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Topic: Archegonia

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	BRYOPHYTES AND FERNS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The antheridia produce flagellated sperm that swim to the archegonia and fertilize the eggs to form the diploid (2N) zygote.
		Although the archegonia and antheridia are difficult to distinguish, it is possible to identify male and female gametophytes by the presence or absence of sporophytes.
		The archegonia can be identified as the dark spots near the "notch of the heart," however, the antheridia, which develop near the point of the heart, may not be identifiable.
	www.usd.edu /biol/labs/101/bryo01.htm (2605 words)

	The life cycle of mosses
		Archegonia and antheridia are in many mosses bundled in leaf rosettes similar to flowers - the so-called "moss flowers" or perichaetia.
		In all mosses the archegonia (singular: archegonium) are more or less bottle-shaped organs, which are wrapped by a cover one cell thick.
		Archegonia and antheridia may sit in the mossflowers in mixed groups, but they may also grow on different places on the same plant, or only on different plants.
	www.ijon.de /moose/zyklus_en.html (958 words)

	[No title]
		Archegonia are highly elongated, with thick necks and elongated axial rows of numerous neck cells.
		Archegonia at a range of developmental stages are evident on the underside of the archegoniophore.
		Immature archegonia through fertilized archegonia are evident on the underside of the archegoniophore.
	images.botany.org /set-16/backup/database0401272304.txt (2496 words)

	Bryophyta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Archegonia flask-shaped with venter, neck, ventral canal cell, neck canal cells and cover cells.
		However Marchantia is heterothallic, with the antheridia on antheridiophores and archegonia on archegoniophores.
		Archegonia differ in having a longer neck and longer stalk to the archegonium.
	www.cs.cuc.edu /~tfutcher/Bryophyta.html (706 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Archegonia located among the paraphysis grow on apex of the female gametophyte.
		All the cells in the archegonia are produced by the mitosis cell cycle.
		When the archegonia are mature, the central cells die and are enzymatically digested.
	homepage.smc.edu /hodson_kent/plant_growth/Life_Cycle/moss_archegonia.htm (90 words)

	C-Fern - A Plant For Teaching and Research
		Careful attention to gametophytic development age ensures high spermatozoid number and activity for the male parent and one to two receptive archegonia for the female with a minimal chance of selfing.
		Transfer females to crossing dish, be sure to place them on the agar surface with their archegonia facing up.
		Be sure that archegonia are submerged and if necessary, anchor the female under the sperm suspension (use a sterile needle or probe).
	cfern.bio.utk.edu /manual/cfmgametophytecultureself.html (430 words)

	Archegonia
		Archegonia are the female organs of the gametophyte generation of a moss or liverwort.
		The antheridia and archegonia of mosses are generally found at the tips of the main plant...
		Archegonia are typically located on the surface of...
	dicksoniaantarctica.fileantarctica.com /archegonia (610 words)

	[No title]
		Bryophyta, Bryales, archegonia, gametophyte, moss 4.01 16-386 mnium-egg-redo-t.jpg mnium-egg-redo-v.jpg 82 mnium-egg-redo-h.jpg 228 Mnium archegonium containing a receptive egg cell as viewed using differential interference contrast microscopy.
		Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegonia 8 16-099 16-099t.jpg 16-099v.jpg 220 16-099h.jpg 442 Marchantia mature archegonium.
		Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegonia 11 16-096 16-096t.jpg 16-096v.jpg 285 16-096h.jpg 845 Marchantia mature archegonium.
	images.botany.org /set-16/backup/database0402042346.txt (3753 words)

	MICROSCOPY UK - MICSCAPE ARTICLE:Alternation of generations in ferns - page 4
		The sexual organs, the antheridia (carrying the male sex cells) and the archegonia (carrying the female sex cells) are found on the prothallus.
		The antheridia are found amongst the rhizoids at the base of the plant; the archegonia are situated near the apex.
		In wet or damp conditions, sperm cells are released from the antheridia and they swim in a film of water towards the archegonia, apparently attracted towards them by malic acid.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artmay00/altern4.html (246 words)

