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Topic: Archosaur

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	Archosaur evolution
		The archosaurs ('ruling reptiles') were the direct ancestors of the dinosaurs.
		The evolution of the archosaurs is a very significant event in the history of life on land, since they not only led to the evolution of dinosaurs and birds, but also to the pterosaurs and crocodiles.
		It has been suggested that the evolution of the dinosaurs from archosaurs was related to changes in the way the beasts moved, from a sprawling walk similar to lizards, to a semi-erect posture as in modern crocodiles, to the fully erect stance of the dinosaurs.
	palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk /communication/boulton/archosaur.html (0 words)

	Archosaur - Monstropedia - the largest encyclopedia about monsters
		There are two major groups under the archosaur group’ the Ornithodira that had a small part during the middle triassic era, but in the later eras ruled as the dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and the crurotarsi which were the dominant group at this time.
		Most of the large crurotarsi archosaurs are known as thecodonts, fell into extincting about 195 million years ago, leaving the pterosaurs as the survivors of this earliest group along with the ornithdodiras, the first sphenosuchias, and [[protosuchia]s as their descendents among the crocodilia to flourish in the jurassic and cretaceous periods.
		The only archosaurs that were able to survive through the extinction were, present day birds and modern crocodylia, including aligators.
	www.monstropedia.org /index.php?title=Archosaur (272 words)

	Archosaur - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Archosaurs (Greek for "ruling reptiles") are a group of diapsid reptiles that first evolved from Archosauriform ancestors during the Olenekian (Lower Triassic).
		Archosaurs are set apart by having socketed teeth (a feature that inspired the traditional name, "thecodonts", for the Triassic forms) and four-chambered hearts, among other characteristics.
		The only groups of archosaurs to continue through to the Tertiary, and ultimately to the present day, are the birds, which are descended from the dinosaurs, and crocodylians, which include all modern crocodiles, alligators, and gharials.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Archosaur (361 words)

	Archosaur
		Archosaurs (Greek for 'ruling lizards') are a group of diapsid reptiles that is represented today by birds and crocodiles and which also included the dinosaurs.
		The ornothodires differed from other archosaurs in other ways: they were lightly-built and usually small, their necks were long and had an S-shaped curve, their skulls were much more lightly built, and many ornothodires were completely bipedal.
		If early archosaurs were completely cold-blooded and (as seems most likely) dinosaurs were at least fairly warm-blooded, dinosaurs would have had to evolve warm-blooded metabolisms in less than half the time it took for mammal-like reptiles to do the same.
	www.1bx.com /en/Archosauria.htm (1699 words)

	Archosaur - Japan
		Archosaurs (Greek for 'ruling lizards') are a group of diapsid reptiles that is represented today by birds and crocodiles and which also included the dinosaurs.
		The ornothodires differed from other archosaurs in other ways: they were lightly-built and usually small, their necks were long and had an S-shaped curve, their skulls were much more lightly built, and many ornothodires were completely bipedal.
		If early archosaurs were completely cold-blooded and (as seems most likely) dinosaurs were at least fairly warm-blooded, dinosaurs would have had to evolve warm-blooded metabolisms in less than half the time it took for mammal-like reptiles to do the same.
	archosaur.zdnet.co.za /zdnet/Archosaur (1880 words)

	Archosaur (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Archosaurs (Greek: "ruling reptiles") are a group of diapsid reptiles that first appeared on earth roughly 250 million years ago.
		They are set apart by having socketed teeth and four-chambered hearts, among other characteristics.
		Most archosaur groups became extinct in mass extinctions occurring 195 and 65 million years ago.
	www.wapipedia.com /wikipedia/mobiletopic.aspx?cur_title=Archosaur (158 words)

