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Topic: Archibald Garrod

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Archibald Garrod was the son of the physician, Alfred Baring Garrod, who diagnosed and studied rheumatoid arthritis.
		Garrod was also the first to propose the idea that diseases were "inborn errors of metabolism." He believed that diseases were the result of missing or false steps in the body's chemical pathways.
		Garrod did have a strong sense of duty and served as a colonel in Malta in World War I. He was knighted in 1918.
	www.dnaftb.org /dnaftb/concept_13/con13bio.html (302 words)

	Archibald Garrod Biography \| World of Genetics
		Archibald Garrod was a physician whose innovative work in clinical medicine and chemistry led him to discover a new class of human disease based on hereditary factors.
		Archibald Edward Garrod was born in London, the fourth and youngest son of Sir Alfred Baring Garrod and Elisabeth Ann Colchester.
		Garrod's father, a distinguished professor of medicine at University College in London, was the first physician to note the presence of uric acid in patients suffering from gout.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/archibald-garrod-wog (991 words)

	Dorothy Garrod - ArchaeoWiki
		Garrod was the first woman to hold an Oxbridge chair, partly through her pioneering work on the Palaeolithic period.
		Following this, Garrod conducted excavations at Mount Carmel in Israel where, working closely with Dorothy Bate, she demonstrated a long sequence of Lower Palaeolithic and later occupation in the caves of Tabun, El Wad and Es Skhul.
		After holding a number of other academic posts, Garrod was appointed Disney Professor of Archaeology at Cambridge in 1939, holding the chair until 1952, aside from a gap at the end of the Second World War when she served in the Women's Auxiliary Air Force.
	www.archaeowiki.org /Dorothy_Garrod (217 words)

	1908 - Archibald Garrod
		Garrod soon concluded that alkaptonuria is a congenital disorder, not the result of a bacterial infection as was commonly thought.
		Garrod, a prominent physician at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London, understood both the new science of biochemistry and the emerging discipline of genetics.
		Garrod immediately grasped the larger implications of his work on alkaptonuria in terms of genetics and serious disease.
	www.laskerfoundation.org /rprimers/gnn/timeline/1908.html (393 words)

	Mount Vernon Nazarene University - School of Natural and Social Sciences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Garrod could think of two explanations for alkaptonuria: either (1) an alkaptonuric produces an unusual substance (homogentisic acid) which normal individuals cannot make; or (2) everyone produces homogentisic acid, and healthy persons then break it down through normal metabolic reactions, but an alkaptonuric is unable to destroy this substance.
		Garrod predicted that an alkaptonuric would have all of the same enzymes that a healthy person has, except for the one that degrades homogentisic acid.
		Archibald Garrod was aware of three other conditions that were similar to alkaptonuria: albinism, cystinuria, and pentosuria.
	www.mvnu.edu /academics/NatSci/chemistry/metabolism_intro.html (559 words)

	Founders of the "New Medicine"
		Dr. Garrod was first to discover the diseases of genetic metabolism in the early 20th century.
		In 1902, Dr. Garrod wrote, “It might be claimed that what used to be spoken of as a diathesis of a disease is nothing else but chemical individuality.
		The contributions of Archibald Garrod, Linus Pauling, Roger Williams, Hans Selye, and Abram Hoffer have created a force of change that cannot be held back, because truth is its own vector.
	www.tldp.com /issue/11_00/founders.html (1662 words)

	Archibald Garrod Summary
		Archibald Edward Garrod was born in London on November 25, 1857, the fourth and youngest son of Sir Alfred Baring Garrod and Elisabeth Ann Colchester.
		Garrod's analysis of the family trees of affected individuals suggested that alcaptonuria was inherited as a Mendelian recessive gene.
		He studied the characteristics and hereditary patterns of alcapatonuria, albinism, cystinuria, and pentosuria, arguing that these disorders resulted from "inborn errors of metabolism."; The investigation of the family trees of affected individuals suggested that these conditions were inherited as Mendelian recessive genes.
	www.bookrags.com /Archibald_Garrod (2057 words)

	Rival Models of Medicine
		Osler was an activist; he saw the patient as a broken machine that needed to be fixed, and his role was to show the world how to fix illness.
		Osler was succeeded as Professor of Medicine by Archibald Garrod; there could hardly have been a starker contrast.
		Garrod was a contemplative man saw the patient not as a broken machine, but as a consequence of the encounter of a unique individual with an environment for which he was not perfectly suited.
	courseweb.edteched.uottawa.ca /POP8910/Notes/Osler-Garrod.htm (1102 words)

