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Topic: Archaeological forgery

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	Forgery \| Topic Definition \| Find the Meaning and Define the Answer of Forgery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Forgery is the process of making or adapting objects or documents (see false document), with the intention to deceive (fraud is the use of objects obtained through forgery).
		Forgery is one of the threats that have to be addressed by security engineering.
		Where the prime concern of a forgery is less focused on the object itself— what it is worth or what it "proves"— than on a tacit statement of criticism that is revealed by the reactions the object provokes in others, then the larger process is a hoax.
	www.thefreeencyclopedia.com /definition/word.aspx?w=Forgery (427 words)

	art forgery - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		Art forgery means creating and especially selling works of art that are falsely attributed to be work of other, usually more famous artists.
		Usually the forgeries are sold to art galleries and auction houses who cater to the tastes of art and antiquities collectors.
		Although many art forgers are in he business solely for money, some have claimed that they have created forgeries to expose the credulity and snobbishness of the art world, essentially claiming that they have performed only hoaxes of exposure.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/art-forgery (1278 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Forgery
		Forgery is the process of making or adapting objects or documents (see false document), with the intention to deceive.
		The similar crime of fraud is the crime of deceiving another, including through the use of objects obtained through forgery.
		Literary forgery - these literary forgeries all had some effect on the course of cultural history.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Forgery (550 words)

	Archaeological forgery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Archaeological forgery is the manufacture of supposedly ancient items that are sold to the antiquities market and may even end up in the collections of museums.
		A string of archeological forgeries have usually followed news of prominent archaeological excavations.
		However, archaeological or paleontological forgers may have other motives; they may try to manufacture proof for their point of view, favorite theory or to gain increased fame and prestige for themselves.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Archaeological_forgery (460 words)

	Responses to the Epigraphic Forgery Crisis - By Christopher A. Rollston and Heather Dana Davis Parker
		The point is that forgeries are a common problem for the field and for the public, and this has been the case for some time.
		The Israel Museum describes its decision to display the forgery with the following rationale: "The Israel Museum believes that it is important for the public to understand the process of authentication, and the techniques involved, as well as the interplay of scholarship, connoisseurship, and science which informs archaeological research.
		Forgeries have been a perennial problem for some time, and it should be anticipated that the problem will become even more severe, with superior forgeries being the norm in coming decades.
	www.bibleinterp.com /articles/ParkerRollston_Epigraphic_Forgery.htm (1349 words)

	Forgery Affidavit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		1) " Forgery" -- In the context of Forgery Affidavit
		In the 20th century the art market made forgeries highly profitable.There are widespread forgeries of especially valued artists, such as drawings meant to be by Picasso, Klee, and Matisse.
		Where the prime concern of a forgery is lessfocused on the object itself— what it is worth or what it "proves"— than on a tacit statement of criticism that isrevealed by the reactions the object provokes in others, then the larger process is a hoax.
	www.lottery-news.net /dust10975-forgery_affidavit.html (624 words)

	Report on the Temple Tablet by Rochelle I. Altman
		The technical term for a forgery that can be seen by the eye without special equipment is "blatant." As with the ossuary, certain aspects of the tablet indicate that the artifact itself is authentic; like the second inscription on the "James" ossuary, the inscription on the Temple tablet is a "blatant" forgery.
		Inclusion of the tetragrammaton on a covenant purporting to be from a king of Israel is prima facie evidence of forgery.
		This forgery purports to be a temple tablet, yet we have proved the inscription to be a forgery.
	www.bibleinterp.com /articles/report_temple_tablet.htm (8781 words)

	The Missing Link: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The archaeological equivalent of a Shakespeare manuscript in the nineteenth century was a fossilised relic of an early human.
		By standard archaeological logic however, there could be only one reasonable explanation for this remarkable occurrence: the two portions of the skull had originally been halves of the same structure.
		A forgery was to advance a specialist field of knowledge by its destruction.
	www.clarku.edu /~piltdown/map_expose/the_missing_link.html (4493 words)

