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Topic: Arcjet rocket

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	Rocket Thrust Equation and Launch Vehicles
		An important characteristic of the rocket nozzle is the existence of a throat.
		As the altitude of the rocket increases along its trajectory, the surrounding atmospheric pressure decreases and the thrust increases because of the increase in pressure thrust.
		By the rocket equation, assuming a specific impulse of 300 seconds, the fraction of the separated mass consumed by the propellant for the apogee maneuver is 46 percent from Cape Canaveral, 40 percent from Kourou, and 39 percent from the equator.
	www.aticourses.com /rocket_tutorial.htm (0 words)

	PowerPedia:Spacecraft propulsion - PESWiki
		A rocket engine is a reaction engine that can be used for spacecraft propulsion as well as terrestrial uses, such as missiles.
		Rockets emitting plasma can potentially carry out reactions inside a magnetic bottle and release the plasma via a magnetic nozzle, so that no solid matter need come in contact with the plasma.
		The speed ratio of a rocket nozzle is mostly determined by its area expansion ratio—the ratio of the area of the throat to the area at the exit, but details of the gas properties are also important.
	peswiki.com /index.php/PowerPedia:Spacecraft_propulsion (0 words)

	Arcjet rocket
		Arcjets are a form of electric propulsion, whereby an electrical discharge (arc) is created in a flow of propellant (typically hydrazine or ammonia).
		This imparts additional energy to the propellant, so that one can extract more work out of each kilogram of propellant, at the expense of increased power consumption and (usually) higher cost.
		Also, the thrust levels available from typically used arcjet engines are very low compared with chemical engines.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ar/Arcjet_rocket.html (71 words)

	Rocket engine at AllExperts
		Rocket engines take their reaction mass from one or more tanks and form it into a hypersonic jet, obtaining thrust in accordance with Newton's third law.
		The speed ratio of a rocket nozzle is mostly determined by its area expansion ratio—the ratio of the area of the throat to the area at the exit, but details of the gas properties are also important.
		Good rocket propellants require large quantities of hydrogen in the propellant, as this gives the highest exhaust speeds primarily due to the low molecular mass; but this is not the whole story.
	en.allexperts.com /e/r/ro/rocket_engine.htm (1500 words)

	Max Payload per Launch Dollar
		Suppose we have a rocket system that has a payload, P, a propellant mass, M, and a rocket ship with mass S. Some energy source delivers energy E to the propellant mass M. The propellant exhaust velocity is V. The objective is to find the best propellant exhaust velocity, V, to deliver the payload.
		The perfect rocket nozzle converts the random motions of a high pressure exhaust gas at the throat of the nozzle into low pressure gas with all the molecules moving in one direction, namely directly out the back of the nozzle.
		For a steam rocket operating at 1100 Kelvin and starting with liquid water propellant, calculations suggest that this E is of order 70% of the energy delivered by the heat source.
	www.neofuel.com /optimum/index-31dec98.html (3070 words)

	Reaction motor structure and method of construction - Patent 5442910
		Although the general configuration of the throat is similar to that of more conventional rockets, the arcjet thruster operates on the basis of an electrical arc heating incoming gases and thereby expanding the gases to such a degree that they leave the throat with a force which provides thrust.
		The body of the rocket throat is then formed around the skeleton of the throat form and the heat pipes by plasma spraying metal around the throat form and the heat pipes.
		The operation of the rocket throat is therefore not dependent upon the success of the construction of heat pipes which are built into it after construction of the throat.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5442910.html (2345 words)

	Arcjet rocket at AllExperts
		When the energy is available, arcjets are well suited to station keeping on orbit and can replace monopropellant rockets.
		In the future, (hydrogen-powered) advanced arcjet engines could replace conventional chemical jet engines, both in spacecraft and jet airplanes.
		Hydrogen simply turns into water upon combustion, and under the premise that hydrogen production will no longer rely on fossil fuels as an energy source in the future, a significant step towards protecting the environment could be made.
	en.allexperts.com /e/a/ar/arcjet_rocket.htm (342 words)

	Air Force fires new space propulsion system
		The lab's electric propulsion researchers are gathering data at three different Air Force ground station sites while controlling the arcjet's space demonstration from the Air Force's Space and Missile Systems Center's space experiment control facility at Kirtland AFB, N.M. The team examined data during and after the firing using a variety of onboard sensors.
		Arcjet propulsion is based on creating a directed plasma in space.
		A Delta II rocket launched the new space satellite propulsion experiment Feb. 23 from Vandenberg.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/argos-99g.html (386 words)

	Spacecraft propulsion - Engineering - a Wikia wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		All current spacecraft use chemical rocket engines (bipropellant or solid-fuel) for launch, though some (such as the Pegasus rocket and SpaceShipOne) have used air-breathing engines on their first stage.
		Most satellites have simple reliable chemical rockets (often monopropellant rockets) or resistojet rockets to keep their station, although some use momentum wheels for attitude control.
		The speed ratio of a rocket nozzle is mostly determined by its area expansion ratio—the ratio of the area of the throat to the area at the exit.
	engineering.wikia.com /wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion (3225 words)

