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Topic: Arctic climate

	Arctic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Arctic is mostly a vast, ice-covered ocean, surrounded by tree-less, frozen ground, that teems with life, including organisms living in the ice, fish and marine mammals, birds, land animals and human societies.
		The Arctic region is one of the last and most extensive continuous wilderness areas in the world and its significance in preserving biodiversity and genotypes is considerable.
		The Arctic is particularly susceptible to the abrasion of groundcover and to the disturbance of the rare reproduction places of the animals that are characteristic to the region.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arctic (1321 words)

	Arctic Climate: A Primer
		The arctic climate is characterized by high spatial variability, and includes both polar maritime (influenced by the ocean) and continental (influenced by large land masses) climate subtypes.
		The main constant is that the climate in all arctic areas is affected by the extreme solar radiation conditions of high latitudes.
		In many arctic and subarctic regions, the weather is controlled by semipermanent low pressure systems that are weakly developed in summer, but stronger in winter.
	nsidc.org /arcticmet/basics/arctic_climate.html (498 words)

	Ground Truth Investigations :: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, Statement by Dr. Robert W. Corell
		The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) is a four-year comprehensive scientific assessment that was established and charged at the Ministerial meeting of the Arctic Council in Barrow, Alaska in the fall of 2000.
		Future climate change could thus mean a potential decline in caribou and reindeer populations, threatening human nutrition and the cultural base of indigenous households and a way of life for those Arctic communities that have existed for as long as 9,000 years.
		Arctic people have historically altered their hunting and herding grounds and the species they pursue in response to changing conditions; however, they are increasingly indicating that the rapid rate of climate changes is limiting their capacities to adapt.
	www.groundtruthinvestigations.com /documents/climatechange.html (5026 words)

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		Climate change is already threatening our ways of life and poses everyday, practical questions, such as when and where to go hunting, and when and when not to travel.
		Alteration of the Arctic climate is very likely to affect the rest of the world through increased sea levels and increased warming of lower latitudes causing major economic and social disruption.
		Climate change of the magnitude projected by the ACIA requires urgent, timely, and concerted actions by all countries using both domestic and international law.
	www.arcticpeoples.org /Newsletter/Documents/FINALpreface160704.doc (635 words)

	Climate Change
		Arctic peoples are well adapted to their environment, and to using the plants and animals that are adapted to the cold northern weather.
		Much of the change in the Arctic is expected to be felt in warmer temperatures, and changes in the amount of rain and snow that fall in different places.
		A change in the arctic climate will also affect the climate in the rest of the world, because a lot of the world’s climate processes (wind and water currents) are driven by the difference in temperature between the Arctic and hotter parts of the world.
	www.arcticpeoples.org /KeyIssues/ClimateChange/Start.html (933 words)

	The Threat of Climate Change to Arctic Human Communities
		The Arctic is home to some of the world's most distinctive mammals, millions of migratory and resident birds, a rich ice-edge community, and some of the world's major fisheries.
		What happens to the Arctic and its human population concerns us all, for the response of the area and its people to climate change serves as an indicator for what may occur in other regions, and to the planet as a whole.
		Arctic sea ice, snow cover, tundra and permafrost are highly susceptible to even subtle variations in sunlight, surface temperature, and precipitation.
	archive.greenpeace.org /comms/97/arctic/library/region/people.html (3014 words)

	Climate experts respond to Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment report by the Arctic Council documents significant ecosystem response to surface temperature warming trends that occurred in some areas since the mid-19th century and in the last thirty years.
		Moreover, Arctic climate varies dramatically from one region to another, and over time in ways that cannot be accurately reproduced by climate models.
		Those examples demonstrate that Arctic climate has and will continue to exhibit intricate patterns not reliably reproduced by global climate simulations, thus underscoring their scientific incompleteness and need for advances in Arctic climate science, in measurements, theory and models.
	www.globalwarming.org /article.php?uid=845 (1235 words)

	CBC News Indepth: Climate Change (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		According to research cited by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2003, the Earth's average surface temperature has gone up about 0.6 C since the start of the 20th century.
		Climate change in those areas is expected to be close to three or four degrees in the winter months.
		The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment from 2004 predicts a reduction in habitat for reindeer, musk ox and caribou.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/climatechange (807 words)

	TCS: Tech Central Station - What Defines the Arctic? A Discussion of the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Indeed, Figure 3 shows an Arctic temperature anomaly (the difference of the temperature of a given year from the mean for the period of years used as a reference base) for 2002 now higher than 1.5ºC (2.7ºF) on the chart's scale, significantly larger than the value for 2002 in Figure 1.
		By simply choosing a different starting point on the curve within that time frame, the warming trend diminishes, a fact demonstrated by the authors themselves, as the increase in the pitch of their curve in Figure 1 for 1993-2002 is less steep than it is in Figure 3 for the same period.
		It reviews the important cautions noted in an earlier TCS discussion of the Arctic temperature record by George Taylor, who is a co-author of this article, on how linear trends need to be carefully estimated and weighted according to the time period considered.
	www.techcentralstation.com /122004F.html (1744 words)

