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Topic: Ardhamagadhi

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	Prakrit - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Magadhi was spoken in the eastern half of the Gangetic plain.
		in the modern Oudh and the country to its south) lay Ardhamagadhi or "halfMagadhi." Maharastri was the language of Maharastra, the great kingdom extending southwards from the river Nerbudda to the Kistna and sometimes including the southern part of the modern Bombay Presidency and Hyderabad.
		sufficient to state that the oldest Jaina sutras were in Ardhamagadhi, while the non-canonical books of the S vetambara sect were in a form of Maharastri, and the canon of the Digambaras appears to have been in a form of Sauraseni.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Prakrit (4344 words)

	Magadhi Prakrit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is believed to be the language spoken by Gautama Buddha, and the language of the ancient kingdom of Magadha.
		Theravada Buddhist tradition has long held that the Pāli language was synonymous with the ancient Magadha language; and indeed, there are many remarkable analogies between Pāli and an old form of Magadhi Prakrit known as Ardhamagadhi ("Half Magadhi"), which is preserved in ancient Jain texts.
		Ardhamagadhi differs from later Magadhi Prakrit on similar points as Pāli.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit (238 words)

	Prakrit information - Search.com
		Some modern scholars follow this classification by including all Middle Indo-Aryan languages under the rubric of "Prakrits", while others emphasise the independent development of these languages, often separated from the history of Sanskrit by wide divisions of caste, religion, and geography.
		Ardhamagadhi, which was used extensively to write Jain scriptures, is the definitive form of Prakrit, while others are considered variants.
		Pali (the language of Theravada orthodoxy) tends to be treated as a special exception, as classical (Sanskrit) grammars do not consider it as a Prakrit per se, presumably for sectarian rather than linguistic reasons.
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/Prakrit (407 words)

	Ajivikas
		The exact nature of Ajivika doctrine is unclear because the sect's own texts have not survived.
		It is believed the original Ajivika texts were written in an eastern Prakrit, perhaps similar to the Jain Prakrit Ardhamagadhi.
		Quotations and adaptations from these texts appear to have been inserted into Jain and Buddhist accounts of the Ajivikas.
	philtar.ucsm.ac.uk /encyclopedia/hindu/ascetic/ajiv.html (1480 words)

	Daily Practices and Recitations
		The person sits quietly cross-legged like a monk (for samayika is sometimes seen as a temporary ascetic state), and turns the mind to compassion and friendship with all living beings, and to separation from all desire and hatred.
		Ardhamagadhi was the language of the ancient Magadha region in north-east India where Mahavira lived.
		Although no longer a spoken language, Ardhamagadhi is used today in Jain prayers and rituals, not only for the sonorous splendor of its rolling sounds but also because a Jain, whatever his or her native tongue, can follow the familiar prayers and chants.
	www.jainworld.com /jainbooks/explain/e9.htm (1513 words)

	The Hindu : Karnataka News : An institute dedicated to the promotion of Prakrit
		In ancient India, Sanskrit was spoken only by Brahmins while Prakrit was the language of the common man. Jains used the people's language to promote their philosophy and it is because of this reason that most of the Jain literature is in Prakrit languages.
		Ardhamagadhi (the language of the people who lived in Magadha between 600 BC and 100 AD), Shouraseni (the language spoken in the Mathura region; Digambara Jains used this language), Jain Maharashtri (the language in which Agamic Jain literature is found) and Apabransh (used in the medieval period) are some of the prominent Prakrit languages.
		As knowledge of the languages is crucial to gain an insight into Jain philosophy, Sreekshetra Shravanabelagola has taken interest in preserving manuscript in Prakrit and encouraging studies and research in the language.
	www.hindu.com /2006/02/02/stories/2006020201430200.htm (636 words)

	Pali - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		There are many remarkable analogies between Pali and an old form of Magadhi, - Ardhamagadhi (Half Magadhi), which is preserved in ancient Jain texts.
		Ardhamagadhi differs from Magadhi proper on similar points as Pali.
		For example, Ardhamagadhi too does not change r into l, and in the noun inflexion it shows the ending -o instead of Magadhic -e at least in many metrical places.
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /wiki.asp?k=Pali (3636 words)

