular mycorrhiza

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	MykoWeb -- Mycorrhizas 2
		Arbuscular mycorrhizas are by far the most common and widespread, being formed by about 170 species of mold-like fungi from the Order Glomales of the zygomycetes and plants from nearly all families.
		Although it is difficult to prove a physiological relationship from fossil structures, the ubiquity of arbuscular mycorrhizas in today's world and the tremendous taxonomic range of the plants involved in them strongly reinforce the notion of their great antiquity.
		Arbuscular mycorrhiza is the dominant type in the tropics, and in grasslands and deserts of temperate latitudes.
	www.mykoweb.com /articles/Mycorrhizas_2.html (3017 words)

	Oddělení mykorhizních symbióz, Botanický ústav AV ČR
		Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi penetrate, again contrary to ectomycorrhiza, into cortical cells of the host where typical structures are formed - arbuscules and vesicles.
		Ericoid mycorrhiza is a distinguishable type of endomycorrhiza, occurring in the roots of the members of Ericaceae (mostly northern hemisphere distribution) and Epacridaceae (southern hemisphere distribution).
		Orchid mycorrhiza is an endomycorrhizal association with an extensive intracellular mycelium, occurring in the roots of the members of the Orchidaceae.
	www.ibot.cas.cz /mykosym/mycorrhiza.html (1473 words)

	Glomeromycota
		Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonising Hyacinthoides non-scripta (bluebell) in a seminatural woodland.
		Pacispora, a new vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal genus in the Glomeromycetes.
		Molecular phylogeny of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus sinuosum and Sclerocystis coremioides.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Glomeromycota (3251 words)

	Mycorrhiza
		Mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations that form between the roots of most plant species and fungi.
		Mycorrhiza refers to an association or symbiosis between plants and fungi that colonize the cortical tissue of roots during periods of active plant growth.
		Functional ecology of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas as influenced by phosphate fertilization and tillage in an agricultural ecosystem.
	cropsoil.psu.edu /sylvia/mycorrhiza.htm (5150 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Mycorrhiza is the mutualistic symbiosis (non-pathogenic association) between soil-borne fungi with the roots of higher plants (Sieverding, 1991).
		Mycorrhizae are described as improving the absortion of several nutrients as indicated in (Table 1).
		Mycorrhizae were found to ameliorate the toxicity of trace metals in polluted soils growing in soybean and lentil plants (Jamal et al., 2002).
	www.bioline.org.br /request?jb03104 (4789 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The mycorrhiza Mycorrhizas are symbiotic associations formed between soil fungi and plant roots.
		Mycorrhiza have been proved to protect trees from soil-borne diseases by acting as a physical barrier to infection.
		Mycorrhiza taken from root samples of trees or plants growing well in the area can be multiplied up so the inoculum contains a mix of mycorrhizae that are known to be effective in those site conditions.
	basic1.easily.co.uk /054027/02702F/mycorrhz_rep.doc (1603 words)

	What are VAM?
		Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas (VAM) and arbuscular mycorrhizas are mutualistic symbioses formed between the roots of most plants and fungi in the order Glomales.
		Vesicular- arbuscular (VA) and arbuscular mycorrhizas are endomycorrhizas formed by Zygomycete like fungi and the roots of most families of Angiosperms as well as Gymnosperms, Pteridophytes and Bryophytes (liverworts).
		Mycorrhiza formation has also been shown to confer drought and disease resistance, reduce pest damage and nematode infection, promote seed production, and increase the fitness of plant offspring.
	scitec.uwichill.edu.bb /bcs/mycorrhizas/vaminfo.html (651 words)

	MYCORRHIZAS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The most common type is termed an arbuscular mycorrhiza and it is found in about 80% of all land plants.
		Arbuscular mycorrhizas are only one of several types of mycorrhiza.
		Another common type of mycorrhiza is found associated with the roots of trees such as pines, spruce, oak, beech, chestnut, larch, etc. These are the trees of relatively northern or southern regions of the world, including the temperate, sub-boreal, boreal and sub-alpine forests of the Northern Hemisphere.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/FungalBiology/mycorhiz.htm (850 words)

	Science
		Mycorrhiza is a close association of plant roots with symbiotic fungi.
		Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are supporting plant life globally in all climatic zones.
		Mycorrhiza is a widespread and important symbiosis between fungi and plant roots.
	www.scivit.de /gb/4 (1245 words)

	Applications of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to Horticulture
		Mycorrhiza play a significant role on the stabilization of the plant communities in all terrestrial ecosystems.
		The differences among these types of mycorrhizae, are based on the specific groups of fungal symbionts, patterns of root colonization, and the range of host plants that they are able to colonize.
		Ectomycorrhiza and arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis are the most significant to agriculture/horticulture/forestry.
	aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu /faculty/davies/students/alarcon/types.html (395 words)