	History and Development of the Rocket Engine
		Since a rocket must carry all its reaction mass with it, most of the first reaction mass goes towards accelerating reaction mass rather than payload.
		The speed ratio of a rocket nozzle is mostly determined by it's area expansion ratio- this is the ratio of the area of the throat to the area at the exit.
		Rockets can use ablative materials that erode in a controlled fashion, or very high temperature materials, such as graphite, ceramics or certain exotic metals.
	www.edinformatics.com /inventions_inventors/rocket_engine.htm (0 words)

	Atomic Rocket: Engine List
		If these figures result in disappointing rocket performance, in the name of science fiction you can tweak some of them and claim it was due to a technological advance.
		ArcJet: Hydrogen propellant is heated by an electrical arc.
		Similar to a gas core fission rocket, but the uranium plasma is confined in a fused quartz chamber.
	www.projectrho.com /rocket/rocket3c2.html (5751 words)

	[3.0] Advanced Space Rocket Propulsion Systems (2)
		The EIP drive is one of several different types of electric rocket engines, and in fact is not the first type to be used in space.
		In an arcjet, the propellant is heated by an electrical arc discharge, with the heated propellant blasting out the thruster nozzle.
		When a RORSAT was withdrawn from service, a booster rocket kicked its reactor section to a high orbit where it would remain for hundreds of years while its radioactive material decayed to safe levels.
	www.vectorsite.net /tarokt_3.html (4522 words)

	Rocket Engines Get Electric
		ESEX is also demonstrating that the scalability of electric propulsion systems, which enable a variety of space missions, is limited only by the amount of power available on the spacecraft.
		The arcjet has been fired four times as of mid-March for a total of more than 20 minutes, and by the completion of the ESEX experiment, will have fired for more that 150 minutes.
		Arcjet research technology has been under development at the Air Force Research Lab's Edwards facilities since the early 1980s.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/argos-99h.html (366 words)

	electric space propulsion
		Of these various types of electric propulsion, several are technologically mature enough to be used on spacecraft, including: the electron bombardment thruster (particularly the xenon ion thruster), the Hall effect thruster, the arcjet, the pulsed plasma thruster, and the resistojet.
		Goddard noted from his experiments with discharge tubes that while charged particles were accelerated to great velocities by the electric fields within the tube, the tube walls remained relatively cool.
		Between 1970 and 1990, EP research in the United States focused on mercury- and later xenon-propellant ion thrusters, hydrazine-propellant resistojets and arcjets, hydrogen-propellant arcjets and magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thrusters, Teflon-propellant pulsed plasma thrusters (PPTs) and argon-propellant MPD thrusters and Hall thrusters.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/E/electricprop.html (2307 words)

	Orbital Mission Design Using Low-Thrust Devices
		A detailed mission design is also included to highlight the concepts of low-thrust trajectories, and compared to a similar mission using conventional propulsion technologies.
		Early rockets were crude devices that were unpredictable, dangerous, and poorly understood.
		Arcjets use an electrical discharge, or “arc” that is generated between a cathode and an anode.
	ccar.colorado.edu /~nerem/zipfiles/altus (3781 words)

	Arcjet Thruster Experimental Facility at the United States Air Force Phillips Laboratory - Storming Media
		An overview of current and future arcjet thruster development is presented.
		The thrusters discussed are 10-30 kilowatts in power, use ammonia or hydrogen as propellant, and are either radiation cooled or regeneratively cooled.
		This is the only facility in the world developing and characterizing high power arcjets for the use in orbit transfer.
	www.stormingmedia.us /04/0479/A047914.html (174 words)

	Rocket Tutorial from ATI Space and Defense Technical Training Courses
		The thrust of the rocket is given by the theoretical
		Geostationary spacecraft typical of those built during the 1980s have solid propellant rocket motors for the apogee maneuver and liquid hydrazine thrusters for stationkeeping and attitude control.
		The savings in fuel can be used to increase the available payload mass, prolong the mission life, or reduce the mass of the spacecraft.
	www.aticourses.com /news/rocket_tutorial.htm (0 words)

	Specific impulse (Henry Spencer)
		If you look at the rocket physics and ignore losses etc., such a specific impulse is just the velocity of the exhaust jet.
		Electric rockets make sense only if the fuel consumption of the power source is less than that of the rocket engine.
		Any rocket which heats its exhaust to a constant temperature, independent of the exhaust's composition, will perform much better on hydrogen than on anything else.
	yarchive.net /space/rocket/specific_impulse.html (992 words)

	Spiral Technology - Aerospace Engineering Division (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The ESEX space technology demonstration serves as the main satellite propulsion for the DoD's 91-1 ARGOS spacecraft, launched Feb 23 1999 from Vandenberg AFB on a Delta II rocket.
		ESEX incorporates a 26 kilowatt ammonia arcjet thruster, power conditioning unit, command/control system, propellant feed system, diagnostic package, power source, thermal management system, and flight unit structure developed by TRW under an AFRL contract.
		Arcjet thrusters provide high specific impulse with low thrust while being very economic with the use and weight of propellants.
	www.spiraltechinc.com /projects/emerging.html (247 words)

