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Topic: Arcto Tertiary flora

	THE METASEQUOIA FLORA AND ITS PHYTOGEOGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE
		Four genera (Pinus and Larix, of the Pinaceae; Juniperus, of the Cupressaceae; and Taxus, of the Taxaceae) represented in the metasequoia flora are widespread in the Northern Hemisphere.
		The characteristics of the metasequoia flora and the distributional patterns exhibited by the gymnosperms growing in association with Metasequoia glyptostroboides have significant implications concerning phytogeography and the evolutionary history of the vegetation.
		The flora of any given region is never static; the metasequoia flora provides a sample of an ancient flora growing today in an area where it may have survived in situ and offers an example of the ecological conditions under which such a flora may have been able to survive and evolve.
	flora.huh.harvard.edu /china/Harvard_Papers/hu-shiu-ying1980.htm (12902 words)

	Iranica.com - FLORA ii. IN PERSIA
		In the south it adjoined a flora ranging from subtropical to tropical, with a high proportion of evergreen trees and shrubs, originating, as in the north, from the tropical Indo-Malesian flora.
		While purely tropical flora was mainly limited to the southern coast, the subtropical and temperate floras occured along the northern rim of the Tethys as far as central Europe.
		The Tertiary flora of Africa can be divided into two categories, the rain-forest flora of the Congo basin and the Paleo-African flora, which consists for the most part of xerophytic vegetation.
	www.iranica.com /newsite/articles/v10f1/v10f106b.html (3850 words)

	Natural Vegetation of
		In addition to the southern extensions of the northern coniferous forest flora there is also an extension of the Great Basin Desert flora, mostly from Utah.
		One is derived from the ancient Madro-Tertiary flora to the south, being naturally attuned to summer moisture and hot temperatures.
		The other is derived from the Arcto-Tertiary flora of the north, being naturally attuned to winter and early spring moisture and cool temperatures.
	southwest.library.arizona.edu /azso/body.1_div.4.html (5089 words)

	Tour 3
		Though presently narrowly endemic to a small area of central China, fossils are known from the Tertiary of Europe, Greenland and the United States as well as Asia.
		During the middle of the tertiary (30-40 mya), when the large epicontinental sea covered large portions of what is now Midwest North America, Magnolia fossils are found as far north as Wyoming.
		Unmistakable Tertiary fossils of the genus are known from the western U.S., Greenland, Iceland, and continental Europe.
	www.botany.wisc.edu /courses/botany_422/GreenhTour305.html (852 words)

	DISTRIBUTION OF - Online Information article about DISTRIBUTION OF (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Upper Cretaceous formations in America have yielded a copious flora of a warm-temperate climate from which it is evident that at least the generic types of numerous not closely related existing dicotyledonous trees had already come into existence.
		The Pliocene flora found refuges in favoured localities from which at its close the lowlands were restocked while the arctic plants were left behind on the mountains.
		Assuming that in its circumpolar origin the North Temperate flora was fairly homogeneous, it would meet in its centrifugal extension with a wide range of local conditions; these would favour the preservation of numerous species in some genera, their greater or less elimination in others.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /DIO_DRO/DISTRIBUTION_OF.html (6261 words)

	Bulletin No.37
		The flora has been considered to be homogeneous on the whole throughout and characterized by its richness in endemic families and endemic genera.
		Among the basic needs in trying to understand the flora and vegetation of an area are the scholarly works, the checklists, floras and florulas, that enumerate the plants and provide the means of identifying and characterizing them.
		Floras and florulas are also critical for an understanding of a region's biodiversity and are important for studying an area's ecology and plant geography.
	www.um.u-tokyo.ac.jp /publish_db/Bulletin/no37/no37001.html (916 words)

	Raunvísindastofnun Háskólans - University of Iceland, Science Institute: Leó ...
		Heer also studied a number of other fossil floras from the Arctic and from Britain, finding almost all of them to be either Miocene or Mesozoic.
		Gardner's conclusions on the age of South England floras were generally accepted very soon, but reactions to his other ideas were mixed.
		On the Miocene flora of the polar regions.
	www.raunvis.hi.is /~leo/abstraktar/Jokabs42b.html (592 words)

	FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA - Volume 1, Chapter 3
		Floras characteristic of the late Tertiary were in the cooler uplands during the Eocene, and they migrated into the lowland basins with the cooler climate later in the Cenozoic (D.I. Axelrod 1966).
		The flora apparently was deposited in an ecotone between a mixed conifer forest and a pinyon-juniper woodland scrub at 1200--1400 m elevation.
		Miocene pollen floras from the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains reflect an impoverished flora of Artemisia, Sarcobatus, Ephedra, Eriogonum (steppe, halophytic vegetation), Salix, Betulaceae, and riparian plants, and Abies, Juniperus, and Pinus on mountain slopes (E.B. Leopold and M.F. Denton 1987).
	hua.huh.harvard.edu /FNA/Volume/V01/Chapter03.shtml (0 words)

	IDRI Dendrological Atlas Project
		Essentially we are researching a northern woody flora, which, with the exception of a very few migratory members, are represented only in the tropics northward and basically known in a more or less unchanged form within the past sixty million years, the Tertiary period.
		Our research traces these "Arcto-Coenozoic" flora, with living members of the Arcto-Tertiary flora in time as the main survivors of the selection process and in space, down to the bordering tropical mountains.
		In the compound word "Arcto-Tertiary" the first part refers to the Northern Hemisphere (=Arctic, Arcto-), while the second part, "Tertiary," to the geological periods identified today as the last 62 million to the last one million year period of the Quaternary era, which includes Pleistocene and Holocene.
	www.interdendr.org /atlas.html (812 words)

	WELCOME -State Government of Baja California (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The vegetation of the peninsula of Baja California is conformed by a mixture of plants elements deriving from the geofloras of the Tertiary, which are denominated: Arcto-Tertiary, Neotropical- Tertiary and Madro-Tertiary.
		According to flora reports, the Baja California peninsula owns a flora that consists of 884 genres and 2,958 species, 22 species from these are endemic.
		In national parks will only be allowed the doing of activities related to the protection of its natural resources, the increase of its flora and fauna and, in general, with the preservation of ecosystems and their elements, as well as activities of investigation, recreation, tourism and ecologic education.
	www.bajacalifornia.gob.mx /english/Our_State/resourses/vegetation.jsp (0 words)

	California
		During the Tertiary (65 million to 1.6 million years ago) the area that is now California slowly changed from wet tropical conditions to a more arid environment (Axelrod 1977; Wilken 1993).
		Fossil plant remains tell us that 75 million years ago (near the beginning of the Tertiary), the westside California flora was composed of three major floral elements--the Neotropical-Tertiary Geoflora, the Arcto-Tertiary Geoflora, and the Madro-Tertiary Geoflora (Raven 1977; Raven and Axelrod 1978).
		Much of the California flora is specifically adapted to the state's Mediterranean climate, and many of the dominants in the plant communities are endemic.
	biology.usgs.gov /s+t/SNT/noframe/ca162.htm (0 words)

	[No title]
		The floras of the frost prone north and south are called the Arcto and Antarcto tertiary floras.
		The flora of the frost free regions is called the Tropical tertiary flora.
		The flora which developed in regions with a Mediterranean climate is called the Madro tertiary flora.
	www.csuchico.edu /~hjansen/pssc238/Chapter7.doc (1206 words)

	The Arctic as a peripheral area by Robert M.M. Crawford
		It would therefore follow from this assumption that in many amphi-Atlantic arctic regions much of the present day arctic flora is the result of recent immigration from more southerly latitudes, as may have been the case for many insect species (Buckland and Dugmore 1991).
		The present Arctic Flora will most probably have had a core area where it evolved originally in mountain ranges such as the Altai during the period of Cenozoic mountain uplift in north- eastern Asia (Yurtsev 1997).
		Nordhagen, R. Recent discoveries in the south Norwegian flora and their significance for the unnderstanding of the history of the Scandinavian mountain flora during and after the last glaciation.
	www.toyen.uio.no /panarctflora/papers/Arct_periph/arctic_periph.htm (7149 words)

