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Topic: Arctic Archipelago

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	The Arctic Archipelago
		The remains of the last ice age are seen in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in ice caps that occur on Baffin (Penny and Barns ice caps), Devon, Axel Heiberg (Franz Műller Ice Cap) and Ellesmere (Prince of Wales, Sydkapand and Agassiz and an unnamed ice cap).
		The bedrock geology of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago consist largely of a metamorphic Precambrian bedrock composed of mainly granite and gneiss and of a lower Paleozoic sedimentary rock composed of a major calcium carbonate complex (Dyke 1984, Edlund and Alt, 1989).
		Drawing on his experiences in Alaska, growing up in Greenland, and fieldwork in the Arctic Archipelago he stated that to the most northerly tribes (ones living in the Archipelago) the use of vegetable food is purely incidental and largely limited to the partly fermented and pre-digested content of the rumen of caribou and muskoxen.
	www.mun.ca /biology/delta/arcticf/aaintro/caaintro.htm (12693 words)

	Arctic Archipelago. The Columbia Gazetteer of North America. 2000
		Arctic Archipelago, group of more than 50 large isls., N.W.T., N Canada, in the Arctic Ocean.
		The S members of the group include Baffin (the archipelago’s largest isl.), Victoria, Banks, Prince of Wales, and Somerset isls.; N of Viscount Melville and Lancaster sounds are the Queen Elizabeth Isls., of which Ellesmere is the largest.
		After Greenland, the Archipelago is the world’s largest high-arctic land area.
	www.bartleby.com /69/29/A06429.html (122 words)

	Modern Bathymetric Data Base for the Arctic Workshop, Submitted Abstracts, Appendix 5
		The Arctic Ocean is the least known of all the ocean basins.
		SE PMGRE encourages the idea to compile the Arctic bathymetry digital data base as an important contribution to geological-geophysical study of the region and also in connection with the need to approach delimitation of the coastal states' shelf zones on the basis of unified cartographic approach.
		In general, the operation areas are the Arctic during the northern summer and the Antarctic during the austral summer.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /mgg/bathymetry/arctic/appendix3.HTML (3758 words)

	Weather in the Arctic - All Things Arctic
		The main climate constant in all Arctic areas is the extreme fluctuation of incoming solar radiation.
		The Arctic is a major source of very cold air that moves toward the equator, meeting with warmer air in the middle latitudes and causing rain and snow.
		In many Arctic and subarctic regions, the weather is controlled by semipermanent low pressure systems that are weakly developed in summer, but stronger in winter.
	www.allthingsarctic.com /weather/index.aspx (895 words)

	Canadian Arctic Archipelago - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The archipelago extends some 2 400 km longitudinally and 1 900 km from the mainland to Cape Columbia, the northernmost point on Ellesmere Island.
		It is bounded on the west by the Beaufort Sea; on the north by the Arctic Ocean; on the east by Greenland, Baffin Bay and Davis Strait; and on the south by Hudson Bay and the Canadian mainland.
		The climate of the islands is arctic, and the terrain consists of tundra except in mountainous areas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Canadian_Arctic_islands (396 words)

	CARC - Northern Perspectives (Volume 22, Number 4, Winter 1994-95)
		Canada's claim to sovereignty over the waters of the Arctic Archipelago stands or falls on whether the drawing of straight baselines enclosing the waters as internal waters can be justified in law and on whether the waters of the Northwest Passage constitute an international strait.
		In short, the preponderant view of legal authorities is that the waters of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago are properly enclosed by straight baselines and are the internal waters of Canada.
		The term "waters of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago" refers to the water between the islands of the archipelago and not to the waters in the open seas of the Beaufort Sea and the Arctic Ocean to the west or to the waters of Davis Strait and Baffin Bay to the east.
	www.carc.org /pubs/v22no4/loss.htm (5157 words)

	Jack's Arctic Page
		A territory of northern Canada including the Arctic Archipelago, islands in the northern Hudson Bay, and the mainland north of latitude 60° north and consists of 33% of all the land area in Canada.
		Summers in the Arctic Islands and along the continental coast are relatively cool (July average, 4.4› C/40› F) in contrast to the warm temperatures of the Mackenzie Valley and much of the mainland (July average, 15.6› C/60› F).
		Settlements on the Arctic coast and in the Arctic Islands receive most supplies in a summer supply visit by ships from the south, which are often escorted by icebreakers.
	www.croatianmall.com /lupic/arctic (2541 words)

	Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago - References
		MacInnes, K.I. and Cavers, P.B. Reproduction in Arctic populations of Pedicularis (Scrophulariaceae).
		Nordal, I., and Laane M.M. Cytology and reproduction in arctic Cochlearia.
		Schaffner, J.H. The occurrence of 3- and 4- angled branches in Equisetum arvense.
	www.mun.ca /biology/delta/arcticf/_ca/www/refs.htm (11463 words)

	Arctic Climate: A Primer
		The arctic climate is characterized by high spatial variability, and includes both polar maritime (influenced by the ocean) and continental (influenced by large land masses) climate subtypes.
		The main constant is that the climate in all arctic areas is affected by the extreme solar radiation conditions of high latitudes.
		For example, the amount of solar radiation received in summer along the Siberian arctic coast compares favorably, by virtue of the long period of daylight, with that in lower middle latitudes.
	nsidc.org /arcticmet/basics/arctic_climate.html (498 words)

	Arctic Archipelago — Infoplease.com
		The Arctic ocean - the last refuge of volatile organochlorines.
		Alaska's wild archipelago: everything that flies or swims along this coastal refuge depends on the sea's bounty to survive...
		The deep freeze: wildlife photographer Louise Murray hitches a ride on a Russian icebreaker and embarks on a rare trip north of the......
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0804597.html (280 words)

	Life in the Arctic labyrinth Natural History - Find Articles
		On a freezing September night, the ship was stopped and silent in shifting pack ice at the heart of Canada's Arctic Archipelago, the 550,000-square-mile labyrinth of islands, bays, sounds, gulfs, peninsulas, inlets, channels, and straits north of the North American mainland.
		The Arctic Archipelago is less studied than the remotest parts of Antarctica.
		The Arctic Ocean is the opposite: a sea shut in by the landmasses of Siberia, North America, and countless islands.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1134/is_n3_v107/ai_20485368 (905 words)

	[No title]
		There are a number of areas on the western islands of the Alexander Archipelago that appear to have escaped being overridden by glacial ice during the late Wisconsin.
		Recent studies from western Greenland (Willemse and Törnqvist, 1999) indicate that LOI organic carbon content values in arctic lakes are strongly correlated with the duration of ice cover, and therefore annual average temperature, suggesting colder conditions may have prevailed during the low LOI organic carbon phases.
		This indicates that river contribution to the Arctic Ocean and glacier contribution to the Arctic Ocean are intimately related to each other and to climate change, but determining the extent of the interplay of these variables will require further study.
	www.colorado.edu /INSTAAR/ArcticWS/data/pp.txt (16773 words)

	Seismic Arctic Earthquakes G.P. Avetisov.
		The picture of the earthquake focal distribution in the Arctic and their number turned out to be unexpected for the authors and caused an attempt made by D.I.Mushketov (1935) to explain it for the first time accounting them to intensive contemporary uplifting and subsiding.
		Summaries of the Arctic earthquakes are given in publications by B.Gutenberg and K.Richter with regard to the Earth¸s seismicity (1948; 1954), the latter presenting a catalogue and a map indicating magnitudes and precision of the location.
		A catalogue and a map of 281 Arctic earthquakes over the period of January 1955 to March 1964 was presented in the paper by L.Sykes (1965) published in the same year basing on the computer determinations and re-determinations of epicentral locations.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /mgg/avetisov/CHAP1.htm (4132 words)

