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	John Archbishop And Hieromartyr Of Riga 2 of 3
		Even after the arrival of Archbishop John the situation in Latvia was such that support from outside was not to be expected; the existence of the Church depended, in general, on the solidarity and organization of all her inner resources.
		Archbishop John was dangerous to the Bolsheviks not only because of his outspoken attacks on them in the Seim and in his sermons, but also because of these "catacomb" activities.
		Archbishop John was living in his archiepiscopal dacha on Kish lake, where he used to go to recover from the rheumatism he suffered from living in the damp cathedral cellar.
	www.orthodox.net /russiannm/john-archbishop-and-hieromartyr-of-riga-02-of-03.html (3048 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - 2005 Synod - Catalog of Cardinals
		Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne, Opus Dei, archbishop of Lima
		Miguel Obando Bravo, S.D.B., archbishop emeritus of Managua (Nicaragua)
		Jorge Arturo Medina Estévez, prefect emeritus of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline and Sacraments
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/synod2005-list.htm (549 words)

	Hostels Riga Latvia Hostels EU - About Riga
		Riga (Latvian: Rīga), the capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the River Daugava, at 56°58′N 24°8′E.
		Riga is the largest city in the Baltic states and serves as a major cultural, educational, political, financial, commercial and industrial center in the Baltics.
		The modern founding of Riga is regarded by historians to have begun with the arrival in Latvia of German traders, mercenaries and religious crusaders in the second half of the 12th century, attracted by a sparsely populated region, potential new markets and by the missionary opportunities to convert the local population to Christianity.
	www.rigahostels.eu /index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=27 (2067 words)

	Historical background of Orthodoxy in Estonia
		Archbishop of Pskov was requested to provide data on the plight and number of orthodox population on those territories.
		On the 4th of October 1841 a new bishop of Riga was appointed - it was the rector of Moscow Theological Academy archimandrite Philaret (Gumilevsky, 1805-1866).
		In October 1897 bishop Agafangel (Preobrazhensky) was appointed to the cathedra of bishops of Riga and Mitava.
	www.orthodox.ee /indexeng.php?d=history/history (4346 words)

	Vocabulary of Coins, struck or used in Latvia
		The first documents, confirming coin minting in Riga, are from 1211, when Bishop Albert issued the privilege, which said, that Riga coins has to be with the same weight and proof as Gotland coins, only their design may differ (the weight of 4.5 pfennigmarks had to be equivalent to 1 Gotland weight mark).
		When Riga and Vidzeme were conquered by Sweden in 1621, coins still were struck according with the monetary system of Poland, (the coins of this period were found in hoards not only in Vidzeme, but also in Courland, Zemgale, Belorussia, Ukraine and Poland).
		Riga exchange notes were supposed to be used only in Riga and Riga district.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Olympus/5539/vocab/vocabul.html (1653 words)

	CNN.com - New cardinals created by the pope - February 21, 2001
		Archbishop Jose Saraiva Martins, 69, Portuguese, Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints.
		Archbishop Antonio Jose Gonzalez Zumarraga, 75, Ecuadorean, Archbishop of Quito.
		Archbishop Ignacio Antonio Velasco Garcia, 72, Venezuelan, Archbishop of Caracas.
	edition.cnn.com /2001/WORLD/europe/italy/02/21/pope.cardinals.list (609 words)

	Independent Catholic News
		The new cardinals are: Julio Terrazas Sandoval, 64, archbishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, in Bolivia; Wilfrid Fox Napier, 59, archbishop of Durban, South Africa, an outspoken critic of apartheid in the 1970's and 80's; Lubomyr Husar, 67, a Ukrainian native whose family fled in 1944 and who has American citizenship.
		They are: Janis Pujats, 70, archbishop of Riga, in Latvia and Marian Jaworski, 74, the Polish- born Roman Catholic archbishop of Lvov, Ukraine, near the Polish border.
		Archbishop Marian has been a personal friend of John Paul II since they were young priests.
	www.indcatholicnews.com /seven.html (305 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The Archbishops of Riga (1202) 1255-1561 were the secular rulers of Riga, the capital of Livonia (now the capital of Latvia).
		The Archbishops of Riga were innovators in the field of minting currency, reviving techniques abandoned since the collapse of Rome.
		The names of individual archbishops after 1418, as well as the years of their respective reigns, are stamped on Livonian pennies excavated at archaeological sites; in many cases, this is the only biographical data available.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=archbishop_of_Riga (234 words)