	Report Sounds Alarm on Pace of Arctic Climate Change (washingtonpost.com)
		The most comprehensive international assessment of Arctic climate change has concluded that Earth's upper latitudes are experiencing unprecedented increases in temperature, glacial melting and weather pattern changes, with most of those changes attributable to the human generation of greenhouse gases from automobiles, power plants and other sources.
		The findings, which reflect four years of study, confirm earlier evidence that the Arctic is warming far more quickly than the earth overall, with temperature increases in some northern regions exceeding by tenfold the average 1 degree Fahrenheit increase experienced on Earth in the past 100 years.
		They can be expected to have even greater impact in the near future, the report predicts, in terms of agriculture, wildlife ranges for terrestrial and marine plants and animals, and global shoreline flooding because of increases in sea level caused by melting ice.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/articles/A12360-2004Oct30.html (918 words)

	Western Arctic Climate Change
		The coastal region of the western Arctic is especially sensitive climatically because it is near cryospheric boundaries and it is influenced by both extratropical and Arctic synoptic activity.
		Thermal cloud-radiative forcing and advective processes during winter and spring are proposed as factors contributing to the regional climate variations for the period 1965-1995.
		Stephens, G.L., 1991: Cloud radiation interaction and the earth's climate: Relevance to the climate of the Arctic.
	www.cmdl.noaa.gov /star/westernarctic.html (2128 words)

	Climate: The Arctic goes bush - (United Press International) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Jonathan Overpeck, director of the Institute for the Study of Planet Earth at the University of Arizona in Tucson, wrote in a 1997 paper that Arctic temperatures are now at levels higher than experienced in the past 400 years, or perhaps longer.
		In conjunction with rapid arctic warming from 1992 through 1996, it noted, a sustained outbreak of spruce bark beetles has caused over 2.3 million acres' worth of tree mortality in Alaska.
		Climate is a weekly series by UPI examining the potential impact of global climate change, by veteran environmental reporter Dan Whipple.
	www.washtimes.com /upi-breaking/20050107-065054-9208r.htm (965 words)

	The Dominion: Arctic Climate Change (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Scientists warn, “The Arctic is extremely vulnerable to observed and projected climate change and its impacts.
		The Arctic is now experiencing some of the most rapid and severe climate change on Earth.” The scientists pointed to the burning of fossil fuels as the primary cause of global warming that imperils the traditional northern way of life.
		The word Arctic means “land of the Great Bear.” Yet the northern warming endangers the predator at the top of the Arctic food chain, the polar bear.
	dominionpaper.ca /first_nations/2004/12/19/arctic_cli.html (1319 words)

	Climate Change and Arctic Sea Ice
		The Arctic's sea ice is home to a wide variety of wildlife, including polar bears, arctic foxes, seals, walruses, and whales, fish species such as Arctic cod and char, and sea birds such as guillemots, auks, and eiders.
		Although direct systematic observations of Arctic sea ice have only been available for a few decades, much longer term surrogate temperature records from the surrounding land masses, including ice cores, tree rings, and lake bed pollen samples, suggest that the Arctic land area is now warmer than it has been in at least 400 years.
		The Arctic marine food chain begins with ice algae that cling to the underside of the dark ice pack all winter and creates a dense mat under the ice with the end of the long darkness in spring.
	archive.greenpeace.org /climate/arctic99/reports/seaice3.html (4551 words)

	Arctic Climate Change
		This website is a portal to recent research related to Arctic climate and climate change at the Department of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Illinois.
		We provide Arctic temperature trends and changes of other primary surface variables (e.g., sea level pressure, precipitation, sea ice cover) archived in this climate summary, portions of which are published each year in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.
		Our work on the IPCC report is an extension to our recent work on the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment report and past work identifying a fingerprint of enhanced greenhouse warming in the Arctic (left).
	arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu (593 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Arctic heads into warmer future
		The Arctic is undergoing rapid and possibly irreversible change, according to a new report prepared for the eight nations which rim the region.
		The ACIA document recognises that average Arctic temperatures have risen at twice the rate seen elsewhere on the planet.
		As a consequence, the ACIA says, the current generation of Arctic young people is likely to receive a lifetime dose of ultraviolet radiation that is about 30% higher than any prior generation.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/3975805.stm (993 words)

	New Scientific Consensus: Arctic Is Warming Rapidly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		REYKJAVIK -- The Arctic is warming much more rapidly than previously known, at nearly twice the rate as the rest of the globe, and increasing greenhouse gases from human activities are projected to make it warmer still, according to an unprecedented four-year scientific study of the region conducted by an international team of 300 scientists.
		At least half the summer sea ice in the Arctic is projected to melt by the end of this century, along with a significant portion of the Greenland Ice Sheet, as the region is projected to warm an additional 4-7 C (7 to 13 F) by 2100.
		The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment was formally initiated in 2000 at the Ministerial Meeting of the Arctic Council at Point Barrow, Alaska as a joint project implemented by the Arctic Council’s Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) and Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) Working Groups, and the International Arctic Science Committee.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/11/041108213307.htm (857 words)

