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Topic: Archibald Scott Couper

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	Archibald Scott Couper Summary
		Archibald Scott Couper was born on March 31, 1831, at Kirkintilloch in Dumbartonshire, Scotland, the son of a prosperous cotton weaver.
		Couper also introduced the use of a line to indicate the valence linkage between two atoms and, had he used 16 rather than eight for the atomic weight of oxygen, his chemical formulas would have been almost identical with those used today.
		Archibald Scott Couper (March 31, 1831, Kirkintilloch, East Dunbartonshire, Scotland—March 11, 1892, Kirkintilloch) was the author of "On a New Chemical Theory", Philosophical Magazine 16, 104-116 (1858) [as excerpted in Alembic Club Reprint #21, On a New Chemical Theory and Researches on Salicylic Acid [1]]
	www.bookrags.com /Archibald_Scott_Couper (1131 words)

	Archibald Scott Couper Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		The Scottish chemist Archibald Scott Couper (1831-1892) shares with Kekulé the distinction of recognizing the tetravalency of carbon and the capacity of carbon atoms to combine to form chains, thereby providing the basis for structural organic chemistry.
		Couper's paper was, however, finally presented by Jean Baptiste Dumas to the academy on June 14, 1858, and published in the Comptes rendus; fuller versions were subsequently published in English and French.
		Couper also introduced the use of a line to indicate the valence linkage between two atoms and, had he used 16 rather than 8 for the atomic weight of oxygen, his chemical formulas would have been almost identical with those used today.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/archibald-scott-couper (539 words)

	Matter & Molecules: Faces—The Human Dimension
		Archibald Scott Couper in Paris in 1857 or 1858.
		What’s more, Couper was the first person to draw molecular structures using elemental symbols for atoms and with lines drawn between the atoms to indicate the bonds between them.
		Couper suffered a mental breakdown shortly after this turn of events and never worked as a chemist again.
	www.chemheritage.org /explore/matter-couper.html (253 words)

	Archibald Scott Couper and August Kekulé von Stradonitz
		Couper, in his paper—and in another paper on salicylic acid that appeared earlier in 1858—indicated valence bonds as straight lines linking the symbols for the elements, which is still the practice in most modern structural diagrams.
		Couper, who was a Scot educated in Glasgow, Edinburgh, Berlin, and Paris, came to chemistry from the study of philosophy and classical languages.
		Couper had entrusted his paper to Charles Adolphe Wurtz, in whose laboratory he worked in Paris, and Wurtz had procrastinated in giving it to an Academy member for presentation.
	www.chemheritage.org /classroom/chemach/chemsynthesis/couper-kekule.html (788 words)

	Valence
		A Scottish scientist named Archibald Scott Couper is about to let the world know about a discovery he has made, but another scientist has just beat him to press.
		Though Couper and Kekulé have both pioneered this idea, it would not have be a good idea to put these two in the same room together, thanks to a rivalry that will spring up between them.
		Archibald Scott Couper and August Kekulé von Stradonitz - biographical sketches, part of Chemical Achievers from the Chemical Heritage Foundation.
	www.pslc.ws /welcome/tour/rubber/aepisode/valence.htm (831 words)

	GO BRITANNIA! Scotland: Great Scots of Note
		Chemist Archibald Couper, born in Kirkintilloch, Dunbartonshire, is not as well known as German chemist August Kekule for the revolutionary theory of the tetravalency of carbon and the ability of carbon atoms to bond with one another.
		Couper worked out the theory independently, but an unfortunate delay in publishing the paper gave the credit to Kekule.
		Though he never received the credit due him, Couper was also the first to use formulas that pictured structural relationships of organic modules by continuous or dotted lines, thus putting chemists everywhere in his debt.
	britannia.com /celtic/scotland/greatscots/c2.html (2321 words)

