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Topic: Ardashir I of Persia

	Persia Encyclopedia Article @ Constituted.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Ardashir I, led a rebellion against the Parthian Confederacy in an attempt to revive the glory of the previous empire and to legitimize the hellenized form of Zoroastrianism practised in south western Iran.
		In 913, western Persia was conquered by the Buwayhid, a Deylamite tribal confederation from the shores of the Caspian Sea.
		In 1919, northern Persia was occupied by the British General William Edmund Ironside to enforce the Turkish Armistice conditions and assist General Dunsterville and Colonel Bicherakhov contain Bolshevik influence (of Mirza Kuchak Khan) in the north.
	www.constituted.org /encyclopedia/Persia (4914 words)

	Persia - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		A particularly significant accomplishment of his reign was the establishment of Zoroastrianism as the official religion of Persia.
		Ardashir was succeeded in 241 by his son Shapur I, who waged two successive wars against the Roman Empire, conquering territories in Mesopotamia and Syria and a large area in Asia Minor.
		War with Rome was renewed by Narses; his army was almost annihilated by Roman forces in 297, and he was compelled to conclude peace terms whereby the western boundary of Persia was moved from the Euphrates River to the Tigris River and much additional territory was lost.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /text_761564512___4/Persia.html (514 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Ardashir I (early Middle Persian ArÄ‘axÅ¡Ä“r "Who has the Divine Order as his Kingdom"), also known as ArdashÄ«r-i PÄpagÄn "Ardashir, son of PÄpaÄ" Ardeshiri Babakan, and as Artaxerxes, was ruler of Persia (226–241) and the founder of the Sassanid dynasty (226–651).
		Ardashir I was born in the late 2nd century in Istakhr, (located today in Iran) a vassal kingdom of the Parthian Empire.
		Ardashir I was an energetic king, responsible for the resurgence of Persia, the strengthening of Zoroastrianism, and the establishment of a dynasty that would endure for four centuries.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Ardashir_I_of_Persia (1302 words)

	Persia - MSN Encarta
		For convention's sake the name of Persia is here kept for that part of the country's history concerned with the ancient Persian Empire until the Arab conquest in the 7th century ad.
		A particularly significant accomplishment of his reign was the establishment of Zoroastrianism as the official religion of Persia.
		Ardashir was succeeded in 241 by his son Shapur I, who waged two successive wars against the Roman Empire, conquering territories in Mesopotamia and Syria and a large area in Asia Minor.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761564512/Persia.html (1144 words)

	InfoHub - Coin of Ardashir I
		Ardashir ruled from 226 A.D. to 240 A.D. He was the son of a petty king called Papak who ruled part of Fars.
		Ardashir defeated the Parthians in a major battle at Hormizdagan in 224 A.D. He captured their captial of Ctesiphon and by 228 A.D., had completely smashed the power of the Parthians.
		Ardashir claimed to be descended from famour rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty, such as Cyrus the Great and King Darius I. It is uncertain how valid this claim was, but since he had won the war, he was clearly in charge of Iran.
	www.infohub.com /forums/printthread.php?t=5626 (962 words)

	Ardashir I at AllExperts
		Ardashir I (early Middle Persian ArÄ‘axÅ¡Ä"r "Who has the Divine Order as his Kingdom"), also known as ArdashÄ«r-i PÄpagÄn "Ardashir, son of PÄpaÄ" Ardeshiri Babakan, and as Artaxerxes, was ruler of Persia (226–241) and the founder of the Sassanid dynasty (226–651).
		Ardashir I was born in the late 2nd century in satrap, a vassal kingdom of the Parthian Empire.
		Ardashir I was an energetic king, responsible for the resurgence of Persia, the strengthening of Zoroastrianism, and the establishment of a dynasty that would endure for four centuries.
	en.allexperts.com /e/a/ar/ardashir_i.htm (1425 words)

	Parsica -Free Iranian Encyclopedia- (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Persia is a historical nation that exists as a part of modern day Iran, in much the same way that Castille comprises a part of Spain.
		Persia's weakness was exposed to the Greeks in 401 BC, when the Satrap of Sardis hired ten thousand Greek mercenaries to help secure his claim to the imperial throne.
		Persia was conquered by the Buwayhid tribal confederation from the shores of the Caspian Sea in 913.
	www.parsica.com /Persia.htm (2638 words)