	The Arctic: the ocean, sea ice, icebergs, and climate
		Much of the Arctic seasonal variation in ice cover can be found in the Bering Sea (mainly adjacent to the continents, and south to the Aleutian Islands), and in the Sea of Okhotsk, as far south as 42ºN, near Hokkaido, Japan.
		There is some evidence that the Arctic sea-ice cover has decreased about 6% during the last two decades, and that the mean ice thickness has decreased as well.
		The Arctic Basin receives a large amount of fresh water from the large rivers on the surrounding continents (mainly the MacKenzie in Canada and the Ob, the Yenisey and the Lena in Siberia), and during the short summer these freshwater sources spread out over large areas.
	www-das.uwyo.edu /~geerts/cwx/notes/chap17/arctic.html (1595 words)

	newarctic
		For instance, levels of cadmium and lead in the liver of Arctic char from a high mountain lake were comparable to those of fish from waters receiving metal-polluted industrial effluents.
		The research and training being conducted with Inuit in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago builds on two years of preliminary work, funded primarily through the Austrian Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, with much-needed support from the Polar Continental Shelf Project as well as the Northern Contaminants Program of Indian and Northern Affairs, Canada.
		The researchers hope that increased funding for the training and research activities in the Canadian Arctic can be expanded to include many more Inuit participants and communities within the Archipelago, as well as a broader geographic cross-section of Archipelago lake ecosystems and char populations.
	homepage.uibk.ac.at /~c71925/arctic.html (961 words)

	NOVA \| Arctic Passage \| Future of the Passage \| PBS
		In recent years, in the wake of scientific reports of rapid melting in the Arctic, some have taken to declaring that the fabled Northwest Passage, sought for centuries by mariners and merchants, will soon be open for shipping, shaving thousands of miles off trips that would otherwise have gone through the Panama Canal.
		To many Arctic experts, such claims are at best overstated—one said the CARC letter "takes the Canadian cake for exaggeration"—at worst irresponsible.
		One is the Northeast Passage, the one that hugs the northern coastline of Eurasia.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/arctic/passage.html (1358 words)

	Arctic Archipelago - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Arctic Archipelago, group of more than 50 large islands, Northwest Territories and Nunavut, N Canada, in the Arctic Ocean.
		Russia plans to build dumpsite on Arctic archipelago to store spent submarine fuel
		On thin ice ; Risking a chilling baptism in arctic waters, Doug Lansky pulls on his skates to explore the (mostly) frozen, surreal beauty of the 24,000-island archipelago around Stockholm
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-arcticar.html (250 words)

	The Catkin
		Salicaceae pertains to the shrubs and trees of the willow family of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
		The soil where the catkins grow is barely discernible on the tundra because of its cover by a constant layer of mosses and lichens, through which other herbaceous and shrubby plants grow like the catkins.
		All classes in the willow family are either shrubs or trees with alternate leaves, small greenish to yellowish flowers with the fruit capsule and with seeds.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/arctic_wildlife/102347 (413 words)

	Arctic Eco-Tours & Travel - Trips by JOURNEYS International
		The High Arctic Explorer is truly a voyage of adventure and discovery.
		Travel the northern coast of mainland Canada, challenging the vast expanses of sea ice as we sail through the Arctic Archipelago on...
		The remarkable islands of the Svalbard archipelago are part of Norway, lying far to the north of the Norwegian mainland and high above the Arctic Circle.
	www.journeys-intl.com /destinations/polar/arctic (879 words)

	[No title]
		The Russian Arctic is little explored, out-of-the-way place, and at moment is almost unknown to the tourists.
		As you embark upon this exciting and new Arctic Icebreaker Cruise, keep in mind that this is a unique expedition to a remote and very little explored part of the globe.
		Severnaya Zemlya is the vast Arctic Archipelago, and the Russian Hydrographic Expedition to the Arctic Ocean has discovered it at the beginning of the last century.
	www.yellowairplane.com /North_Pole_Arctic_Cruise_Vacation.html (2185 words)

	Arctic Cruise: North Spitsbergen Itinerary & Rates
		During this voyage, in the early Arctic summer, we focus on the spectacular fjords and islands of North Spitsbergen, which offer abundant bird life and the chance of encounters with Walruses, Reindeer, Ringed and Bearded Seals and with luck, Polar Bears.
		There is also a good chance of spotting opportunistic Arctic Foxes, patrolling the base of the cliffs in case a hapless chick falls from its nest, and Bearded Seals, who cruise this scenic fjord.
		Visitors interested in the history of Arctic exploration will want to walk to the anchoring mast used by Amundsen and Nobile in the airship Norge in 1926 and Nobile in the airship Italia in 1928 before their flights to the North Pole.
	www.travelvantage.com /arc_cr_nosi.html (1575 words)