	Chemical Bonding Concept/Skills Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Archibald Scott Couper(1831 - 1892) In 1856, Couper began research on the bromination of benzene at the laboratory of Charles Wurtz in Paris.
		Couper, after complaining to Wurtz about the delay in presenting his paper, was dismissed from the lab and returned to his native Scotland.
		Couper represented these links with lines and in 1858 introduced the first "ring formula" to organic chemistry.
	www.okstate.edu /jgelder/bondpage37.html (742 words)

	Nomenclature, symbols, and structural diagrams
		Friedrich August Kekule and Archibald Scott Couper recognize that carbon atoms have the ability to link to one another in chains.
		Archibald Scott Couper uses straight lines to indicate valence bonds in organic compounds, as is still the practice in most modern structural diagrams.
		Congress is held at Karlsruhe Technische Hochschule to discuss the feasibility of establishing a systematic and rational nomenclature for chemistry.
	www.libsci.sc.edu /bob/chemnet/NOMEN.HTM (707 words)

	Archibald Scott Couper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz claimed to have solved the structure of Benzene in a dream.
		Couper studied at the universities of Glasgow, Edinburgh and Paris.
		Archibald Scott Couper On a New Chemical Theory
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Archibald_Scott_Couper (199 words)

	Archibald Scott Couper and August Kekule von Stradonitz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Couper was a Scot who was educated in Glasgow, Edinburgh, Berlin and Paris.
		Couper began with the study of classical languages and philosophy.
		Couper had given his important paper to Charles Adolphe Wurtz (another famous organic chemistry) for presentation at the French Academy.
	www.brynmawr.edu /Acads/Chem/mnerzsto/couper-stradonitz.htm (533 words)

	[No title]
		His most impressive depiction was glucose, shown on the right, which is essentially the same as today's version except that the number of oxygen atoms is doubled (he used the wrong atomic weight for O).
		Sadly for Couper, it was not he, but Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz, who achieved immortal fame as the pathfinder.
		Couper submitted his work for publication, bu it sat for a month on Adolph Wurst's desk under a pile of paper, at which point Kekule's work on the same theme was published.
	www.brown.edu /Courses/UC14 (2861 words)

	Alumni (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Dr. Alfred Bader, renowned chemist, art collector and benefactor visited the Department on September 11, as part of the 95th Anniversary Celebration of the St. Louis Section of the American Chemical Society.
		He spoke on: "Richard Anshutz, Archibald Scott Couper and Josef Loschmidt: A Detective at Work".
		He provided evidence that Couper was the first person to describe the tetravalency of carbon, and not Kekule' and also that Loschmidt, best known for his calculation of Avagadro's Number, was the first to describe the cyclic structure of benzene and made innumerable contributions to chemistry prior to turning his attention to physics.
	www.umsl.edu /~chem/news/bader.htm (392 words)

	americanchemistry.com : molecular structure
		While John Dalton had distinguished compounds on the basis of their molecular composition, the existence of isomers—compounds with identical formulae but different properties—led to the idea of molecular structure.
		This idea originated with Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig (1803—1873) and was developed and articulated independently by Archibald Scott Couper (1831—1892) and August Kekulé von Stradonitz (1829—1896).
		Central to Couper’s and Kekulé’s ideas was the concept of valence—that each kind of atom bonds to a specific number of other atoms.
	www.americanchemistry.com /s_acc/sec_directory.asp?CID=1052&DID=4070 (192 words)

	The Scientist : We Need To See And Teach Science's Historical Context
		The air pump and the mercury barometer, for example, go back to Galileo's interest in the problems of miners, specifically their inability to pump water higher than 32 feet.
		The structural theory of organic chemistry, which led to the assignment of a unique formula to each of the millions of carbon compounds, owes its origin to August Kekul‚ who brought perspectives from architecture, and Archibald Scott Couper, a student of classical languages.
		The need to put scientific achievements in their social and historical contexts is beginning to be recognized.
	www.the-scientist.com /article/display/10480 (642 words)