	Miocene macroflora of the northern Ogallala group, northern Nebraska and southern South Dakota, The Journal of ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		REPORTS OF fossil plants from Tertiary strata of central North America are common (Stansbury, 1852; Cockerell, 1914; Berry, 1928; Elias,1932, 1942; Frye et al., 1956; Leonard,1958; Frye and Leonard, 1959; Thomasson, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1983, 1985, 1990; Thomasson et al., 1986; Leonard and Frye, 1978; Gabel, 1987; Gabel and Bich, 1988).
		Geographically, plant fossils have been reported from the Great Plains Tertiary strata (and especially the Ogallala Group) from Kansas and Nebraska (MacGinitie, 1962; Thomasson, 1977, 1979, 1985) to Texas and New Mexico (Leonard, 1958; Leonard and Frye, 1978) and are found throughout the geographic range of the Ogallala Group (Figure 1).
		MacGinitie (1962) demonstrated that the Valentine (Barstovian) flora had elements of deciduous hardwoods interpreted as growing on floodplains, as well as interfluves covered with pine-oak woodlands, and concluded that the grasslands of the Great Plains are a Pleistocene occurrence.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_199803/ai_n8795092/pg_14 (0 words)

	[No title]
		PALEOSUCCESSION The study of the relationships of ancient flora and fauna to their environment is paleoecology.
		At the beginning of the Cenozoic era (Tertiary period, 65 m.y.a.), most of present day North America and Europe was joined by land.
		The Early Tertiary Climate was probably warmer and the difference between summer and winter was less pronounced.
	www.cbu.edu /~esalgado/BIOL412/Ch21.doc (1993 words)

	Palearctic Encyclopedia Article @ Wooded.org (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea in southern Europe, north Africa, and western Asia are home to the Mediterranean basin ecoregions, which together constitute world's largest and most diverse mediterranean climate region of the world, with generally mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers.
		The middle altitude foothills of the Himalaya between about 2000-2500 m form the boundary between the Palearctic and Indomalaya ecoregions, and further east in eastern Asia, high mountain ranges form tongues of Palearctic flora and fauna in northern Myanmar and southern China.
		Isolated small outposts (sky islands) occur as far south as central Myanmar (on Mt. Victoria, 3050 m), northernmost Vietnam (on Fan Si Pan, 3140 m) and the high mountains of Taiwan.
	www.wooded.org /encyclopedia/Palearctic (0 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Palearctic
		The middle altitude foothills of the Himalaya between about 2000-2500 m form the boundary between the Palearctic and Indomalaya ecoregions, and further east in eastern Asia, high mountain ranges form tongues of Palearctic flora and fauna in northern Myanmar and southern China.
		Binomial name Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 The Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) is a species of bear that can reach weights of 130–700 kg (300–1500 pounds).
		This scheme includes these desert ecoregions in the palearctic ecozone; other biogeographers identify the ecozone boundary as the transition zone between the desert ecoregions and the Mediterranean basin ecoregions to the north, which places the deserts in the Afrotropic, while others place the boundary through the middle of the desert.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Palearctic (4017 words)

	act-p37
		The results of a study of macroscopic plant remains from the fossil flora of Wieliczka are presented on the basis of a revision of Prof.
		A taxon new to the Tertiary is Juniperus succinifera Zabłocki sp.
		The flora examined from Mokrany Nowe is sufficiently similar to that from Biała Podlaska to conclude that it represents the Mazovian Interglacial, the succession is of the Biała Podlaska or Komarno type.
	bobas.ib-pan.krakow.pl /Instytut/Wydaw/Acta_paleo/act-p37.htm (1149 words)

	Hotspots Revisited
		The subtropical island chains lying to the south of Japan support a flora and fauna different from the main Japanese Islands, including a large number of endemic plants and animals.
		Interestingly, though, the genera that are considered characteristic of the Japanese flora are rather poorly represented on Taiwan, with Japan's flora having come mostly from east-central China, Korea, and the islands and mainland to the north, whereas Taiwan's came from the Philippines (southern tip) and southeastern China.
		Japan's flora includes a number of rare, endemic plants that are well-known favorites in gardens both in Japan and in temperate areas worldwide.
	www.biodiversityscience.org /publications/hotspots/Japan.html (5362 words)

	EARTH EXPANSION
		Clossopteris and Cathaysian floras mingled in New Guinea, Sumatra, Thailand, China, and Turkey.
		Tertiary plate-motion models requiring large amounts of relative convergence along the Aleutian Trench are judged unworkable, as such reconstructions require that the Zodiac fan to have formed 1,000-3,000 km from the nearest landmass and separated from it by topographic barriers
		Mixtures of Gondwana and Cathaysian flora occur at several places along the southern side of the Tethys, for example in the Snow Mountains of West New Guinea.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/8098/EARTHEXP.htm (0 words)