	The Authentication of the Turin Shroud
		Appearing as it did in an age of unparalleled relic-mongering and forgery and, if genuine, lacking documentation of its whereabouts for 1,300 years, the Shroud would certainly have long ago been consigned to the ranks of spurious relics (along with several other shrouds with similar claims) were it not for the extraordinary image it bears.
		Whether forgery, accident, or genuine, however, the cloth has escaped the gaze of history through a long period in which a relic purporting to be Christ's burial linen and actually bearing his image would have attracted enormous attention and pilgrimage.
		Its prominence as the main forgery theory is such that virtually all commentators expend great effort in disproving it, believing the authenticity of the relic to be established thereby.
	www.shroud.com /meacham2.htm (19248 words)

	The Jehoash inscription: Relic or forgery?
		As in the case of the recently found bone-box of James, the origin of the tablet is not known.
		He said that if it can be proven to be authentic, it would be considered one of the greatest Israeli archaeological finds in history, and would offer, for the first time, physical evidence of the existence of a Jewish Temple on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.
		Eilat Mazar stated: "The fact that the tablet was not revealed to the public in its archaeological context, but rather in the antiquities market, means that the burden of proof, beyond any shadow of a doubt, is on those who claim that it is authentic.
	www.religioustolerance.org /chr_joash.htm (2628 words)

	CHRISTIANS AND ARCHAEOLOGY: REACTIONS TO SENSATIONAL FINDS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The archaeological finds they mention often are not recent discoveries or are not even ancient; nevertheless, they sometimes think such finds “prove the Bible” or offer decisive confirmation of some important Christian doctrine.
		He implies that modern cleaning of the inscription, not recent forgery, may be the cause of the chemical anomalies in the patina.
		A wealth of archaeological and historical information, meanwhile, is already available to prove the existence of Jesus, James, and dozens of other persons, places, and sites mentioned in the Bible.
	www.equip.org /free/JAA112.htm (1719 words)

	Four Indicted on Charges of Antiquities Fraud - Associated Press -- Beliefnet.com
		Sophisticated forgery ring charged with creating trove of fake biblical artifacts, including an ossuary and stone tablet.
		Among objects the police tagged as forgeries were two of Golan's possessions, the James ossuary and the "Yoash inscription," a shoebox-sized tablet from about the ninth century B.C., inscribed with 15 lines of ancient Hebrew with instructions for maintaining the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem.
		The forgeries also include clay tablets with descriptions of biblical events, a stone menorah said to belong to the priests in the Second Temple, Judaism's holiest site which was destroyed by Romans in 70 A.D., and a stone seal said to belong to Menashe, king of Judah.
	www.beliefnet.com /story/158/story_15873_1.html (638 words)

	Biblical Archaeology Society
		This, according to Goren was the paste or adhesive (the bond) used by the forgers to cover the evidence of a modern forged engraving.
		Goren and Ayalon conducted oxygen isotope tests on the inscription coating (or James Bond), which in their report is the basis for concluding that the inscription is a forgery.
		Not only do they not indicate a forgery, their presence in the patina reinforces the arguments supporting the authenticity of such items...Over 150 years of literature it was established that all kinds of microfossil remains are permanently blown by wind and storm into the atmosphere and deposited on exposed surfaces and even penetrate into caves."
	www.bib-arch.org /bswbOOossuary_krumbeinsummary.asp (906 words)

	Silver anomalies found in Jerusalem pottery hint at wealth during second Temple period
		The major finding is that samples of pottery from Jerusalem during this era showed anomalously higher concentrations of silver, as compared to samples from all other non-urban sites dated to the same period of time.
		The researchers note that Jerusalem and its temple was the religious and national focus of Jews throughout the Roman Empire during the Second Temple Period, leading to substantial growth and accumulation of wealth of the city's inhabitants.
		Asaro's work was also instrumental in finding the iridium anomaly that first hinted at the extinction of the dinosaurs through asteroid impact in 1985, and in providing evidence that "Drake's Plate" was an archaeological forgery.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-09/dbnl-saf092706.php (900 words)