	NATURE. Living Edens: Arctic Oasis. Eco Explorer \| PBS
		For all its snow and ice, Nunavut is not a land of unvarying flat whiteness.
		Thanks to the proximity of the Labrador Sea (an extension of the North Atlantic), temperatures may be a relatively warm -4° F at the southern end of Baffin Island.
		North of the Arctic Circle and well removed from warmer sea air, they may drop to -35° F on Quttinirpaaq Island.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/nature/arcticoasis/eco_explorer3.html (538 words)

	Human Activities in the Arctic Archipelago Marine Ecozone
		he waters of the Arctic Archipelago Ecozone wash the shores of three provinces and two territories.
		While it is common to think of the arctic in the context of European explorers, the Inuit have a rich and varied culture that well predates their involvement.
		Arctic Char and Greenland Halibut (turbot) support commercial fisheries in Baffin Bay.
	www.ec.gc.ca /soer-ree/English/Vignettes/Marine/aam/human.cfm (245 words)

	CBC News In Depth: Canada's Military
		Canada and the U.S. may disagree on the issue of whether the Arctic waters are internal, but the dispute rarely boils over.
		The government was clearly alarmed by the prospect of an environmental disaster should a tanker spill its contents in the sensitive area.
		Even though the Arctic waterway is frozen over most of the year, military subs are able to make the trip year-round by simply diving under the ice (and there are reports that many countries have secretly sent their subs through).
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/cdnmilitary/arctic.html (1921 words)

	Arctic Archipelago Marine Ecozone
		rom Greenland in the east to Alaska in the west, the Arctic Archipelago Ecozone has lured mariners for centuries.
		The hope that a northerly route could be found to the Orient attracted many of the earliest explorers to the Arctic.
		The islands form large parts of two arctic terrestrial ecozones -- the Arctic Cordillera and the Northern Arctic.
	www.ec.gc.ca /soer-ree/English/vignettes/Marine/aam/default.cfm (277 words)

	367. Memorandum From the Executive Secretary of the Department of State (Eliot) to the President's Assistant for ...
		There has been mounting public pressure in Canada for unilateral Canadian action to prevent Arctic damage and Prime Minister Trudeau has been successful in fending off demands for an assertion of sovereignty over the whole archipelago including the waters and ice between the islands which we consider to be high seas.
		The preventive legislation establishing such a zone would apply to all of the waters of the Arctic archipelago.
		We cannot accept the assertion of a Canadian claim that the Arctic waters are internal waters of Canada nor can we accept their other proposals.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e1/53180.htm (1317 words)

	Galapagos Travel - Arctic & North Atlantic Islands
		Though remote and sparsely populated today, many of the places we explore have been inhabited in the last 5000 years, and thousands of unique prehistoric and historic sites are a testimony to the thriving cultures of the past.
		There is also a good chance of spotting opportunistic Arctic Foxes, who patrol the base of the cliffs in case a hapless chick falls from its nest, and Bearded Seals, who cruise this scenic fjord.
		During the breeding season, the base of the cliffs is patrolled by Arctic Foxes and Polar Bears (especially females with young cubs).
	www.galapagostravel.com /arctic.htm (2421 words)

	Archaeology of the Tundra and Arctic Alaska
		In an area stretching along the coastline from Bristol Bay and the Alaska Peninsula, along the Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea coasts, northward around Alaska, and eastwards across the arctic all the way to Greenland, the coastline is ice-bound in winter and the terrain is generally treeless.
		Subsequently, it has been found throughout the Tundra and Arctic Zone that is characterized by coasts that are ice-bound in winter and treeless hinterland, from the Bering Sea side of the Alaska Peninsula, northward along the coast and throughout the Brooks Range, and eventually, along the Canadian Arctic coast and the Arctic Archipelago to Greenland.
		Some investigators feel that the Arctic Small Tool tradition marks the arrival of the ancestral Eskimo cultures while many others feel that, although there appears to be some technological continuity, the ancestral development of the historic Eskimo cultures took place in Siberia and the islands of the Bering Sea at a much later date.
	www.nps.gov /akso/akarc/arctic.htm (1327 words)

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