	[No title]
		The role of the Republic flora in documenting the floristic evolution of the northern hemisphere.
		The significance of the Princeton chert permineralized flora to the Middle Eocene upland biota of the Okanogan Highlands.
		The conifer flora from the Eocene uplands at Republic, Washington.
	dartmouth.edu /~daghlian/paleo/bibliography/biblio95/95tertiary.html (0 words)

	Siskiyous Literature
		The conference included presentations on a broad spectrum of topics, including past and current research on regional flora and fauna, the botanical significance of the area, unique geological features, and historical changes influencing the integrity of the Siskiyou Mountain region, as well as the Klamath Mountain region.
		Detling, L. Relict Islands of Xeric Flora West of the Cascade Mountains in Oregon.
		They have persisted on the mountain summits because of the arid and relatively warm conditions of the shallow soil and exposed dark rocks, and the consequent freedom from competitions with the surrounding mesic forest types.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~bartj/siskiyous (0 words)

	[No title]
		With the exception of Taiwanese flora (Wang 1970), the floristic affinities of the Chinese moss flora await critical analysis.
		However, in general the moss flora of south China seems closely related to the paleotropical flora of Indo-Malasia.
		The moss flora of the north is closely allied with Arcto-Tertiary elements of North America and Japan.
	www.mobot.org /MOBOT/moss/China/chlist.html (1033 words)

	Distant Relatives « Terrain Magazine, Fall 2002 « Ecology Center
		He was aware that other groups of plants had a similar disjunct distribution: the Pacific yew, of Taxol fame, and the Torreya or California nutmeg, each with relatives in East Asia and in one river drainage in the Florida panhandle.
		Gray had earlier been struck by the similarity between the floras of China and Japan and the eastern United States.
		But it was only the most recent of the changes that reduced the old Tertiary forest to its present remnants.
	www.ecologycenter.org /terrain/article.php?id=13213 (972 words)

	A new species of Thuja (Cupressaceae) from the Late Cretaceous of Alaska: implications of being evergreen in a polar ...
		Sakai A. 1971 Freezing resistance of relicts from the Arcto-Tertiary flora.
		Smiley C. 1966 Cretaceous floras from Kuk River area, Alaska: stratigraphic and climatic interpretations.
		Spicer R. 1987 The significance of the Cretaceous flora of northern Alaska for the reconstruction of the climate of the Cretaceous.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/90/2/167 (4978 words)

	Tour 3
		Though presently narrowly endemic to a small area of central China, fossils are known from the Tertiary of Europe, Greenland and the United States as well as Asia.
		During the middle of the tertiary (30-40 mya), when the large epicontinental sea covered large portions of what is now Midwest North America, Magnolia fossils are found as far north as Wyoming.
		Unmistakable Tertiary fossils of the genus are known from the western U.S., Greenland, Iceland, and continental Europe.
	botit.botany.wisc.edu /courses/botany_422/GreenhTour307.html (854 words)

	[No title]
		Japan has a largely artificial forest, but in the mountains of Korea the forest is more or less intact and fall foliage is reminiscent of New England's.
		Almost all the forests of eastern North America are second growth, but they preserve the world's greatest diversity of TBDF flora and fauna.
		Southern hemisphere expressions of the biome: Regions of humid subtropical climate occur in the southern hemisphere, but their vegetation and flora differ from that of the northern hemisphere TBDF biome.
	www.runet.edu /~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/tbdf/tbdf.html (934 words)

	Taxus References
		Paleocene flora diversities and turnover events in eastern North America and their relation to diversity models.
		Fossil woods from the Miocene sediments of China with remarks on environmental implications of Miocene floras of the region.
		The Eocene North Atlantic Land Bridge: Its importance in Tertiary and modern phytogeography of the northern hemisphere.
	www.worldbotanical.com /Literature.htm (1525 words)

	Symposium "Phytogeography of Northeast Asia", abstracts: KHOREVA Maria G.
		The relative richness of the native flora can be explained by its situation on crossroads of migrate routes of tundra arctic and arctic-alpine species on the one hand, and Far East and Central Asian species on the other hand.
		We especially research vascular flora of Tauysk Bay islands to reveal the features of similarity and differences between their floras.
		Numerous refuges of arcto-tertiary flora and original endemic forms are peculiarities of the modern flora of Tauysk Bay coast.
	www.geopacifica.org /symposium/PROGRAM/khoreva.html (392 words)

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