	Scientia Agricola - Arbuscular mycorrhiza and kinetic parameters of phosphorus absorption by bean plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This promoting effect of mycorrhizae is more pronounced under conditions of low P availability in the soil, as it is the case of the great majority of tropical soils.
		Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizae on the kinetic parameters of P absorption by the roots and on P influx in bean plants, during two distinct plant development stages: at the onset of flowering, and at pod filling.
		Increases of plant growth caused by higher P absorption promoted by the presence of mycorrhiza is influenced by the integrity, extension and distribution of the external mycelium (Vilariño et al., 1993), which is correlated with the degree of colonization (Kucey and Paul, 1982).
	www.scielo.br /scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-90162004000200013 (4193 words)

	RESEARCH BY SPECIE USED IN DIEHARD MYCORRHIZAL INOCULANTS
		Blaszkowski, J. "Glomus clarum (Glomales, Zygomycetes), a new vesicular- arbuscular fungus to Poland." Mycotaxon 52 (1994): 99-107.
		Capaccio, C.M. and Callow, J.A. "The enzymes of polyphosphate metabolism in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas." New Phytologist 91 (1982): 81-92.
		Reinsvold, R.J. and Reeve, F.B. "The mycorrhizae of Juniperus osteosperma: Identity of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiont, and resynthesis of VA mycorrhizae." Mycologia 78 (1986): 108-113.
	www.horticulturalalliance.com /Research_By_Species_Used_In_DIEHARD_Mycorrhizal_Inoculants.asp (11969 words)

	Dr. Davies Research Page
		The word "Mycorrhiza" is given to a mutualistic asociation between a fungus (Myco) and the roots (rhiza) of the plants.
		The others structures that are produced by some genera of arbuscular mycorrhiza are the vesicles those are lipid storage and reproductive structures present in intracellular spaces.
		The colonization of orchids by mycorrhiza is a endoinfection characterized by the invagination of the host cell membrane and forming hyphae coils within the cell.
	aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu /faculty/davies/research/mycorrhizae.html (611 words)

	Mycorrhiza (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is the predominate mycorrhiza worldwide, although in the arctic region it seems that EM and ErM are more prevalent.
		An alternative explanation could be that the occurence of the different types of mycorrhiza depends on the amount of organic matter at the locality concerned, and on the concentration of nutrients like N and P in organic and inorganic form (Michelsen et al., 1996).
		Very few investigations have highlighted patterns of distribution of mycorrhiza in arctic areas in relation to the content of nutrients such as N and P in organic and inorganic form in the soil.
	www.nat.ku.dk /as/mycorrhiza.htm (828 words)

	Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Soil Quality Assessment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi constitute a living bridge for the transport of nutrients from soil to plant roots, and are considered as the group of soil microorganisms that is of most direct importance to nutrient uptake by herbaceous plants.
		Various methods for the assessment of the potential for mycorrhiza formation and function are presented.
		Examples are given of the application of these methods to assess the impact of pesticides on the mycorrhiza.
	www.ambio.kva.se /1998/Nr1_98/feb98_5.html (133 words)

	[No title]
		Arbuscular mycorrhiza technology provides a tool for sustainable plant production by better exploitation of soil resources and in particular phosphate, a shrinking world resource.
		A chinese Stock Centre of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from north, central and south China will be established, germplasm biodiversity evaluated and an on-line database developed for their registration.
		Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are symbiotic microorganisms central to plant development in natural conditions (biofertilisers, bioprotectors) and can be used as biotools for new strategies in plant production systems.
	www.dijon.inra.fr /pme/EuropePME/5ePCRD.htm (673 words)

	Glomeromycota
		Although there are various types of mycorrhizas, involving different fungal and plant symbionts, the arbuscular mycorrhiza type is the most widespread.
		Other types of mycorrhiza are formed with fungi from the phyla Asco- or Basidiomycota: ectomycorrhiza of trees and shrubs, ericoid mycorrhiza of Ericales, orchid mycorrhiza, and some others.
		Although this symbiosis apparently was lost or replaced by other mycorrhizae several times during the evolution of terrestrial plant life, it represents the archetypal mycorrhiza.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Glomeromycota&contgroup=Fungi (3251 words)

	Mycology - Mycorrhizas - Atypical
		The mycorrhiza is formed because of repeated invasion of the root by fungi, presumably being fed from other plants.
		Because proper controls are not yet possible, the mechanism for plant survival and growth is assumed to be due to increased uptake of minerals associated with the mycorrhizal fungi.
		Most members of the genus cannot be grown in the absence of mycorrhizas, even in fertile soils, and the morphology of the mycorrhiza is most unusual.
	bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au /Mycology/Plant_Interactions/Mycorrhizas/Atypical/atypical.shtml (949 words)

	Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		These associations are known as arbuscular mycorrhizas, VA mycorrhizas, endomycorrizas, or endotrophic mycorrhizas and are abbreviated as VAM here.
		There is disagreement about whether arbuscular mycorrhizas or vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas is the most appropriate name to use, because some fungi do not produce vesicles, arbuscules are not always present in roots and the role of arbuscules in nutrient exchange has not been confirmed (Smith 1995, Walker 1995).
		Arbuscular trunk hyphae normally are much longer and thicker than those of Glomus.
	www.ffp.csiro.au /research/mycorrhiza/vam.html (3571 words)