	Catholic-Pages.com \| Cardinals of the Catholic Church: Biography of Cardinal Pujats
		He commenced his studies for the priesthood at the Theological Seminary in Riga, but the seminary was closed by the Soviet authorities on 18 January 1951, while generally persecution of the Church was increasing.
		Archbishop Antonijs Springovics of Riga obtained papal permission to ordain all students of 3rd year and up.
		He was appointed Archbishop of Riga on 8 May 1991 and consecrated in Riga on 1 June 1991 by Archbishop Francesco Colasuonno, representative of the Holy See in the USSR.
	www.catholic-pages.com /hierarchy/cardinals_bio.asp?ref=156 (224 words)

	Mathematics in Latvia Through the Centuries, by Daina Taimina and Ingrida Henina
		The necessity to establish in Riga a higher educational institution to prepare specialists for engineering and commerce like ETH in Zurich was discussed by the Riga Stock Committee already in 1857.
		Riga Politechnikum was a private educational institution, classes there were held in German up to 1896 when all classes in the future had to be in Russian.
		There were more mathematicians left in Riga at that time but not all of them would be allowed to teach in the university because of their "suspicious past".
	www.math.cornell.edu /~dtaimina/mathinlv.html (16065 words)

	Archbishop's Palace, Bishopthorpe - Definition, explanation
		The Archbishop's Palace is a stately home and historic house at Bishopthorpe in the City of York unitary authority, south of York, North Yorkshire, UK on the River Ouse.
		It is the official residence of the Archbishop of York.
		In the 13th century, Archbishop Grey bought the manor house at what was then St. Andrewthorpe and gave it to the Dean and Chapter of York Minster.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/a/ar/archbishop_s_palace__bishopthorpe.php (276 words)

	Gedymin - LoveToKnow 1911
		In October 13 23 representatives of the archbishop of Riga, the bishop of Dorpat, the king of Denmark, the Dominican and Franciscan orders, and the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order assembled at Vilna, when Gedymin confirmed his promises and undertook to be baptized as soon as the papal legates arrived.
		Gedymin disentangled himself from his difficulties by repudiating his former promises; by refusing to receive the papal legates who arrived at Riga in September 1323; and by dismissing the Franciscans from his territories.
		These apparently retrogressive measures simply amounted to a statesmanlike recognition of the fact that the pagan element was still the strongest force in Lithuania, and could not yet be dispensed with in the coming struggle for nationality.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Gedymin (899 words)

	Baltic Countries
		Julijans Vaivods became Titular Bishop of Macriana maggiore and Apostolic Administrator of Riga and of Liepaja.
		Archbishop Reinys disappeared in a Siberian camp, and bishop Borisevicius, sentenced to death in 1946, died 1963 in prison.
		Archbishop Skvireckas was hindered to minister and died in 1959 in Austrian exile, and his auxiliary, bishop Brizgys, went to exile in the U. Administrator Padolskis as well was not able to stay in charge any more.
	www.apostolische-nachfolge.de /Baltic_Countries.htm (843 words)

	College of Cardinals
		From 1979 to 1984, he was vicar general in the Metropolitan Curia in Riga.
		On May 8, 1991, he was appointed archbishop of Riga, and was consecrated on June 1, 1991.
		He is Archbishop of Riga, and a member of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints.
	www.ewtn.com /holysee/Cardinals/cardinal_detail.asp?id=251 (112 words)

	Janis Cardinal Pujats
		The Archbishop of Riga, head of Latvia's Catholic Church, warned Christians this week that they must stand together and counter-demonstrate against the upcoming homosexual 2007 Riga Pride March in order to prevent the undermining of family values in Latvia.
		In a recent 'Catholic World Report' interview (extracts from which appear below), Cardinal Janis Pujats, Archbishop of Riga, Latvia, explained how the post-Vatican II changes in the liturgy were implemented in his country without the range of problems which have been encountered in other parts of the Catholic world.
		Le cardinal archevêque de Riga (Lettonie), Janis Pujats, que le pape a élevé à la dignité de cardinal lors du consistoire du 21 février dernier, fête aujourd'hui ses 50 ans de sacerdoce.
	www.cardinalrating.com /cardinal_81.htm (492 words)