	Ion Propulsion
		The electric or ion or plasma rocket turn the fuel into a plasma (ionized particles), and then uses electricity or ions to eject the fuel.
		Basically the Ion rocket uses electrodes to turn the fuel (usually cesium oriodide but other fuels can also be used) into negative or positive ions.
		It is this characteristic of ions that is used to propel a rocket.
	www.orionsarm.com /ships/ion.html (764 words)

	arcjet
		It then goes out the nozzle throat and is accelerated and expelled at reasonably high speed to create thrust.
		Arcjets can use electrical power from solar cells or batteries, and any of a variety propellants.
		Hydrazine is the most popular propellant, however, because it can also be used in a chemical engine on the same spacecraft to provide high thrust capability or to act as a backup to the arcjet.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/A/arcjet.html (180 words)

	PROPULSION AND COMBUSTION
		Porous walls are often used for the surfaces of rocket chambers and their experimental simulators.
		Arcjet thrusters are currently being used as primary propulsion systems for station-keeping on low-Earth orbit satellites.
		Experiments are conducted on a 1-kW arcjet thruster using nitrogen/hydrogen-based propellants to evaluate a nonequilibrium arcjet plasma model.
	www.engr.uiuc.edu /communications/engineering_research/1997/aero/PROPULSION.html (879 words)

	geoff dickinsons prodject (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The three types of electric rocket propulsion are Electrostatic, Electrothermal, and Electromagnetic.
		The use of arcjets on the Telstar satellites extended the mission life by fifty percent and reduced launch weight to the point that they could be launched onboard ATLAS launch vehicles instead of a larger more expensive launch vehicle [8].
		Most of the arcjets in operation today are what is know as “Kilowatt-level” thrusters because they operate on about one kilowatt of electricity.
	ccar.colorado.edu /asen5050/projects/projects_2002/dickinson (2218 words)

	Faster than a speeding oven
		The microwave-powered thruster is more fuel efficient than the average existing chemical propulsion system and has the potential to reduce the amount of propellant needed by up to 50 percent.
		Third, the Microwave Arcjet Thruster is overall a more efficient device since satellite payload may be significantly increased due to reduced launch mass, also caused by the smaller amount of fuel required.
		Because of his work with the Microwave Arcjet Thruster, Micci was recently invited to apply for the 1997 Discover Magazine Awards for Technological Innovation.
	www.engr.psu.edu /NewsEvents/EPS/v13n2_1997spring/oven.htm (810 words)

	ESA - ESA Permanent Mission in Russia - Propulsion systems in Russia
		Since the earliest days of rocket development, Russia has been working on propulsion systems that could ensure that payloads are placed into highly accurate trajectories.
		NPO Energomash is more specialized in designing the engines for first and second stages of a launcher, yet, designing a small liquid propellant rocket engine with high specific impulse fuelled by environment-friendly fuel components is really on the agenda, and Energomash is coming up with RD-161 and its more advanced version, RD-161P.
		The latter is a peroxide-fuelled liquid-propellant rocket engine intended to prove feasibility of a relatively simple small-size recoverable motor to be fuelled by non-toxic, environment-friendly propellants, that could provide for essentially unlimited duration of space operation.
	www.esa.int /SPECIALS/ESA_Permanent_Mission_in_Russia/SEMWMLMKPZD_0.html (1151 words)

	Propulsion Sciences and Advanced Concepts Division - Spacecraft Branch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		ESEX incorporates a 26 kilowatt ammonia arcjet thruster, power conditioning unit, command/control system, propellant feed system, diagnostic package, power source, thermal management system, and flight unit structure developed by TRW under an AFRL contract.
		Arcjet thrusters provide high specific impulse with low thrust while being very economic with the use and weight of propellants.
		The lab is developing a space propulsion system based on solar thermal rocket technology which can double the capability of current orbit transfer systems.
	www.pr.afrl.af.mil /divisions/prs/prss/prss.html (0 words)

	AO-40 Orbit Maneuvers
		The idea here is obviously is to fully utilize the resource of the rocket to increase the weight of the payload and save on fuel that the satellite needs to take along to get to and maintain the final orbit for a long lifespan.
		Fuel consists of 196.7 kg MMH (monomethyl-hydrazine) and N2O4 (nitrogen-tetroxyide) for the 400 N (Newton) rocket motor and 51 kg of ammonia (NH3) for the arcjet.
		Depending on the obtainable ISP of the arcjet and the apogee reached by the firing of Ariane 5's second stage the apogee will be raised by the arcjet, through intermittent firings over a period of 270 days, to a range of 60,000 to 70,000 km.
	www.amsat.org /amsat/sats/ao40/maneuvers.html (0 words)

	Nubs R Us (outfitting a kestrel) [Archive] - TribalWar Forums
		This is a very flexible 'starter' setup which can get you through a lot of level 1 if not all of it.
		You have a booster, 3 missiles and then rockets in case you are still learning to keep your distance (and you better learn fast).
		In the coming days, i may play around with new power options and armor, but frankly at lvl 1-2 this is dominating on a Kestrel.
	www.tribalwar.com /forums/archive/t-438010.html (2363 words)

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