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	IEE - Archives - Arc Lamps
		The first arc lamp to be used in large numbers was the 'Jablochkoff Candle', developed in 1876 by a Russian telegraph engineer.
		The light from arc lamps is too harsh for indoor home use, so the lamps were used for lighting public buildings, exhibition halls, railway yards and the like, and on 14 October 1878 a football match was played under arc lamps in Sheffield.
		However arc lamps launched the careers of many notable electrical engineers, and they proved to the public that electric light was a practical reality.
	archives.iee.org /about/Arclamps/arclamps.htm (366 words)

	Arc lamp Summary
		The common fluorescent lamp is actually a low-pressure mercury arc lamp where the inside of the bulb is coated with a light-emitting phosphor.
		The electric arc in an arc lamp consists of gas which is initially ionized by a voltage and is therefore electrically conductive.
		The arc lamps were soon superseded by the more efficient and longer-lasting filament lamps in most roles, remaining in only certain niche markets such as cinema projection and searchlights but even in these applications, conventional carbon arc lamps are finally being pushed into obsolescence by xenon arc lamps.
	www.bookrags.com /Arc_lamp (0 words)

	Why are light bulbs & lamps colored? (incandescence)
		Carbon arc lamps saw extensive use throughout the USA and the world from the late 1870s on.
		Arc lamps come from almost the exact historical point when electricity went from being a scientific curiosity to being part of everyday life.
		The "Brush arc lamp" from GE accomplished this "spacing" issue, and became commercially successful by the late 1870s ushering in the era of electric light.
	webexhibits.org /causesofcolor/3.html (648 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Arc lamp
		The common fluorescent lamp is actually a low-pressure mercury arc lamp where the inside of the bulb is coated with a light-emitting phosphor.
		The electric arc in an arc lamp consists of gas which is initially ionized by a voltage and is therefore electrically conductive.
		The arc lamps were soon superseded by the more efficient and longer-lasting filament lamps in most roles, remaining in only certain niche markets such as cinema projection and searchlights but even in these applications, conventional carbon arc lamps are finally being pushed into obsolescence by xenon arc lamps.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Arc_lamp (1086 words)

	Light Sources: Lamps (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Xenon compact arc lamps are made with rated wattages from 75 to 30,000 watts and are available for operation in either a vertical or horizontal position.
		Arc flutter is the rapid side-to-side displacement of the arc column as it is buffetted by convection currents in the xenon gas which are caused as the gas is heated by the arc and cooled by the envelope walls.
		The useful life of compact arc lamps is determined primarily by the decrease of luminous flux caused by the deposit of evaporated electrode material on the inner wall of the envelope.
	www.pti-nj.com /obb_lamps.html (1416 words)

	SQP - Short Arc Lamp Division
		The air-cooled xenon and mercury/xenon short arc quartz lamps range from 150 to 10,000 watts while the liquid-cooled short arc lamps range from 7000 to 32,000 watts.
		Lamp life, stability, uniformity and lamp ignition are all directly dependent on a properly designed power supply.
		Short arc lamps operate at high temperature and pressures while emitting radiation which is harmful to eyes and skin.
	www.sqpuv.com /shortarc/safety.html (0 words)

	Short Arc Lamps
		Short arc lamps are used in applications such as graphic arts, photochemistry, medical, electro-optics, searchlights, stage and studio projection lighting, optical instrumentation, and military guidance and fiber optic illumination.
		This causes the thorium to migrate to the cathode surface.
		The short arc envelope is made on a large special lathe that heats a piece of quartz tube to a near molten point using either a hydrogen or propane and oxygen torches.
	www.hilltech.com /products/uv_components/Short_arc_lamps.html (0 words)