	Ancestral Gene Reconstruction and Synthesis of Ancient Rhodopsins in the Laboratory1 - Science - RedOrbit
		Despite its age, an ancestral archosaur pigment was successfully recreated in the lab, and showed interesting properties of its wavelength sensitivity that may have implications for the visual capabilities of the ancestral archosaurs in dim light.
		To confirm that the light-activated conformation of the ancestral archosaur rhodopsin was functionally active, a fluorescence assay was used to measure guanine-nucleotide uptake by the G protein transducin (Farrens and Khorana, 1995).
		These results indicate that the ancestral archosaur rhodopsin synthesized in the laboratory is able to activate the G protein transducin as bovine rhodopsin when assayed directly, and that its spectrum is slightly red-shifted from 500 nm, as are the rhodopsins of many birds.
	www.redorbit.com /news/science/47798/ancestral_gene_reconstruction_and_synthesis_of_ancient_rhodopsins_in_the/index.html (4882 words)

	Hairy Museum of Natural History » Triassic Archosaur was an Ancient Mariner
		Archosaurs first evolved as terrestrial and freshwater predators around 250 million years ago, but several lineages have expanded into the marine realm over the group’s long history.
		Crocodilians, for example, have made at least four different forays into the ocean, and one Jurassic group even went so far as to lose all their armor and modify their arms and legs into flippers.
		And archosaurs are still at it: a couple types hunt in today’s oceans as well.
	www.hmnh.org /archives/2006/04/16/triassic-archosaur-was-an-ancient-mariner (540 words)

	Contributions to Zoology
		However, relationships within the reptile clade remain controversial, due mainly to disagreement over the affinities of turtles with the remaining reptiles, which are all conventionally termed “diapsids” on the basis of their possession of two temporal fenestrae (Williston, 1917; Romer, 1966; Carroll, 1988; Benton, 1996).
		Both the anapsid and archosaur hypotheses therefore merit further consideration, especially in view of the new nuclear data proposed for a crocodile-turtle clade (Hedges and Poling, 1999).
		The evolution of the antorbital cavity of archosaurs: a study in soft-tissue reconstruction in the fossil record with an analysis of the function of pneumaticity.
	dpc.uba.uva.nl /ctz/vol70/nr01/art01 (9738 words)

	The Archosauria
		Other typical archosaurian characteristics include another opening in the lower jaw (the mandibular fenestra), a high narrow skull with a pointed snout, teeth set in sockets (called thecodont tooth implantation), and a modified ankle joint.
		The ancestral archosaurs probably originated some 250 million years or so ago, in the late Permian period.
		Their descendants (such as the dinosaurs) dominated the realm of the terrestrial vertebrates for a majority of the Mesozoic Era.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /diapsids/archosauria.html (0 words)

	Progress and future directions in archosaur phylogenetics Journal of Paleontology - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: )
		ARCHOSAURS, REPRESENTED today by birds and crocodylians, are only a minor fragment of the total scope of living and extinct biodiversity.
		The scientific study of archosaurs has seen a resurgence over the past three or four decades, driven by new discoveries, by new analytical techniques, and by a more sophisticated scientific philosophy centered as much on important questions as on the intrinsic allure of the animals themselves.
		Attention to phylogeny has characterized studies of archosaur historical biogeography (e.g., Wilson and Sereno, 1998; Sereno, 2000; Cracraft, 2001), functional evolution (e.g., Gatesy and Middleton, 1997; Carrano, 1998; Carrier and Farmer, 2000; Hutchinson, 2001a, 2001b), developmental biology (Larsson, 1998), and paleobiology (e.g., Varricchio et al., 1999; Homer et al., 1999; Erickson and Brochu, 2000).
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200111/ai_n8998309 (965 words)

	Herrerasaurus: Dinosaur or Archosaur?
		It is now recognized to be an archosaur ("ruling reptile"), a group of animals which included the crocodilians (alligators and crocodiles), pterosaurs, and dinosaurs.
		The archosaurs got their name because they were the dominant group of animals throughout the Mesozoic Era; only the crocodiles survived to our modern times.
		The pelvic structure was a hotly debated topic: was Herrerasaurus a theropod with a primitive pelvic structure, or an archosaur with a theropod-style skull?
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/paleontology/65747 (446 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 270.500 Archosauromorpha : Archosauria
		This left a large number of Triassic species in a paraphyletic group of basal archosaurs, the "Thecodontia." The thecodonts, in turn, were divided into three suborders -- essentially perceived as evolutionary grades on the way to the crocodiles: Proterosuchia (basal Archosauriformes), Pseudosuchia (Crurotarsi except Phytosauridae and Crocodylomorpha), and Parasuchia (Phytosauridae).
		During the 1970's and 1980's, two developments took place that made a fair mess of the old system and fractured the paleontological community: the advent of cladistic methods and the early anatomical and locomotor studies on the archosaur tarsus (ankle) by Krebs, Cruikshank, Chatterjee, and others.
		Considering the historical importance of the archosaur tarsus, we would be remiss if we failed to provide at least some information on the structures in question.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/270Archosauromorpha/270.500.html (1585 words)