	Ardashir I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ardashir I (early Middle Persian Arđaxšēr "Who has the Divine Order as his Kingdom"), also known as Ardashīr-i Pāpagān "Ardashir, son of Pāpağ" Ardeshiri Babakan, and as Artaxerxes, was ruler of Persia (226–241) and the founder of the Sassanid dynasty (226–651).
		Ardashir I was born in the late 2nd century in Balkh, a vassal kingdom of the Parthian Empire.
		Ardashir I was an energetic king, responsible for the resurgence of Persia, the strengthening of Zoroastrianism, and the establishment of a dynasty that would endure for four centuries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ardashir_I_of_Persia (1387 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia
		Persia was lost to the empire, and some Bactrians, emboldened by the weakness and effeminacy of Antiochus, and led by the brothers, Arsaces and Tiridates, moved west into Seleucid territory, near Parthia.
		Ardashir devoted the remaining years of his reign to founding new towns, schools, and temples and to reorganizing the judicial system of the courts and the army.
		Persia under Generals Outram and Havelock, it was terminated on 4 March 1857, by a treaty signed at Paris, favourable to the demands of the British.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11712a.htm (13539 words)

	History of Iran: The Early Years of Sassanid Empire and Religious Turmoil in Persia
		Ardashir claimed that his family was linked to the Old Persian royal family of Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenids.
		In Persia, the Zoroastrian priesthood had endured rule by the foreign Parthians, and they had suffered from a prevalence of religions that were not Persian in origin.
		Ardashir had no experience ruling over a diversity of cultures, and he denied these people of different faiths the right to govern their own affairs.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/articles/sassanids_religious_turmoil.php (3148 words)

	Shapur I of Persia
		Shapur I, son of Ardashir I of Persia (226–241), was King of Persia from 241 to 272.
		Ardashir I "judged him the gentlest, wisest, bravest and ablest of all his children" and nominated him as his successor in an assembly of the magnates.
		Ardashir I had, towards the end of his reign, renewed the war against the Roman Empire.
	encyclopedia.vestigatio.com /Shapur_I_of_Persia (1044 words)

	Ardashir I of Persia - Definition, explanation
		Ardashir I (early Middle Persian Arđaxšēr "Who has the Divine Order as his Kingdom"), also known as Ardashīr-i Pāpagān "Ardashir, son of Pāpağ" and as Artaxerxes, was ruler of Persia (226-241) and the founder of the Sassanid dynasty.
		Ardashir was born in the late 2nd century CE in Fars, a vassal kingdom of the Parthian Empire.
		However, hearing of the Roman plans to march on his capital at Ctesiphon, Ardashir left only a token screening force in the north and met the enemy force that was advancing to the south, apparently defeating it in a decisive manner.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/a/ar/ardashir_i_of_persia.php (1259 words)

	Karnamik-I-Ardashir (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Ardashir became angry and spoke thus to the son of Artabanus: "It is not possible to appropriate the art and heroism of another through tyranny, unpleasantness, falsehood, and injustice.
		For three days Ardashir showed himself engaged in that sort of worship and unanimity toward the Worm, gave the dirhems, dinars, and clothes which he had brought with him to the idol-worshipers, and acted in such a manner that every one of the inmates of the fortress was astonished and commended him.
		Ardashir laid his hands on the shield and the sword, and committed grievous wounding and massacre in the fortress, while he ordered that they should make a fire, so that its smoke would become visible to his troops outside.
	www.earth-history.com /Persian/pers-karnamik.htm (5309 words)

	Ardashir I - Encyclopedia.com
		Ardashir established Zoroastrianism as the state religion and gave much power to the priestly caste.
		Ardashir Vakil's splendid first novel is something entirely different.
		Ardashir was himself a priest who had inherited...
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Ardashir1.html (889 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Ardashir
		The later weakness of the Persian Empire is commonly traced to the reign of...
		Although he won a triumph in a campaign (232) against Ardashir I of Persia, he could not maintain discipline among...
		The period of their dominion extended from c.AD 224, when the Parthians were overthrown and the capital, Ctesiphon, was taken, until c.640, when the country fell under the power of the Arabs.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Ardashir&StartAt=11 (1202 words)

	Ancient Persia Essays\| Ancient Persia Dissertations
		Persia temporarily became the Ilkhanate, a division of the vast Mongol Empire.
		Safavid Persia was a violent and chaotic state for the next seventy years, but in 1588 Shah Abbas I of Safavid ascended to the throne and instituted a cultural and political renaissance.
		Persia was drawn into the periphery of World War I because of its strategic position between Afghanistan and the warring Ottoman, Russian, and British Empires.
	www.geography.degree-essays.com /ancient-persia-essays.html (5351 words)

	Persian Empire 2 - Crystalinks
		Persia was drawn into the periphery of WWI because of its strategic position between Afghanistan and the warring Ottoman, Russian, and British Empires.
		In 1916 the fighting between Russian and Ottoman forces to the north of the country had spilt down into Persia; Russia gained the advantage until most of her armies collapsed in the wake of the 1917 Russian Revolution.
		By WW1 Persia was not the world power it had once been; it had become a tool in the political battles of other empires.In 1919 northern Persia was occupied by the British General Edmund Ironside to enforce the Turkish Armistice conditions and assist General Malleson contain Boshevik influences in the north.
	www.crystalinks.com /persia2.html (4336 words)