	Nikon MicroscopyU: Interactive Java Tutorials - Focusing and Alignment Mercury and Xenon Arc Lamps
		In a mercury arc lamp, plasma balls are located adjacent to both the cathode and anode, and each has approximately the same intensity, which is twice that in the center of the arc.
		The arc itself is very small (about 1 or 2 millimeters in length), and the image of the arc must be positioned along the optical axis of the microscope, at the center of the condenser aperture in the vertical illuminator, to ensure even illumination.
		Regardless of whether alignment of the arc is accomplished with the aid of an accessory or with a white piece of paper placed on the microscope stage, both methods project the arc image that is present at the entrance pupil of the objective, in effect, the rear objective aperture.
	www.microscopyu.com /tutorials/java/arclamp (0 words)

	Bristol Arc Lamps & Lighting System
		Arc lamps were devised to work on both DC and AC, but a brighter light was achieved on a DC system.
		The basic principle of this lamp was for the main coil M acting on a bi-conical core C to pull one carbon apart from the fixed one, thus striking the arc.
		The carbon arc lamps ran at 50 volts and therefore the lamps had to be run in circuits of ten or five lamps in series 500 or 250 volts per circuit, that is after they had been changed over from the 600volt system.
	www.swehs.co.uk /docs/news06su.html (0 words)

	Short Arc/Compact Source Lamps
		Underpowering an arc lamp can also be bad, since a slightly-too-cool electrode does not emit electrons easily, and the voltage drop in the cathode region of the arc increases and causes positive ions to hit the cathode harder, which "sputters" off cathode material.
		However, the arcs in these lamps are not as small nor as intense as in short arc mercury, xenon, and mercury-xenon lamps of similar wattage so these lamps are considered "medium arc length" and not true short arc lamps.
		Although the arc in an HMI lamp is intense, it is not as small and concentrated as the arc in mercury and xenon short arc lamps.
	www.uvlamp.com /TechArt/shortarc.htm (0 words)

	Nikon MicroscopyU: Interactive Java Tutorials - Focusing and Alignment Mercury and Xenon Arc Lamps
		Mercury and xenon arc lamps are now widely utilized as illumination sources for a large number of investigations in widefield fluorescence microscopy.
		Initially, a lamp that is freshly installed and unaligned may have a variety of orientations when the arc is focused by adjusting the collector lens.
		Because arc lamp glass envelopes are filled with mercury or xenon gas at moderately high pressure, never handle these lamps when they are hot to avoid applying a mechanical force that might cause the lamp to explode.
	www.microscopyu.com /tutorials/java/arclamp/index.html (0 words)

	Brush's Arc Lamp
		The upward movement of the upper carbon electrode establishes a gap and the arc of the lamp is "struck".
		This lamp was probably designed primarily for indoor applications (several appear in an illustration of the interior of a Brush central station).
		This style of lamp was housed in a decorative frame with a hood as depicted in the drawing of a double-carbon lamp at the left.
	www.lafavre.us /brush/lamparc.htm (0 words)

	IEE - Archives - Arc lamps before 1870s
		Foucault began work with arc lamps in the early 1840s, devising a means of maintaining the arc by hand regulation of the mechanism.
		However, chemical batteries were a very expensive source of electricity, and most of the engineers experimenting with arc lamps during this period concluded that as yet, arc lighting did not have a wide field of application.
		Such lamps were important in keeping electric lighting in the public eye, but it was not until the large scale installations of the Jablochkoff Candle in the late 1870s that arc lighting came into true practical use.
	archives.iee.org /about/Arclamps/lamps1.htm (0 words)

	Medical Equipment Designer - Mar 99 - Metal Halide Arc Lamps
		Short arc gap, metal halide arc lamps, a newer version of the traditional arc lamp, can operate at much lower wattages (18, 21, 24 and 50 watts) and provide significantly whiter (5500K, as opposed to 3200K for halogen) and brighter light for improved diagnosis.
		Metal halide arc light lamps are available from some manufacturers with a 1.2mm arc gap, giving it the ability to precisely pinpoint its light output beyond any comparable incandescent or arc lamp.
		The potential applications of low power, short arc gap, metal halide arc lamps are increasing their acceptance and they are becoming the light source of the future.
	www.manufacturingcenter.com /med/archives/0399/399arc.asp (0 words)