	Progress and future directions in archosaur phylogenetics Journal of Paleontology - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: )
		ARCHOSAURS, REPRESENTED today by birds and crocodylians, are only a minor fragment of the total scope of living and extinct biodiversity.
		The scientific study of archosaurs has seen a resurgence over the past three or four decades, driven by new discoveries, by new analytical techniques, and by a more sophisticated scientific philosophy centered as much on important questions as on the intrinsic allure of the animals themselves.
		Crown-group Archosauria excludes a few animals previously classified as archosaurs that possessed what were thought to be the hallmark features of the group-- socketed teeth and an antorbital fenestra.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200111/ai_n8998309 (983 words)

	Professional Homepage of Leon Claessens (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Leon and a representative extant archosaur -- a young Alligator mississippiensis.
		Birds and crocodylians are the only living representatives of the Archosauria, a once-diverse group that includes dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and other fossil forms exhibiting an enormous range of anatomical diversity.
		Because crown-group archosaurs offer examples of highly specialized respiratory systems serving both cold-blooded (ectothermic) and warm-blooded (endothermic) metabolic physiologies, the clade presents an unparalleled opportunity to examine evolutionary pathways in respiratory design and function.
	www.holycross.edu /departments/biology/website/biofaculty/lclaessens.html (457 words)

	Archosaur - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Most early forms were carnivores, with narrow serrated meat-tearing teeth.
		Thus, whereas the Permian was dominated by synapsids, the Triassic came to be dominated by sauropsids.
		The dinosaurs dominated the land, the pterosaurs and later another archosaurian group, the birds, the air, and the crocodiles the rivers and swamps and even invading the seas (the Teleosaurs and Metriorhynchidae).
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Archosauria (361 words)

	'archosaur' tagged photos
		Prehistoric skeleton photos: An archosaur, postosuchus kirkpatrickii, was a large meat-eating reptile member of thecodont group of the late triassic period, 235-208 million years ago, before...
		Dinosaur skeleton: An archosaur, postosuchus kirkpatrickii, was a large meat-eating reptile member of thecodont group of the late triassic period, 235-208 million years ago, before the dinos...
		Dinosaur skeleton: An archosaur, postosuchus kirkpatrickii, was a large meat-eating reptile member of the codont group of the late triassic period, 235-208 million years ago, before the dino...
	www.smugmug.com /hack/feed.mg?Type=keyword&Data=archosaur&format=rss200 (194 words)

	Newswise \|
		In their journal paper, Sakmar and his colleagues report that archosaurs may have had a class of visual pigments that would support dim-light vision.
		Chang and her colleagues next took the inferred DNA sequence for archosaur rhodopsin and reconstructed a gene, which they then inserted into mammalian tissue cell cultures -- a standard method for producing rhodopsin in the lab.
		The final piece of evidence that the researchers had produced a functional rhodopsin was that the activated form of rhodopsin triggered the rest of the signal transduction cascade in the photoreceptor cell; in other words, it interacted with the "second messenger," the G protein transducin.
	www.newswise.com /articles/view/?id=DINOSAUR.RKU (782 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 270.400 Archosauromorpha : Archosauriformes
		They represent a "grab-bag" taxon for any archosaur that wasn't a crocodilian, a pterosaur, or a dinosaur.
		Conventionally, this is expressed in terms of a trend toward dinosaur-style locomotion: upright carriage with the legs held under the body and a simplified, hinge-like ankle joint.
		Until we have a better understanding of early archosaur locomotion from a mechanical perspective, the significance of the lumps and bumps on the archosaur tarsus are difficult to evaluate.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/270Archosauromorpha/270.400.html (3327 words)