	Ardashir II - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Ardashir II - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		He was the ruler of Adiabene and became king of Persia at the age of 70, being set on the throne by the...
		In ad 226 Ardashir I, a Persian vassal-king, rebelled against the Parthians, defeated them at the Battle of Hormuz (224), and founded a new Persian...
	au.encarta.msn.com /Ardashir_II.html (105 words)

	Persians - History for Kids!
		Ardashir, on a coin, with a Zoroastrian fire altar on the back, and his tomb.
		Ardashir did manage to stay on good terms with the Jews, by letting them practice their religion, as Ezra and Nehemiah say in the Bible.
		Ardashir III was a stronger king than his ancestors had been, and managed to reconquer Egypt in 342 BC.
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/westasia/history/persians2.htm (791 words)

	ARDASHIR
		Ardashir overthrew the Parthian monarchy and established the neo - Persian empire of the Sassanides.
		Papak killed Gochihr and took the title of king and Ardashir succeeded him to the throne in 208.
		Ardashir defeated the Parthian army and entered the capital of Ctesiphon where he was crowned with the imperial title 'king of kings'.
	www.hyperhistory.com /online_n2/people_n2/ppersons3_n2/ardashir.html (103 words)

	Ardashir and the Persians to 241 CE
		the Sassanids, to 500 CE Ardashir and the Persians, to 241 CE Ardashir Conquers
		Ardashir claimed that his family was linked to the old Persian royal family of Cyrus the Great - the Achaemenids.
		Ardashir began what would be called the Sassanid dynasty, named after his grandfather, Sassan.
	www.fsmitha.com /h1/ch22-ard.htm (1147 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Parthian Persia
		They declared their independence from the Seleucids in 238 BC, but their attempts to expand into Persia were thwarted until after Mithridates I advent to the Parthian throne in about 170 BC.
		The local king of Persia at this time, Ardashir I of Persia, led a revolt against the imperial government of Parthia.
		The Sassanid (or Sassanian) dynasty (named for Ardashir's grandfather) was the first dynasty native to the Pars province since the Achaemenids; thus they saw themselves as the successors of Darius and Cyrus.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A14290698 (1553 words)

	Ardashir II - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Ardashir II (flourished 4th century ad), king of Persia (379-83).
		He was the ruler of Adiabene and became king of Persia at the age of 70.
		He became king at the age of seven during a time of trouble after Khosrau II was murdered.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Ardashir_II.html (110 words)

	Gregory the Illuminator
		Ardashir I, the founder of the Sassanid dynasty (226), restored, even extended, the old power of Persia.
		Armenia, always the exposed frontier state between Rome and Persia, was overrun by Ardashir's army (Khosrov I of Armenia had taken the side of the old Arsacid dynasty); and the principle of uniformity in the Mazdean religion, that the Sassanids made a chief feature of their policy, was also applied to the subject kingdom.
		But a son of Khosrov, Trdat (Tiridates), escaped was trained in the Roman army, and eventually came back to drive out the persians and restore the Armenian kingdom.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/g/gregory_the_illuminator.html (1599 words)

	Palace of Ardashir - WikIran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Built in AD 224 by Ardashir I of the Sassanian Empire, it is located two kilometres (1.2 miles) north of the ancient city of Gor, i.e.
		However, it seems that the compound was designed to display the royalty image of Ardashir I, rather than being a fortified structure for defense purposes.
		Aerial view of Ardeshir's castle ruins, built by Ardashir I of Persia.
	www.wikiran.org /w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Ardashir (452 words)

	Columbia Encyclopedia- Ardashir I - AOL Research & Learn
		Ardashir established Zoroastrianism as the state religion and gave much power to the priestly caste.
		It was Alexander who had to retire, and though Alexander celebrated a triumph in Rome, Ardashir took Armenia, and Persian power was firmly established.
		He is sometimes called Ardashir Papakan, for his father, Papak.
	reference.aol.com /columbia/_a/ardashir-i/20051205183409990021 (168 words)

	CalendarHome.com - Norouz - Calendar Encyclopedia
		Today, the festival of Norouz is celebrated in many countries that were territories of, or influenced by, the Persian Empire: Persia (Iran), Iraq, Afghanistan, parts of the middle-east, as well as in the former soviet republics of Tajikestan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.
		Extensive records on the celebration of Norouz appear following the accession of Ardashir I of Persia, the founder of the Sassanid dynasty (224-650 CE).
		Persians, Afghans and other groups start preparing for the Norouz with a major spring-cleaning of their houses, the purchase of new clothes to wear for the new year and the purchase of flowers (in particular the hyacinth and the tulip are popular and conspicuous).
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /Norouz.htm (2038 words)

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