	The One Gene/One Enzyme Hypothesis
		Garrod was interested in inherited human diseases, particularly what he called "inborn errors of metabolism." He suggested (correctly) that alkaptonuria - an inherited condition in which the urine is colored dark red by the chemical alkapton - results from a single recessive gene, which causes a deficiency in the enzyme that normally breaks down alkapton.
		Although Garrod published a book and several papers on the subject, his work was generally ignored until the early 1940's, when it was rediscovered by the American geneticists, George Beadle and Edward Tatum.
		As Beadle and Tatum had predicted, they were able to create single gene mutations that incapacitated specific enzymes, so that the molds with these mutations required an external supply of the substance that the enzyme normally produced, and the substance that the enzyme normally used, piled up in the cell.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AB/BC/One_Gene_One_Enzyme.html (612 words)

	eMedicine - Alkaptonuria : Article Excerpt by: Karl S Roth, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Background: Alkaptonuria is one of 4 disorders originally defined as an inborn error of metabolism by Archibald Garrod in his Croonian Lectures of 1902.
		Garrod identified a familial pattern of inheritance and concluded that an inherited biochemical abnormality must result in the passage of an abnormal intermediate in the urine.
		That Garrod conceived of an intermediate is remarkable given that virtually nothing was known of serial biochemical reactions in the metabolic disposal of nutrient substances at that time.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/byname/alkaptonuria.htm (631 words)

	cellbio12
		Garrod suggested that homogentistic acid is a normal part of the pathway in the metabolism of phenlyalanine and tyrosine
		Garrod contended that the absence of this enzyme led to the condition
		Furthermore by charting this disease on a pedigree or family tree Garrod concluded that it was genetic and exhibited a dominate recessive mode of expression
	msc.bhsu.edu /~ssarver/cellbio12.htm (779 words)

	Diagnosis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The successor to William Osler as Regius Professor at Oxford was Archibald Garrod.
		Whereas Osler laid the founding principles by which medicine should be practiced, Garrod placed these principles in a greater context of a chemical individuality that is inherited and is subject to the mechanisms of evolutionary selection.
		Garrod's conception of biological individuality was confirmed with the advent of the sequencing of the human genome.
	diagnosis.iqnaut.net (1123 words)

	Amazon.com: "Archibald Garrod": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Archibald Garrod (1857-1936) first wrote on "an inborn error in metabolism" in his 1899 paper, "A contribution to the study of alkaptonuria"50.
		Archibald Garrod had made the astonishing discovery of the nature of gene action: What a gene does is to regulate biochemical reactions...
		It was then that the British physician Archibald Garrod was doing his pio- neering work on the inheritance of a rare form of arthritis called alkaptonuria (abbreviated AKU) which...
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Archibald-Garrod (505 words)

	Garrod Archibald Edward - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Garrod Archibald Edward - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		No results were found for your search in Encarta.
		More MSN Search results on "Garrod Archibald Edward"
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Garrod_Archibald_Edward.html (35 words)

	genome.gov \| ONLINE Education Kit - 1902
		Archibald Garrod observes that the disease alkaptonuria is inherited according to Mendelian rules.
		Alkaptonuria has several symptoms, including dark urine, dark pigmentation of cartilage and other connective tissue, and arthritis.
		In 1902, British physician Archibald Garrod, on the advice of his colleague, Bateson, demonstrated that alkaptonuria is inherited according to Mendelian rules and involves a rare recessive mutation.
	www.genome.gov /Pages/Education/Kit/main.cfm?pageid=22 (262 words)

	NEJM -- Archibald Garrod and the Individuality of Man
		Since this article has no abstract, we have provided an extract of the first 100 words of the full text and any section headings.
		Bearn's biography of Archibald E. Garrod is a joy to read.
		Garrod was of the right genetic stuff to make the scientific
	content.nejm.org /cgi/content/extract/330/8/581-a (128 words)

	Metabolic Pathways
		In 1902 Sir Archibald Garrod became interested in a disorder called Alkaptonuria =
		Garrod knew that the thing lacking in people with alkaptonuria was..
		But Garrod's work didn't get the attention it deserved because...
	www.msu.edu /~gagep/humgen/docs/metabolic_paths_sp2000.htm (393 words)

	Human Diseases and Conditions - Men-Os
		The Special Olympics were founded in 1968 to provide children and adults with mental retardation continuing opportunities to train and compete in athletic events.
		Nearly 100 years ago, a British scientist named Archibald Garrod suggested that people actually could inherit genetic (je-NE-tik) information that causes problems with the body's metabolism.
		A gene is the unit of heredity that carries physical characteristics from parent to child.
	www.humanillnesses.com /original/Men-Os/index.html (774 words)

	Review, buy Genetics: Pattern Recognition in Bioinformatics: International Workshop, PRIB 2006, Hong Kong, China, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		But the book also gives a fascinating account of thelife of a talented professional family and a perspective on the practice of medicine and on medical education at the turn of the century.
		Archibald Garrod is chiefly remembered as the originator of the concept of inborn metabolic error, an idea which grew from his studies of families with diseaseswhose biochemical basis he was able to identify.
		But toconcentrate on the concept of inborn errors is to overlook what has in time turned out to be Garrod's greatest achievement, for it was he who first saw that genetics, biochemistry, and medicine are fundamentally linked.
	booksall.net /genetics/53.html (3355 words)