	Ancient eye resurrected - dinosaurs - 28 September 2002 - New Scientist
		The archosaur protein works well in low light, suggesting that these creatures may have hunted at night.
		Archosaurs are an ancient line of reptiles that gave rise to the dinosaurs, as well as to vertebrates such as alligators and birds.
		Rather than try to extract the archosaur rhodopsin gene from fossils or amber, the researchers studied the DNA sequence of rhodopsin...
	www.newscientist.com /channel/life/dinosaurs/mg17523622.200 (277 words)

	BIRDS CAME FIRST
		Then, in the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous Period, the archosaurs were in turn replaced by the mammals.
		BCF theory selects a direct lineage from the time of that original archosaur through to the birds of today that contains the first archosaur with a four-chambered heart, the first with feathers, the first perching archosaur, the first glider, the first truly 'hot-blooded' archosaur and the first to fly.
		While the thecodonts were developing on the ground, the dino-birds remained in the trees and evolved hands and feet with sharp, hook-like claws and light bones.
	www.dinoruss.org /de_4/5c60bbe.htm (1371 words)

	Archosauria - EvoWiki
		Thus the author prefers a traditional definition of Archosauria, and follows the node-based definition advanced by Benton (1999), in which Archosauria is the common ancestor of [[Euparkeria]] and Avesuchia and all its descendants.
		Benton (1999) applied the new taxon Avesuchia to crown clade archosaurs to supplant the confusing migration of Archosauria to the crown as advanced by Gauthier (1986).
		Benton, M. and Clark, J. Archosaur phylogeny and the relationships of Crocodylia.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Archosaur (339 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Modern diapsids (lizards, snakes, crocodilians, birds) excrete uric acid, which can be excreted as a paste.
		Dinosaurs evolved from archosaurs with this hip arrangement.
		Archosaurs are mainly portrayed as land animals, but:
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Archosauria (1695 words)

	Ancestral Gene Reconstruction and Synthesis of Ancient Rhodopsins in the Laboratory -- Chang 43 (4): 500 -- Integrative ...
		an ancestral archosaur rhodopsin gene in the laboratory.
		The artificially-synthesized archosaur rhodopsin gene was placed into an expression vector, transiently transfected into monkey kidney cells (COS-1), and the expressed protein immunoaffinity purified.
		Western blot analysis of solubilized COS-1 cells transiently transfected with the synthetic archosaur rhodopsin gene (lane 1) and the synthetic bovine rhodopsin gene as a control (lane 2).
	icb.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/43/4/500 (3985 words)

	archosaur - Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The first known archosaurs appeared 242–227 million years ago during the Triassic Period.
		All early archosaurs possessed an ankle specialization that aided in upright posture, and most had long hindlegs and short forelimbs.
		Unlike the teeth of earlier reptiles, which were set in a shallow groove, the teeth of archosaurs were (and are) set in sockets.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1B1-355728.html (377 words)

	archosaur - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Archosaurs (Greek for 'ruling lizards') are a group of diapsid reptiles that first evolved from Archosauriform ancestors during the Olenekian (Lower Triassic Period).
		Recreating a Functional Ancestral Archosaur Visual Pigment -- Chang et...
		Molecular Biology and Evolution 19:1483-1489 (2002) © 2002 Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution Recreating a Functional Ancestral Archosaur Visual Pigment
	uk.encarta.msn.com /archosaur.html (109 words)

	Archosaurs Greek ruling reptiles are a species of... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		"Archosaurs" (Greek: "ruling reptiles") are a species of animal that first appeared on earth roughly 250 million years ago.
		Archosaurs then broke off into separate evolutionary branches about 220 million years ago.
		Most archosaurs became extinct in mass extinction events occurring 195 million years ago and 65 million years ago.
	www.geodatabase.de /Archosaur (135 words)

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