	India. -
		Ardhamagadhi, as might be expected, was partly a mixed language, showing signs of the influence of Sauraseni, but, in all its essential points, its relationship with Magadhi is undoubted.
		Maharashtri was closely connected with Ardhamagadhi, which formed the connecting link between it and Magadhi, but in its rather isolated position it struck out on somewhat independent lines.
		It is the vernacular of the country in which the hero Rama-chandra was born; and the Jain apostle Mahavira used an early form of it to convey his teaching to his disciples.
	www.athelstane.co.uk /tchodson/ind_ethn/ind_ethn.htm (19552 words)

	Sanskrit Info - Bored Net - Boredom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Having first developed around 1500 BC, It has sometimes been described as the Asian equivalent to Latin for its role in the religious and historical literature of India.
		Sanskrit is also the ancestor of the Prakrit languages of India, such as Pali and Ardhamagadhi.
		Scholars have preserved more Sanskrit documents than documents in Latin and Greek combined.
	www.borednet.com /e/n/encyclopedia/s/sa/sanskrit.html (1571 words)

	Contribution to Culture
		Thus the original Sacred Books of both the Jainas and the Buddhist were written in Prakrt, i.e., Ardhamagadhi and Pali respectively.
		Being missionaries, their mission was to interest not only the intellectuals but the common people and hence they used the language of the common man. The Jaina Agamas accord a very respectable position to Ardhamagadhi by calling it not only the language of the Aryans but also of the celestial gods.
		The Buddhist Trpitakas enjoin upon their followers to use the local dialect of the people for the propagation of their sacred teachings.
	www.jainworld.com /contribution/conculture.htm (3243 words)

	City Map
		He propagated that right faith, right knowledge and right conduct together lead one to the path of true liberation, which is the final goal of human life.
		His teachings were very simple as explained in Ardhamagadhi, the language of the common people at that time.
		He taught universal truths and a simple path of moral and spiritual development.
	www.apnabangalore.com /html/jys7.html (554 words)

	Jain Society of Greater Cleveland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Vedic tests were in Sanskrit which were not within the reach of the Comman man. That is why the Vedic religion had to face opposition.
		The Jain literature was in Ardhamagadhi, written in Prakrit, a language of the comman man. This enabled him to understand and practise the religion with ease.
		Apart from this reason, when the settled down in different parts of the Country, the Jains began to study the local language.
	www.jsgc.org /mahavir.htm (395 words)

	Transmission of the Mahabharata Tradition: Vyasa and Vyasids (Studies in Indian and Asian Civilizations)
		The task that the author has set for himself is to analyze and examine, to the extent hat is possible, and the waters the tributaries have brought to the holy river.
		Deshpande (b 1926) is at present Professor and Head, Department of Sanskrit And Ardhamagadhi at the S.S.V.P. Sanstha’s Arts & M.F.M.A. Commerce College, Dhulia (Maharashtra).
		He has worked in the Epilogue Section of the Mahabharata Department in the Bhandarkar Oriental Research institute, Pune, and also in the Sanskrit, Pali and Ardhamagadhi Department in Fergusson College, Pune.
	www.exoticindiaart.com /book/details/IDF956 (196 words)

	Vamanavikrama: Research in Indological Studies Online Indian Book store - Bagchee’s Best sellers Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He was Awarded the Shridhar Ramakrishna Bandarkar Prize for Proficiency in Sanskrit Grammar at M.A. (1969) of the Bombay University.
		He taught Sanskrit, Ardhamagadhi and Ancient Indian History and Cuture in Colleges affiliated to the Bombay and Poona Universities.
		He taught Middle Indo-Aryan Languages and Linguistics at the Post Graduate level in the M.S. University of Baroda (1982-84).
	www.bagchee.com /BookDisplay.aspx?Bkid=B37590 (449 words)

	BANGLAPEDIA: Prakrit
		Prakrit assumed five main forms: Maharastri, Shauraseni, Magadhi, Ardhamagadhi and Paishachi.
		Originally known as Daksinatya, it became known as Maharastri as it was the language of Maharastra.
		The use of Ardhamagadhi was popular among Jains, and was used to write their scriptures.
	banglapedia.org /HT/P_0254.htm (1453 words)