	Forgery, Fraud & Forensics profile: Antiquities and Ethnography
		Forgery has been intimately associated with the discovery, marketing and critical reception of antiquities since at least the Han dynasty in China and late Republican Rome.
		It is explored in The Scarith of Scornello: A Tale of Renaissance Forgery (Chicago: Uni of Chicago Press 2004) by Ingrid Rowland.
		He notes around 40% of archaeological objects tested by the Oxford Thermoluminescence Laboratory prove to be fakes.
	www.caslon.com.au /forgeryprofile4.htm (1484 words)

	Burial box is forgery
		JERUSALEM, June 19 — Israel's archaeological experts declared today that an ancient limestone burial box, which bears an inscription suggesting it held the remains of Jesus' brother James, is a modern forgery.
		When the existence of the burial box, or ossuary, was announced last October, it stirred great excitement as potentially the earliest historical artifact linked to Jesus.
		Any archaeological find that has not come from a controlled, well-documented excavation should be regarded with suspicion, she said.
	www.spiritrestoration.org /Archeology/Burial-Box-is-Forgery.htm (1144 words)

	TBK - Bone-Box No Proof of Jesus
		However, in the initial sentence Lorenzi says, "The first archaeological evidence of Jesus' existence has come to light...," and she repeats that "the new find would be the first archaeological discovery to corroborate Biblical references to Jesus," indicating the proper interpretation of the headline to be that there was no prior evidence.
		The James ossuary is suspicious not only for the lack of its provenance, a development frequently indicating a forgery, but also for the tidiness of its inscription, which seems to have been written not by an early "innocent" Christian but by a propagandist such as those who created so many bogus relics over the centuries.
		The Church forgery mill is notorious for cranking out thousands of fakes over the centuries, from saints' bones (relics) to Veronica's kerchief to at least 20 Shrouds to enough pieces of the "true Cross" to build a large ship.
	www.truthbeknown.com /ossuary.htm (5755 words)

	Inscrição de Joás
		Microscopic flecks of gold were found embedded into the surface of the tablet, which may have been burned on if the tablet was present during the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem, experts suggested.
		Israeli archaeological scholars are equally doubtful, and believe the tablet is a forgery citing that the tablet bears contemporary Hebrew idiom, rather than biblical language and because artifacts unearthed in the "Solomon's Stables" area of the Temple Mount have dated at most to the 1st century BCE.
		Naaman himself responded in the Israeli daily Haaretz that after he had first read the inscription in press reports, he assumed "one of two things—either I hit the nail on the head, and my theory was confirmed fantastically, or the forger read my theory and decided to confirm it.
	www.airtonjo.com /inscricaodejoas.htm (2656 words)

	Biblical Archaeology Resources
		Aug. 17, 2004 — A quarter of a million pottery shards from small jugs, an underground pool, a foot-washing stone and wall carvings unearthed in a large cave west of Jerusalem could be the first archaeological evidence for the existence of St. John the Baptist, according to a forthcoming book.
		An inscription on a burial artifact that was recently discovered in Israel appears to provide the oldest archaeological evidence of Jesus Christ.
		Is It or Isn't It- - King Jehoash Inscription Captivates Archaeological Community March 03 Mystery, politics, Biblical implications, gold—a newly surfaced inscription purporting to be by King Jehoash has it all.
	www.nwcreation.net /archaeology.html (571 words)

	Archives: Story
		The pomegranate, described in a Dec. 1998 CJN article n "Pomegranate and pendants are spectacular archaeological finds" n was recently re-examined "using advanced scientific tools" by the Israel Antiquities Authority.
		Brown and four others were charged with fraud in the Jerusalem District Court at the end of 2004, and the case is currently in litigation.
		It has also been heavily promoted by Hershel Shanks, editor of the Biblical Archaeological Review, who is convinced of its authenticity.
	www.clevelandjewishnews.com /articles/2005/03/10/news/israel/29.txt (475 words)