	Amazon.com: "Archibald Scott Couper": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This confusion was dispelled largely through the work of Archibald Scott Couper, Friedrich August Kekul, Joseph Loschmidt, Alexander M. Butlerov, and Alexander Crum Brown.
		The Scottish chemist Archibald Scott Couper proposed the idea of a carbon chain independently of Kekul, and more explicitly, in 1858.
		TIMInG IS EVERYTHInG Archibald Scott Couper (1831-1892) began work in Charles-Adolphe Wurtz's (1817-1884) laboratory, where he immediately synthesized two new carbon compounds.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Archibald-Scott-Couper (483 words)

	MSU Chemistry - Gallery of Chemists' Photo-Portraits and Mini-Biographies - Individual
		Kekulé's name is intimately associated with the structural theory of organic chemistry.
		In 1858, simultaneously with Archibald Scott Couper, he proposed the tetravalence of carbon and the linking of carbon atoms in chains to rationalize the structures of aliphatic compounds.
		These ideas were extended in 1865 to ring formation and the hexagonal structure of benzene, for which he is most famous.
	www.chemistry.msu.edu /Portraits/PortraitsHH_Detail.asp?HH_LName=Kekule (95 words)

	The Vanguard, March 2005
		This chemist discovered the tetravalency of carbon and the ability of carbon atoms to bond with one another to form long chains, which concepts are fundamental to modern organic chemistry.
		Couper's efforts were not forwarded in a timely fashion, and August Kekulé published the same, although independently derived, idea of tetravalence first, thereby depriving Couper of his due fame.
		Archibald Scott Couper's father was in the business of textiles.
	www.hightowertrail.com /VanguardMar05.htm (16685 words)

	Benzene and Cations: A Perfect Match?
		Many structures were proposed, but none withstood the scrutiny of experimental evidence.
		For example, the Scottish chemist Archibald Scott Couper (1831-1892) and the German chemist Josef Loschmidt (1821-1895) both proposed the structure shown below; however, neither chemist could provide empirical support.
		It was not until 1865 when a young German by the name of Friedrich August Kekule (1829-1896) devised the hexagonal structure which we all know and love today.
	www.phc.vcu.edu /Feature/oldfeature/benzene/index.html (1634 words)

	timelinescience - 1851 to 1900
		The British biologists Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace contact the Linnean Society with their ideas on evolution.
		The Scottish chemist Archibald Scott Couper introduces the idea of bonds between atoms in chemistry.
		He is also the first person to recognise that carbon atoms form the backbone of organic compounds.
	www.timelinescience.org /years/1900.htm (2045 words)

	colin archibald - ResearchIndex document query (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		to locality analysis was first proposed by Archibald et al.
		Archibald Michiels wrote his Ph.D. thesis (1982) on LDOCE
		Food Manufacturing case study described by Archibald et al.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /cis?q=Colin+Archibald (528 words)

	Find in a Library: On a new chemical theory, and Researches on salicylic acid; papers by Archibald Scott Couper (1858).
		Find in a Library: On a new chemical theory, and Researches on salicylic acid; papers by Archibald Scott Couper (1858).
		On a new chemical theory, and Researches on salicylic acid; papers by Archibald Scott Couper (1858).
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	www.worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/34867e1dc67bf8f2.html (99 words)

	FRIEDRICH AUGUST KEKUL É
		This concept, if I may modestly say so, laid the basis for structural chemistry.
		I should also mention that Archibald Scott Couper came to the same conclusion as I concerning the tetravalency of carbon.
		It seems that I got most of the fame but he was undoubtedly very insightful about this.
	www.woodrow.org /teachers/chemistry/institutes/1992/Kekule.html (2259 words)

	One-Wedge Convention for Stereochemical Representation*
		Establishing a convention for stereochemical representation has become an urgent issue in recent years with the development of chemical information technology, particularly chemical structure database [1].
		In 1858, Archibald Scott Couper [2] drew the first structural formula.
		In the following year, August Kekulé found that the atom carbon is quadrivalent, and he also set up the basic principle of structural determination.
	www.mdpi.org /molecules/wedge (3919 words)