	Friedman, William E. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In conifers, archegonia are always initiated after pollen has been received by the ovule and pollen tubes have germinated.
		For example, in Pinus banksia (Pinaceae), two or three archegonia are initiated per female gametophyte; while in Widdringtonia cupressoides (Cupressaceae), between 40 and 70 archegonia are formed.
		Given the constraint that each conifer seed typically matures only a single embryo (or aborts), increased numbers of sirings (of genetically identical eggs) within an ovule produces an arena in which paternal genomes and their potential compatibility with a specific female gametic genome are more stringently selected.
	www.botany2002.org /sympos4/abstracts/5.shtml (279 words)

	Liverwort Reproduction
		The sexual parts are contained in small and inconspicuous structures known as antheridia (male) and archegonia (female), which develop on separate plant bodies.
		For example in the Marchantia species the antheridia and archegonia are produced on an umbrella like structure.
		Thus placing the sperm on special cup shaped splash areas, which are either on the leaf surface, or in the case of Marchantia species, have an inverted umbrella shaped Antheridiophores.
	www.hiddenforest.co.nz /bryophytes/liverworts/reproduction.htm (391 words)

	BYU Botany 105
		Sperm produced in antheridia by mitosis swim by chemical attraction to fertilize the egg (syngamy) in the archegonia.
		Gametophytes of vascular plants are always small and mostly lack vascular tissue; they are anchored and absorb nutrients by rhizoids (A8) and may form mycorrhizal associations with fungi.
		Once the egg is fertilized, an embryo is formed, the ovule is called a seed, and the integuments are called the seed coat.
	inbio.byu.edu /Faculty/laj39/johnsonlab/Pages/IB131f/Botany105ontogy2.html (977 words)

	Olympus MIC-D: Brightfield Gallery - Fern Prothallium
		The prothallia are equipped with multiple antheridia (male reproductive organs) and archegonia (female reproductive organs).
		The products of their unions are zygotes, and fertilization occurs when the sperm swim through an opening (operculum) from each antheridium along a thin film of water to the neck of each archegonium.
		At the same time, the central neck canal cells of the archegonia break down and dissolve, forming canals that permit sperm entry and motility towards the eggs.
	www.olympusmicro.com /micd/galleries/brightfield/fernprothalliumlow.html (325 words)

	C-FernTM Investigations:
		Archegonia consist of a short neck that protrudes from the surface of the gametophyte directly behind the actively growing meristem region located in the notch of the heart.
		Transfer of hermaphrodites would reduce the response to substances being tested on the toothpicks since many sperm would be attracted to receptive archegonia by the natural chemoattractant that is released from the archegonial necks.
		Note: In culture, the archegonia are located on one of the two sides (up or down) of the gametophyte.
	cfern.bio.utk.edu /teaching/Chemotaxis/ChemotaxisInstructor.html (2692 words)

	[No title]
		Archegonia range from maturity (see egg cell on the left), to quite imature stages.
		Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, gametophyte, archegonium 33 16-043 16-043t.jpg 16-043v.jpg 209 16-043h.jpg 1658 Lycopodium embryogenesis shows a high diversity of different embryogenetic pathways, which is presumed to be a primitive characteristic.
		At this location and along these grooves, archegonia form that will be fertilized by motile sperm, if present.
	images.botany.org /set-16/backup/database0402250202.txt (4921 words)

	[No title]
		The axial row, having begun degeneration, reflects a receptive egg.
		Note the archegonial initial to the left, 2-4 cell stage, to a fertilized archegonium on the right.
		At this location and along these grooves, archegonia form that will be fertilized by motile sperm, if present." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, gametogenesis" 73 16-003 16-003t.jpg 16-003v.jpg 146 16-003h.jpg 252 "Isoetes embryogenesis.
	images.botany.org /set-16/backup/database0402260209.txt (4738 words)