	[No title]
		nis Pujats, Archbishop of Riga, Latvia, was born on 14 November 1930 in the Nautrani district of Latvia.
		After finishing the Rezekne secondary school he attended the Catholic Theological Seminary and was ordained for the Archdiocese of Riga on 29 March 1951.
		He was appointed Archbishop of Riga on 8 May 1991 and received episcopal consecration on 1 June.
	www.vatican.va /news_services/press/documentazione/documents/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_pujats_j_en.html (210 words)

	RAMBAUD ON THE LIVONIAN AND TEUTONIC KNIGHTS
		That which the Germans really brought, under the cloak of Christianity, to the Lett and descendants of the Tchoud hero Kalevy, and to many other Slav, Lithuanian, or Finnish tribes, now extinct, was the ruin of their national independence and servitude.
		It was in this manner that Riga, Kirchholm, Uexküll, Lennewarden, Ascheraden, and Kreuzburg were built on the Dwina; Neuhausen, near the Peïpus, Wolmar, Wenden, Segevold, and Kremon on the Aa; Fellin and Weissenstein among the Northern Tchouds.
		The archbishop of Riga, the chapter, the town and the grand master of the Order, often quarrelled over their respective rights.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Ramliv.html (1326 words)

	DC NEWS FOR JANUARY 29 (jan29nr1.htm)
		(1) Monsignor Marian Jaworski, Archbishop of Leopoli (Lviv) of the Latins (Ukraine)
		Ordained a priest in 1962, after serving as pastor in Vallegrande, he was consecrated bishop of Oruro in 1980 and made Archbishop of Santa Cruz in 1991.
		Archbishop Degenhardt was born in Schwelm, Germany in 1926.
	www.dailycatholic.org /issue/2001Jan/jan29nr1.htm (1011 words)

	Riga \| News \| Riga Pride Parade Set to Go On
		While sadly Vilnius's mayor prohibited the Vilnius pride parade from occurring this year, Riga's new mayor has just given the city the go-ahead to organize the event in 2007.
		Despite a history of homophobia in the Baltic States, the organisers of Riga Pride are feeling confident that this year will bring much needed change - and they have the EU on their side.
		Meanwhile, the Church is up to its old homophobic games, as the Archbishop of Riga wrote an open letter this month calling on crowds of people to take to the streets of Riga to oppose the Pride events.
	www.riga-life.com /news/news/17-Riga_Pride_Parade_Set_to_Go_On (303 words)

	WHKMLA : Riga Feud, 1478
		In 1478, a feud erupted between Silvester (Sylvester) Stodewescher, Archbishop of Riga, and the Teutonic Order, over the disputed sovereignty over the city of Riga.
		Archbishop Silvester died in 1479; his successor, Archbishop-elect Stefan Grube, found himself in a continued conflict with the Order (see Riga Feud 1483-1486).
		Coins minted by Archbishop of Riga Silvester Stodewescher, from The Coinage of the Baltic Countries
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/15cen/rigafeud1478.html (195 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Reformation
		treason, and in 1527 the Archbishop of Upsala and the Bishop of Westraes were executed.
		Brandenburg became Archbishop of Riga in 1539, Lutheranism rapidly obtained exclusive sway in Livonia.
		Bishop Ridley in 1552, and after Queen Mary (1553-58) had failed to restore her country to union with Rome and the Catholic Faith, the ascendancy of Anglicanism was established in England by Elizabeth.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12700b.htm (9692 words)

	COINS
		By 1426 the Archbishop of Riga had begun to issue coins again (he may have begun this as early as 1424) and the master had issued a Schilling bearing his name.
		Although Riga continued to issue coins, and the Duke of Kurland introduced his mintage, this cannot disguise the fact that, when one considers the numismatic evidence, the medieval Livonian World had come to an end.
		This was composed of the Livonian Order's officers, the Archbishop of Riga, the Bishops of Oesel-Wiek, Dorpat, Kurland, and Reval, representatives of the cities (most prominently, Riga and Reval), and representatives of the knightly corporations in Estonia.
	department.monm.edu /history/urban/articles/COINS.htm (4265 words)