	AstraNet Systems UK - Arc lamps
		Arc lamps are very strong sources of ultraviolet and visible light.
		They are excellent point sources of high brightness due to their small arcs and this feature makes them a good choice when precise collimation is required.
		Arc light sources are also well suited to fibre optic applications, which require high intensity light focused on a very small point.
	www.stellarnetuk.com /products/arc_lamps.html (0 words)

	The Art of Troubleshooting Arc Discharge Lamps
		Shortly afterward, the open-circuit voltage is applied across the lamp, or lamps, to begin arc conduction.
		For the lamp to start within the voltage range of the ballast, it is necessary to excite the gas fill inside the lamp by means of an external voltage; thus the excitation ionizes the gas fill.
		While both types of lamps use a mogul base, a pulse-start lamp's socket (and ballast) is incompatible with a pinched tube MH lamp's socket (and ballast), and visa-versa.
	bg.ecmweb.com /ar/electric_art_troubleshooting_arc (0 words)

	Electronic Musical Instrument 1870 - 1990
		The predecessor of the filament lightbulb was the Carbon Arc Lamp which generated light by creating a spark between two carbon nodes.
		An arc follows a characteristic, which is the inverse of Ohm's law in that when the current of the arc is increased, the voltage across the electrodes decreases.
		By attaching a keyboard to the arc lamps he created one of the first electronic instruments and the first electronic instrument that was audible without using the yet to be invented amplifier, loudspeaker or telephone system as an amplifier and speaker.
	www.obsolete.com /120_years/machines/arc/index.html (707 words)

	Troubled Times: Street Lights (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Arc lamps were massive and complicated pieces of equipment that could be installed and maintained only by a skilled engineer.
		The light of the arc lamp was particularly kind to the color of the human complexion and the stone of historic buildings.
		Carbon Arc lamps were used to light the streets of London and Paris, with a light that approached the light of day.
	www.zetatalk.com /energy/tengy23d.htm (515 words)

	The World Market for Electric Filament or Discharge Lamps, Sealed Beam Lamp Units, Ultraviolet or Infrared Lamps, Arc ...
		Chapter 4 does the same, but for imports of electric filament or discharge lamps, sealed beam lamp units, ultraviolet or infrared lamps, arc lamps, and parts thereof for all countries in the world.
		Combined, Chapters 3 and 4 present the complete picture for imports and exports of electric filament or discharge lamps, sealed beam lamp units, ultraviolet or infrared lamps, arc lamps, and parts thereof to and from all major countries in the world.
		The SITC code that defined "electric filament or discharge lamps, sealed beam lamp units, ultraviolet or infrared lamps, arc lamps, and parts thereof" is 7782.
	www.marketresearch.com /product/display.asp?productid=914765&partnerid=811788012 (818 words)

	ARC, High Intensity Discharge, HID, Bike Light, Bicycle Light, Light & Motion Bike Light , Light and Motion Bicycle ...
		Whether you mount the ARC Li-ion on your head or bar, the bright center spot and clean fill light will give you the confidence to ride any trail, or road at speed and with complete confidence.
		The ARC Li-ion’s High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamp provides 13.5 watts of intense natural light that is 3 times brighter than comparable halogen systems.
		The ARC Li-ion has a built in low battery warning LED that gives the user feedback of when the battery has approximately 5 minutes left of run time.
	www.bikelights.com /Products/arc_li_ion.htm (0 words)

	ulamps - Arc Lamps
		In architecture, arc is another term for arch, a bowed or curved structure capable of spanning a space while supporting significant weight, or possibly a free-standing structure.
		As such, arc lamps are better suited to serve as complementary lighting rather than primary lighting.
		Arc lamps in particular provide a strong angular effect within a 3-dimensional space.
	www.ulamps.com /arclamps.htm (95 words)