	References (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Sections of this book on processing mycorrhizal roots and quantifying mycorrhizas can be viewed online and some of the diagrams and photographs are available for teaching purposes.
		Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of maize and tuliptree by Endogone fasiculata.
		Arbuscular mycorrhiza protect an annual grass from root pathogenic fungi in the field.
	www.ffp.csiro.au /research/mycorrhiza/refs.html (2983 words)

	kuss - Studies on arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) in the Alentejo (Portugal) using pea mutants resistant to AM fungi as a ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Studies on arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) in the Alentejo (Portugal) using pea mutants resistant to AM fungi as a control tool for field conditions
		Studies on arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) in the Alentejo (Portugal) using pea mutants resistant to AM fungi as a control tool for field conditions Mediterranean dryland farming is limited by P deficiency in soils and by drought.
		A fundamental methodological problem in mycorrhiza field research is providing an appropriate (negative) control for the experimental factor arbuscular mycorrhiza.
	opus.uni-kassel.de /opus/volltexte/2002/23 (1454 words)

	Manipulation of flooding and arbuscular mycorrhiza formation influences growth and nutrition of two semiaquatic ...
		Schwartz, were grown for 12 weeks in sterilized soil in experimental mesocosms, with
		Key-words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, flooding, Leervia hexandra, Panicum hemitomon, wetland grasses
		Manipulation of flooding and arbuscular mycorrhiza formation influences growth and nutrition of two semiaquatic grass species.
	www.uga.edu /srel/Reprint/2506.htm (304 words)

	Full Text - Arbuscular mycorrhiza-like biotechnological potential of Piriformospora indica, which promotes the growth ...
		But, unlike arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, it can be cultured in artificial medium.
		indica is its ability to be cultured in artificial culture medium (Figure 1a and 1b), whereas other arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, being obligate symbiont can not be cultured in the absence of a suitable host partner.
		GIOVANNETTI, M. and MOSSE, B. An evaluation of techniques for measuring vesicular- arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots.
	www.ejbiotechnology.info /content/vol8/issue1/full/5 (1204 words)

	Citations and acknowledgements
		Cooke, J. C., Butler, R.H., and Madole, G. Some observations on the vertical distribution of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae in roots of salt marsh grasses growing insaturated soils.
		Friese, C.F. and Koske, R.E. The spatial dispersion of spores of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a sand dune: microscale patterns associated with the root architectureof American beachgrass.
		Wetzel, P.R. and van der Valk, A.G. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in prairie pothole wetland vegetation in Iowa and North Dakota.
	www.msu.edu /~marxlau1/fcredits.htm (598 words)

	Mycorrhizal news (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In conjunction with the International Mycorrhiza Society finalizing its formation this year with the 2006 conference in Granada, I passed the file for the International Directory of Mycorrhizologists over to the IMS founders, our Canadian friends, Yolande Dalpé, André Fortin, Peter Moutoglis and Stéphane Chretien.
		Arbuscular mycorrhizae: interactions in plants, rhizosphere, and soils.
		Morphological character of ascocarps and mycorrhizae are coded in a DELTA database (http://www.truffle.org/tuberkey), that allows a computer-guided identification of 18 different truffle species.
	mycorrhiza.ag.utk.edu /mnews.htm (8645 words)

	SUB Göttingen - Dissertationen - Schultz, Claudia: Effect of (vesicular-) arbuscular mycorrhiza on survival and ...
		Schultz, Claudia: Effect of (vesicular-) arbuscular mycorrhiza on survival and post vitro development of micropropagated oil palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)
		The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of (V)AMF inoculation on the survival of micropropagated oil palm plantlets during the weaning stage.
		All mycorrhizal fungi tested in the initial screening had been shown to form mycorrhizas with the oil palm plantlets.
	webdoc.sub.gwdg.de /diss/2002/schultz/index.html (986 words)

	Mycology - Plant Pathology Internet Guide Book (PPIGB)
		Research in the field of mycorrhiza: Diversity and function of arbuscular mycorrhizas during old field succession, Mycorrhizal colonization of sugar maples planted in an urban environment, nitrogen deposition and mycorrhiza in forests.
		Mycorrhizae Research Group, The University of The West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados.
		Mycorrhizas in tree communities, Impact of forest disturbance on mycorrhizas, Management of mycorrhizal fungi in arid, temperate & boreal regions.
	www.bspp.org.uk /ppigb/mycolog2.htm (2569 words)

	Pawlowska lab - what we do (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Arbuscular mycorrhiza, a mutualistic symbiosis of AM fungi with some 80% of plants on Earth, facilitates plant uptake of minerals from the soil in exchange for plant-assimilated carbon.
		The enhanced tolerance to pathogens and abiotic stress, such as drought, salinity, and toxic metals, imparted by arbuscular mycorrhiza on the host makes AM fungi an attractive alternative to agricultural fertilizers and a desirable component of landscape management practices.
		Armed with the understanding of organization of within-individual genetic variation in AM fungi, we are studying their reproductive mode in nature using methods of population genetics and phylogenetics.
	ppathw3.cals.cornell.edu /People/labs/Pawlowska/projects.html (546 words)

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