	JunkScience.com -- Polar Bear Scare on Thin Ice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The report's claim that increased manmade emissions of greenhouse gases are causing a rise in Arctic temperatures is debunked by the same graph, which indicates the near-surface Arctic air temperature was higher around 1940 than now, despite all the greenhouse gas emissions since.
		Though their own data indicate manmade greenhouse gas emissions and warmer temperatures don't seem to be a problem in the Arctic, the researchers nevertheless claimed these factors caused supposed 15 percent declines in both the average weight of adult polar bears and number of cubs born between 1981 and 1998 in the Hudson Bay region.
		The 1999 study in the science journal Arctic that first reported apparent problems among the Hudson Bay polar bears suggested they might be related to the earlier seasonal break-up of sea ice on western Hudson Bay — a phenomenon that seems to correlate with the 1970-present Arctic warm-up.
	www.junkscience.com /dec04/jsa200404.htm (634 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Climate 'threatens' Arctic lakes
		Groups of aquatic organisms in the Arctic show patterns of change over the last 150 years that are consistent with human-induced effects, they claim.
		Shifts in the Arctic are likely to be indicative of wider reaching changes around the world, it is claimed.
		The organisms the team were analysing are the bedrock of the aquatic food chain in Arctic lakes.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/4305931.stm (712 words)

	Welcome to ACIA
		An international project of the Arctic Council and the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), to evaluate and synthesize knowledge on climate variability, climate change, and increased ultraviolet radiation and their consequences.
		IASC is a non-governmental organization that facilitates cooperation in all aspects of arctic research in all countries engaged in arctic research and in all areas of the arctic region.
		The ACIA Policy Document was prepared by the Arctic Council and presented at the Fourth Arctic Council Ministerial Meeting, Reykjavik, 24 November 2004.
	www.acia.uaf.edu (181 words)

	Arctic Hunters, Food Supply, Affected by Climate Changes, Says Bowdoin College Expert
		The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) was compiled by an international group of 250 scientists.
		Her research in southern Baffin Island corroborated findings of other Arctic scientists that Inhuit hunters and communities already are feeling the effects of climatic changes.
		Her research will include study of earlier climate changes in the region and how indigenous communities may have adapted to those changes.
	www.collegenews.org /x3868.xml (476 words)

	Arctic Climatology and Meteorology Primer
		Arctic Climatology and Meteorology PRIMER for Newcomers to the North
		NSIDC's Arctic Climatology and Meteorology PRIMER for Newcomers to the North is a collection of interesting and informative meteorology and climate facts with particular emphasis on arctic phenomena.
		The Atlas was produced by the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia, and the National Snow and Ice Data Center.
	nsidc.org /arcticmet (272 words)

	RealClimate » The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
		In early November 2004 the results of the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) were published, a uniquely detailed regional study compiled by 300 scientists over 3 years.
		Only considering the time series of Arctic temperature, it is impossible to tell what the cause of the 1930s warming was, what the cause of the recent warming is, and whether both have the same cause or not.
		The Johannessen report that link recent arctic warming to GHG seems to be based on the assumtion that the positive phase of the NAO in the 90:s is caused by anthropogenic warming on the southern hemisphere.
	www.realclimate.org /index.php?p=22 (3706 words)

	CBS News \| Arctic Hit Hard By Climate Change \| December 14, 2004 13:47:53
		With "some of the most rapid and severe climate change on earth," the Arctic regions' melting contributed to sea levels rising globally by an average of about three inches in the past 20 years, the report said.
		This most comprehensive study of Arctic warming to date adds yet more impetus to the projections by many of the world's climate scientists that there will be a steady rise in global temperature as the result of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels and other sources.
		The areas of Arctic tundra would shrink to their smallest extent since 21,000 years ago when, humans began emerging from the last Ice Age.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/2004/12/14/tech/main661015.shtml (768 words)

	U.S. Newswire : Releases : "WWF: U.S. Senators Visit Arctic, Investigate Climate Change" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		John McCain, R-Ariz. and Hillary Clinton, D-N.Y., has visited the Arctic island of Svalbard to learn about the Arctic's changing climate and be briefed on the forthcoming Arctic Climate Impact Assessment.
		This international project of the Arctic Council and the International Arctic Science Committee will be released in November.
		It is the first comprehensive peer- reviewed scientific assessment of current and projected climate change in the Arctic.
	releases.usnewswire.com /GetRelease.asp?id=35104 (301 words)

	Arctic: UNEP.Net, the Environment Network
		Vital Arctic Graphics is a compilation of illustrations and case studies intended to describe the Arctic, the livelihoods of Arctic indigenous peoples and the future well-being of this region.
		This report is the product of six years of cooperation which began with the establishment of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) in 1991.
		The Arctic Council is a high-level intergovernmental forum that provides a mechanism to address the common concerns and challenges faced by the Arctic governments and the people of the Arctic.
	arctic.unep.net (378 words)

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