	Nosology versus pathology, two approaches to rheumatic diseases illustrated by Alfred Baring Garrod and Jean-Martin ...
		Baring Garrod in London and anatomopathology in the case of
		Like Archibald Garrod, Charcot's son was also influenced by
		Archibald Garrod and the individuality of man. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.
	rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/40/4/467 (3155 words)

	[No title]
		The Connection between Genes and Proteins The study of metabolic defects provided evidence that genes specify proteins: science as a process Archibald Garrod was the first to propose the relationship between genes and proteins (1909).
		As a physician, Garrod was familiar with inherited diseases which he called "inborn errors in metabolism." He hypothesized that such diseases reflect the patient's inability to make particular enzymes.
		Garrod reasoned that alkaptonurics, unlike normal individuals, lack the enzyme that breaks down alkapton.
	sunny.moorparkcollege.edu /~lmiller/GenetoProtein.doc (7129 words)

	Archibald Garrod - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Handbook of Medical Pathology, for the Use of Students in the Museum of St Bartholomew's Hospital (1894), with Sir W.P. Herringham and W.J. Gow
		A Treatise on Cholelithiasis, Bernhard Naunyn, translated by Garrod (London, 1896)
		Clinical Diagnosis, Rudolf Von Jaksch, edited by Garrod (London, 5th ed., 1905)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Archibald_Garrod (868 words)

	Amazon.com: Archibald Garrod and the Individuality of Man: Books: Alexander G. Bearn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Archibald Garrod is chiefly remembered as the originator of the concept of inborn metabolic error, an idea which grew from his studies of families with diseases
		He was widely recognized for this achievement in his own lifetime and held a respected position in the medical establishment, a position accorded to him on the basis of his scientific achievement rather than for any great clinical skill.
		concentrate on the concept of inborn errors is to overlook what has in time turned out to be Garrod's greatest achievement, for it was he who first saw that genetics, biochemistry, and medicine are fundamentally linked.
	www.amazon.com /Archibald-Garrod-Individuality-Alexander-Bearn/dp/0192621459 (863 words)

	Reviews and Notes: History of Medicine: Archibald Garrod and the Individuality of Man -- Golden 120 (9): 816 -- Annals ...
		Reviews and Notes: History of Medicine: Archibald Garrod and the Individuality of Man -- Golden 120 (9): 816 -- Annals of Internal Medicine
		Reviews and Notes: History of Medicine: Archibald Garrod and the Individuality of Man
		of Garrod, "the father of biochemical genetics," and a welcome
	www.annals.org /cgi/content/full/120/9/816-c (263 words)

	Convocation Address
		In the first years of the 1900’s, Garrod had invented the term inborn errors of metabolism for some rare genetic disorders.
		In 1931, Garrod generalized his ideas of chemical individuality to suggest that each of us is unique in our chemical constitution and that these differences determine our susceptibility or resistance to common disorders such as infections, heart disease, diabetes, mental illness and cancers, as well as our responses to drugs.
		Largely as an extension of Garrod’s thinking, Barton Childs developed what he called a logic of medicine, defining logic as a statement of the formal principles of a branch of knowledge.
	www.hopkinsmedicine.org /geneticmedicine/images/McGill.html (1251 words)

	Inborn error of metabolism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The term inborn error of metabolism was coined by a British physician, Archibald Garrod (1857-1936), in the early 20th century.
		He is known for the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis, which arose from his studies on the nature and inheritance of alkaptonuria.
		Information on Cystinuria, one of Dr. Archibald Garrod's original Inborn Errors of Metabolism, can be found at the International Cystinuria Foundationhomepage.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Inborn_error_of_metabolism (731 words)

	Protein Synthesis
		Archibald Garrod, in 1902, first proposed the relationship through his study of alkaptonuria and its association with large quantities "alkapton".
		Garrod suspected a blockage of the pathway to break this chemical down, and proposed that condition as "an inborn error of metabolism".
		George Beadle and Edward Tatum during the late 1930s and early 1940s established the connection Garrod suspected between genes and metabolism.
	www.emc.maricopa.edu /faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPROTSYn.html (2154 words)

	Chapter 14: Gene Activity: How Genes Work (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		English physician Sir Archibald Garrod introduced phrase inborn error of metabolism.
		Garrod said inherited defects could be caused by the lack of a particular enzyme.
		Knowing that enzymes are proteins, Garrod suggested link between genes and proteins.
	www.sirinet.net /~jgjohnso/apbio14.html (1617 words)

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