	Harvard Asia Quarterly - Politics and Personality: Japan's Worst Archaeology Scandal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		However, the artifacts that I saw were found in the same place that a forgery had been uncovered a year before, and people who were experienced by then in detecting Fujimura’s artifice saw clues identifying these tools as forgeries.
		Even after his forgery was revealed, many people who had excavated with Fujimura still could not believe that everything had been planted, simply because they had been right there and had not noticed anything.
		At an earlier excavation of one of the forgery sites, some archaeologists suspicious of Fujimura had visited the site in the hopes of learning the truth, although they did not tell the site’s excavators of their doubts.
	www.asiaquarterly.com /content/view/124/5 (5443 words)

	Conversations: Forgery Fallout
		In late December, Israeli authorities filed criminal indictments against five suspects--four of them antiquities dealers--who allegedly belong to a forgery ring that crafted such notorious objects as the Jehoash Inscription, the James Ossuary, and an ivory pomegranate that had once been a heralded item of the Israel Museum (see "The Trial of the Century").
		The outlay to make forged clay bullae--clay lumps used to seal papyri and packages--and add a biblical name to them is virtually nothing, and these things go for anywhere from $100,000 on up depending on what is on the bulla.
		One of the real ironies of the situation is that some of these dealers and collectors indicted on forgery charges were taking advantage of the very, very rich collectors who purchased many of these artifacts after so-called authentication.
	www.archaeology.org /0503/etc/conversations.html (785 words)

	What is Archaeometry? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In its broadest sense, "archaeometry" (or "archaeological science") represents the interface between archaeology and the natural and physical sciences.
		Applications range from archaeological fieldwork to conservation of museum objects and historic monuments, including topics such as paleodiet, early tool use, provenance of ceramics and metals, prospection and geoarchaeology, dating, and art forgery.
		Societies and symposia for archaeometry and archaeological science exist now in several countries, for example the Society for Archaeological Sciences in the United States and the International Symposium on Archaeometry.
	www.uiuc.edu /unit/ATAM/whatis.html (523 words)

	USATODAY.com - Fake ossuary leads Israel to look into sellers of antiquities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		An Israeli documentary Wednesday claimed the James ossuary, the ancient burial box bearing a discredited inscription mentioning Jesus, is just the tip of a long-running forgery ring that has duped antiquities collectors worldwide for the last 15 years.
		Scientists all agree the ossuary is a genuine artifact from the era of the New Testament, but many scholars believe the inscription was added recently.
		Last year, IAA officials announced the ossuary is a fake and reported the discovery of what they called a forgery workshop owned by Golan.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2004-02-18-israel-antiques-usat_x.htm (527 words)

	MuscarellaO_4_2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		For almost 30 years many hundreds of objects in gold, silver, bronze, and terracotta have been accepted and published by scores of scholars as having derived from the ancient site of Ziwiye in NW Iran.
		All of these objects in fact came from antiquity dealers, none was excavated by archaeologists.
		The "Ziwiye problem" is discussed from an archaeological perspective that examines the background for this acceptance.
	www.bu.edu /jfa/Abstracts/M/MuscarellaO_4_2.html (82 words)

	Behind the Mask of Agamemnon
		While his revisionist scholarship has been criticized by some (Machteld Mellink, a former president of the Archaeological Institute of America, characterized it as a "vendetta against Schliemann"), many now concur that Schliemann was a brilliant dissembler.
		Late last year ARCHAEOLOGY received a manuscript from Calder restating his claim that the mask is a forgery.
		While his evidence is circumstantial, he believes that considered cumulatively it is sufficient to kindle skepticism.
	www.archaeology.org /9907/etc/mask.html (788 words)

	Arutz Sheva - Israel National News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Nadav Shragai of Ha’aretz revealed the news of the discovery, and the fact that Israel’s Geological Institute has found that the stone is not a forgery.
		The archaeological community is still awaiting further proof that the find is genuine.
		Sources at the Institute say that it would be impossible for the Institute's experts not to recognize a forgery based on the extensive tests that were performed on the stone.
	israelnationalnews.com /news.php3?id=37165 (328 words)

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