	American Chemical Sociaty - Columbus Section - Meetings - 2004 Sep Mini-Meeting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Members of the Division of Small Chemical Businesses should be especially interested in this topic.
		Finally, on Friday, October 15, 2004 at 4:20 PM at the Fawcett Center, Bader will present "Richard Anschutz, Archibald Scott Couper, and Josef Loschmidt: A Detective at Work".
		This talk will explore the sorting out of truth from fiction in crediting the discovery of the structure of benzene.
	membership.acs.org /c/colu/2004octmeeting.htm (505 words)

	Molecular Structure
		He began with the suggestion that carbon had a valence of 4 and proceeded, in 1858, to work out the structure of simpler organic molecules and radicals on that basis.
		The concept could be visualized after a Scottish chemist, Archibald Scott Couper (1831-1892), suggested that these combining forces between atoms (bonds, as they are usually called) be pictured in the form of small dashes.
		In this way, organic molecules could be built up like so many "Tinker-toy" structures.
	www.3rd1000.com /history/molecule.htm (4441 words)

	[No title]
		ความล่าช้าของ Wurtz ทำให้ Couper ผู้ศิษย์เดือดดาลมาก จึงกล่าวบริภาษอาจารย์ ซึ่งมีผลทำให้ถูกไล่ออกจากมหาวิทยาลัย จึงเดินทางกลับไปทำงานที่มหาวิทยาลัย Edinburgh และความผิดหวังเรื่องนี้ ทำให้ Couper กลายเป็นคนวิกลจริต ต้องให้มารดาเลี้ยงดู จนเสียชีวิตที่เมือง Kiskintilloch, ซึ่งอยู่ใกล้ Glasgow
		ผลงานหนึ่งของ Couper ที่ยังปรากฏอยู่จนทุกวันนี้ คือ การใช้เครื่องหมายขีดแทนพันธเคมี เช่น H - O - H
		ณ วันนี้โลกรู้จัก Couper เพราะ Richard Anschutz ผู้เป็นศิษย์ของ Kekule ได้ใช้วิธีของ Couper ในการประยุกต์กรด salicylic และได้เรียบเรียงหนังสือเกี่ยวกับชีวประวัติของอาจารย์ และเขาก็ได้พบอีกว่า ในปี 2404 Joseph Loschmidt นักเคมีชาวออสเตรียได้เขียนหนังสือเล่มหนึ่งชื่อ Chemische Studien ซึ่งหนังสือเล่มนั้น มีโครงสร้างเคมีของสารประกอบ 368 ชนิด และหนึ่งในบรรดาโครงสร้างเหล่านี้ มีโครงสร้างของวงแหวนของ benzene ด้วย
	www.sudipan.net /phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=25779 (466 words)

	The Catalyst, the Department of Chemistry's Weekly Newsletter
		Akio Murai, Eli Lilly Lecturer, Hokkaido University, "Total Syntheses and Biomimetic Construction of Marine Natural Products" MCBD Biology Seminar, Thursday, May 7, 4:30 PM, 1180 Postle Hall, Dr. Matthew Scott, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Standford, "Hedgehog/Patched Signaling in Animal Development and Disease".
		Friday, May 8, The Meek Lecture, 3:30 p.m., 1008 Evans, "Richard Anshtz, Archibald Scott Couper and Josef Loschmidt: A Detective at Work".
		FROM THE SAFETY COMMITTEE Don't forget that hoses to roto-evaporators, condensers, etc. should be secured with clamps or wire.
	www.chemistry.ohio-state.edu /Catalyst/050398.html (344 words)

	UGA Today
		Noted chemist Alfred Bader to deliver two lectures at UGA -- Alfred Bader, founder of what is now one of the largest chemical companies in the world, will present two free lectures at the University of Georgia on Friday, Oct. 8.
		Faculty, staff and students may attend the sessions free.
		Lecture: Richard Auschutz, Archibald Scott Couper and Josef Loschmidt: A Detective at Work.
	www.uga.edu /news/UGAToday/1999/991008/frontpage.html (1451 words)

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