	Untitled Document
		Spores (haploid) blow away from the plant and produce a microscopic haploid (gametophyte) thallus which produces antheridia and archegonia in the lower sporic vasculars (Psilophyta, Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, and Pterophyta).
		Picture 1 An unfertilized ovule inside each of two archegonia [2] inside a haploid multicellular female gametophyte [1] surrounded by diploid nucellus (seed coat)[3] and diploid integument[4].
		Megasporangia with micropyll, two archegonia, each with an egg in a multicellular haploid female gametophyte.
	www.bethel.edu /~johgre/bio114d/HigherVasculars.html (988 words)

	vertical section of marchantia archegonia Mosses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Monday, 29th of May 2006 vertical section of marchantia archegonia
		Female thalli produce archegonia underneath finger-like projections on the end of a vertical stalk...
		33 - Marchantia, archegonial branch with archegonia l.s.
	transsexualism.host7.ranusa.com /1148926095.html (646 words)

	SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY
		Marchantia: living, preserved with archegonia, antheridia and sporophytes; your slides of antheridia sections, archegonia sections, sporophyte, thallus sections, and cupule (gemmae) sections.
		Sphagnum: living, preserved antheridia, archegonia, and sporophytes; demo slides of: leaves wm, antheridia ls, archegonia ls, and sporophyte ls.
		Polytrichum: living; preserved antheridia, archegonia and sporophytes, demo slides of stem xs, leaf wm, leaf xs, and capsule ls.
	comenius.susqu.edu /BI/202/W1/WEEK11W1.htm (779 words)

	[No title]
		The archegonia are flask shaped, with the neck of the flask pointing towards the soil.
		The center cells located in the neck of the archegonia are digested away forming a canal which the sperm uses to swim to the egg.¡ÑÑó¨ Antheridia¡$¨The antheridia grow on the under surface of the gametophyte, between the gametophyte and the soil which ensures dampness.
		The antheridia are spherical The sperm are produced in the archegonia by a mitosis cell cycle.
	homepage.smc.edu /hodson_kent/plant_growth/fern/Fern_LifcycW.pps (806 words)

	Characterization of Mutations That Feminize Gametophytes of the Fern Ceratopteris -- Strain et al. 159 (3): 1271 -- ...
		the meristem, differentiate as an egg-forming archegonia or
		Arrows point to the meristematic regions of the gametophyte that are growing in three dimensions.
		Female sex traits include the multicellular meristem and archegonia; the one male sex trait in this species is antheridia.
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/159/3/1271 (4498 words)

	BIL 160 - Alternation of Generations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Inside each of these sex organs, gametes are produced (ova in the archegonia; sperm in the antheridia) via MITOSIS.
		Instead, her embryo keeps growing into a mature individual inside her archegonia, eventually exploding her and smashing her out of existence in the process.
		When the spores are mature, the nodules rupture and release the spores to the wind.
	www.bio.miami.edu /dana/160/160S04_21a.html (1011 words)

	Pterophyta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		SEM of dorsal surface of a dichotomously branched gametophyte showing abundant globose antheridia (mainly below bifurcation) and scattered archegonia.
		SEM of dorsal surface of a gametophyte covered with unopened archegonia and interspersed simple hairs.
		SEM of a mature gametophyte showing globose antheridia and interspersed, immature archegonia.
	www.science.siu.edu /landplants/Psilophyta/psilophyta.html (160 words)

	Bryophyte Reproductive Cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Sperm are ejected by rain drops and they can also swim away in thin films of water.
		When Sperm arrive at the Archegonia they swim down the neck and fertilize the Egg.
		Buds are produced by the Protonema as it matures.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/library/webb/BOT311/Mosses/SexRepro-1.htm (238 words)

	Rhynie IV
		The archegonia are positioned on top of the axis or just below.
		They have a deeply sunken egg chamber and a long neck.
		Another Rhynie Chert plant - sporophyte Horneophyton lignieri / gametophyte: Langiophyton mackiei - has an axis with a terminal disc-shaped structure with a number of tube-like outgrowths bearing the archegonia.
	www.uni-muenster.de /GeoPalaeontologie/Palaeo/Palbot/rhynneu5.htm (467 words)

	Pellia Thallus Archegonia Vs - ESP Models - Educational and Scientific Products Ltd
		Pellia Thallus Archegonia Vs - ESP Models - Educational and Scientific Products Ltd
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	www.espmodels.co.uk /catalog/product_reviews.php?products_id=3520 (95 words)

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