	Zenit News Agency - The World Seen From Rome
		Also significant is the naming of Archbishop Jean Baptiste Pham Minh Man of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, a country where the government still tries to retain tight control over the Catholic Church and has not established diplomatic relations with the Holy See.
		The names of archbishops that were expected included those of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Sydney, Australia; Lyon, France; Rio de Janeiro; Zagreb, Croatia; and the Italian cities of Venice, Florence and Genoa.
		They were Cardinal Marian Jaworski, archbishop of Lviv of the Latins, in Ukraine; and Cardinal Janis Pujats, archbishop of Riga, Latvia.
	zenit.org /english/visualizza.phtml?sid=41658 (524 words)

	Gulbene - Aluksne Narrow Gauge Railway
		In historical documents first mentioned in 1224 in the land division act between the Order of the Brothers of Swords and the Bishop of Riga.
		In the XIV century the Archbishop of Riga built a stone wall castle around which a populated area was formed.
		House of saving and loans bank (Rigas St. 65) was built in 1927 by design of architect A. Maidelis.
	www.banitis.lv /eng/gulbene.htm (645 words)

	Free Essay History of Lithuania (Site not responding. Last check: )
		When Archbishop Bruno of Querfurt decided he wanted to repeat the missions of St. Adalbert, Boleslav sent him to the lands of the Jatvingians, which were located at another end of Prussia.
		The Archbishop of Riga and the townspeople became determined to enter into closer contact with Lithuania.
		Then, the townspeople built a castle for the Lithuanians at the approach to Riga, which was called the Castle of the Lithuanians during the entire XIV century.
	mail.echeat.com /essay.php?t=29867 (5587 words)

	Catholic World News : Moscow Archbishop Respond to Orthodox (Text)
		The Archbishop of Mogliev was called Metropolitan of all Catholic Churches in the Russian Empire; -- since the establishing of the Archdiocese of Mogliev, until the last Archbishop Jan Cepljak, sentenced to death in 1923 and exiled, 27 pastors occupied the See of St Petersburg.
		We have not the Archbishop of Moscow or for Russia, but an Archbishop in Moscow.
		In the second place the Russian Orthodox Church has an Archbishop of Vilnius for Lithuania, of Brussels for Belgium, of Berlin for Germany and no member of the Catholic Church would raise any abjection because the appointment of archbishops is an internal affair of the Russian Orthodox Church which appoints its pastors according to necessity.
	www.cwnews.com /news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=17469 (959 words)

	The Latvian Institute (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Order, the Archbishop of Riga, and the Bishop of Kurland held the typical medieval anti-Semitic view of the Jews as enemies of Christianity.
		Yakov Gindin, the owner of Riga's alcohol manufacturing company, was extremely rich; he purchased some Arab territory in Palestine for those Jews who wished to return to their homeland.
		In the 1930s monuments were erected in Riga's Smerli Cemetery and the Jewish Cemetery in Liepaja to honour the fallen Jews.
	www.li.lv /en/?id=21 (4602 words)

	The Inevitability of Suffering
		A Latvian by birth, Archbishop John began his pastoral work in Russia where he inspired such love and devotion in his flock, that when the revolution struck and trouble began, volunteers from among the workers organized a guard to watch over him day and night.
		Seeing in him a bold accuser of the new regime, the Bolsheviks never left the Archbishop in peace; he was constantly followed and several attempts were made on his life.
		Under his guidance life was restored to the much suffering Latvian Orthodox Church; Here too he continued to speak fearlessly, his voice sounding forth like an alarm bell; the image of Golgotha often appeared in his sermons.
	www.roca.org /OA/14/14b.htm (1801 words)

	BBC News \| EUROPE \| Pope names secret cardinals
		Popes use the device of secret appointments to protect the identity of cardinals in areas where the individual and local Church might be put in danger.
		The pope said he chose Marian Jaworski, Archbishop of Roman Catholics in Ukraine, and Janis Pujats, Archbishop of Riga, Latvia, to pay tribute to the suffering of their churches in the 20th Century.
		Among the new appointments was Archbishop Lubomyr Husar of Lviv in Ukraine.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/1141600.stm (371 words)

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