	Cairn High-intensity Xenon Arc Lamps
		The lamp is usually mounted vertically for convenience, and a condenser lens is used to collect light over (usually)a wide angle, to produce a collimated output beam.
		For a 75W xenon lamp, the arc length is typically around 1mm, but most of the light is generated within about 0.1mm of the cathode, and to a first approximation the arc can be considered to be a sphere of about 0.1mm diameter.
		However, it turns out that the point intensity within the arc is lower for more powerful arc lamps, so for a given output f number and focussed spot size, it is better to use a less powerful lamp at a higher magnification.
	www.cairnweb.com /tech/tech_lamp1.html (1659 words)

	Ingredients for solenoidal metal halide arc lamps - Patent 4591759
		Referring now to the drawing, a toroidally shaped arc envelope 10 is shown in cross section and has a cross-sectional diameter X. A magnetic core 12 passing through arc envelope 10 is excited by a primary winding (not shown).
		Radius R from the center of core 12 to discharge path 11 at the center of arc envelope 10 was 1.75 inches.
		EXAMPLE II Arc envelope 10, with the dimensions given in Example I, may be filled with 5 mg of Al, 25 mg of Hg.sub.2 Cl.sub.2, 25 mg of NaCl, 25 Mg of Hg and 2 to 20 torr of Ar.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4591759.html (1383 words)

	Power supply for arc lamps - Patent 4873616
		(c) means for reigniting the arc lamp quickly after the lamp has become de-energized, said reigniting means including a capacitor coupled to said output and means for charging said capacitor to a voltage higher than the normal operating voltage of said arc lamp.
		The lamp current is sensed and supplied to an amplifier which then supplies a signal to the pulse width modulator control circuit forming a control loop to keep the lamp voltage and current precisely fixed.
		The maximum positive and negative voltage of the wave is equal to the voltage on bus 17, 18 (less the voltage drops across the conducting MOSFET switches 50, 51 or 52, 53) and short periods of zero voltage occur between the positive and negative transitions.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4873616.html (3819 words)

	ElectricMuseum.com Arc Lamps
		Early arc lamps were not enclosed, and could only burn a few hours.
		Magnetite lamps used a lower electrode consisting of magnetite powder, and an upper electrode of solid copper.
		Arc lamps were widely used for street lighting from the late 1870's well into the 1900's, but they were also used for interior illumination in larger spaces.
	www.electricmuseum.com /exhibits/arclamps/ge_arcs.shtml (0 words)

	ARC: Products & Applications
		Uses: The mercury short arc lamps produce intense radiation by an electric gas discharge, in which the mercury atoms are excited into a plasma.
		The deep ultraviolet short arc lamps are used for photoresist stabilization, and photolithography.
		Uses:The xenon long arc lamp is ideally suited for illumination of a large surface area, for example, solar cell testing, solar simulation, rapid thermal processing, and material inspection.
	www.arc-lamps.com /products.html (0 words)

	UV Curing Lamps
		The most common arc lamp for curing uv is a mercury lamp with a peak wavelength of 365nm.
		As the internal temperature of the metal halide lamp increases to the vaporization point of the metals, the positive ions being produced allow the metals to release their outer electrons causing ultraviolet radiation output at specific wavelengths.
		If the lamps are over heated for even a short period of time, iron is separated from the salt that is formed with the halogen and irreversibly fuses to the quartz.
	www.hilltech.com /products/uv_components/UV_curing_lamps.html (0 words)

	Arc Light Switch
		The ultimate arc lamp is lightning, and so Benjamin Franklin's 1752 experiment of drawing electricity from the clouds and jumping a spark is perhaps the first arc lamp.
		The arc lamp at the left is from Kenyon College and uses iron electrodes.
		These arcs must have been used for demonstrations, as the spacing between the electrodes would have had to have been adjusted continuously as the electrode material vaporized with use.
	physics.kenyon.edu /EarlyApparatus/Electricity/Arc_Light_Switch/Arc_Light_Switch.html (0 words)

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