	Indiaclub.com: History and Development Prakrit Literature : Non-Fiction
		This publication has been painstakingly, manually prepared by Dr J C Jain after a detailed research of a wide range of Indian and foreign literary works, which has taken several years.
		The manifold contributions of Prakrit in the field of Ardhamagadhi, Sauraseni, Maharastri ad Paisachi language and literature, development of narrative literature in Maharastri, contributions in the field of Sanskrit poetics and drama have all been incorporated in this rare publication.
		Dr Jain has considered all the traditional views of ancient authors and grammarians and has compared them to those of the modern times, to enable to present a clear viewpoint to the readers.
	www.indiaclub.com /shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=15948 (246 words)

	HOME PAGE of INTERNATIONAL STUDENT'S CENTRE, UNIVERSITY OF PUNE, INDIA ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Certificate Course (in French, German, Japanese, Russian, Sanskrit, Buddhist Studies, Ardhamagadhi and Pali)
		Lower Diploma Course (in Sanskrit, Ardhamagadhi and Pali)
		Higher Diploma Course (in Sanskrit, Ardhamagadhi, Pali and
	intcent.unipune.ernet.in /site/courses.htm (416 words)

	Literature
		In addition to sacred and philosophical writings, such genres as erotic and devotional lyrics, court poetry, plays, and narrative folktales emerged.
		Because Sanskrit was identified with the Brahminical religion of the Vedas, reform movements such as Buddhism and Jainism adopted other literary languages, e.g., Pali and Ardhamagadhi, respectively.
		Out of these and other derivative languages there evolved the modern languages of northern India.
	www.hindustan.org /index/literature.htm (391 words)

	The World's Religions and Their Scriptures
		There are two branches of Jainism, divided over whether a monk may or may not wear clothing: the Shvetambaras allow clothes and the Digambaras demand total nudity, as they each believe was the practice of Mahavira.
		The canon of Jain scriptures (agamas) begins with the sermons of Mahavira, written down by his disciples in ancient languages of Ardhamagadhi and Shauraseni Prakrit, called Purvas.
		The oldest of these, however, have been lost, and thence the two Jain communities reconstructed different canons from the collections of surviving scriptures, now written in Prakrit and Sanskrit.
	www.unification.net /ws/wsintr4.htm (11739 words)

	Department of Religious Studies \| Yale University
		Students of Indian Buddhism will be required to know Sanskrit and Pali and Tibetian; some knowledge of Chinese or Japanese is recommended.
		Students of Jainism will be required to know Ardhamagadhi and Sanskrit, The minimal language requirement for a student of Hinduism is proficiency in Sanskrit; other language requirements will depend on the topic of thesis research.
		Students are strongly encouraged to take a course outside the field of Asian religions in any of the other fields offered in the department.
	www.yale.edu /religiousstudies/fields/astudies.html (1000 words)

	PG courses in Mumbai, Postgraduate courses in Mumbai (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		English, French, Kannada, Sanskrit, Ardhamagadhi, Marathi, Gujarati, hindi, History, Ancient Indian Culture, Politics, Philosophy, Economics, Mathematics
		KIRTI M. English, Sanskrit, Ardhamagadhi, Marathi, Hindi, History, Philosophy, Economics, Politics, Mathematics.
		SETH L.U.J. English, Kannada, Sanskrit, Ardhamagadhi, Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati, History, Philosophy, Economics, Politics, Mathematics
	mumbaieducation.net /EducationProfile/Colleges/PG (547 words)

	SMT.KASTURBAI WALACHAND COLLEGE,SANGLI
		Student has to select six subjects out of which two are compulsory and four are optional subjects.
		Optional subjects are grouped into two groups A & B. Out of which a student has to select four subjects, at least one subject from A & B group.
		Group B : i) History ii) Sociology iii) Economics iv) Political Sc.
	www.kwcsangli.com /srco.htm (661 words)

	Hindi Granth Karyalay
		We also carry a wide selection of Sanskrit, Prakrit, Pali and Apabhramsha dictionaries.
		We carry all the dictionaries by Monier-Williams, Apte, Bharadwaj, Colebrooke and Otto Bohtlingk as well as Prakrit dictionaries like The Illustrated Ardhamagadhi Dictionary, the Prakrit Hindi Kosh, the Paiasaddamahannavo and the Apabhramsha Hindi Kosh.
		We also carry a rich collection of Encyclopedias on Sanskrit Vanmaya, Jainism, Hinduism, World Religions, World Philosophy, Indian Iconography, Jain Art and Architecture, Indian Art, etc.
	www.hindibooks.8m.com (408 words)

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