
	Where results make sense

Topic: Area bombing

Related Topics

Surface area

Local Government Area

List of countries by area

Local Government Areas of Victoria

Protected areas of Queensland Australia

List of English districts by area

San Francisco Bay Area

Protected areas of New South Wales Australia

metropolitan area

area code

Dallas Area Rapid Transit

local area networks

In the News (Sun 23 Nov 08)

Alistair Darling

Aston Villa

Joe Paterno

Ole Miss

Confederations Cup

Kofi Annan

Lee Scott

Annika Sorenstam

Norm Coleman

Benji Madden

	New Statesman - NS Essay - 'If we did anything questionable in the war, we should have the maturity to admit it and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The area bombing of civilians by the Allies in the lead-up to 1945 went beyond the limits of a just war, argues A C Grayling.
		Second, they say that to describe area bombing of civilians as a war crime is to make a judgement of hindsight, using concepts - particularly that of the "war crime" - which did not come into existence until later.
		Moreover, area bombing of cities did not harm civilian morale in Germany: it strengthened it, an effect that many in Britain recognised from their own experience of the Blitz.
	www.newstatesman.com /200602270022 (2235 words)

	Bombing of Dresden in World War II (1945) - Area bombing caused great casualties amongst the civil population
		An area of 15 square kilometers was totally destroyed, among that: 14,000 homes, 72 schools, 22 hospitals, 19 churches, 5 theaters, 50 bank and insurance companies, 31 department stores, 31 large hotels, and 62 administration buildings.
		The bombing of Dresden, while it was one of the more devastating conventional attacks of the war, was part of a policy of leveling cities and breaking the civilian ability to resist.
		Dresden rapidly became a potent symbol of the effects of area bombing, and the ability of military technology to inflict death and devastation beyond that which had been possible even a short time before.
	www.germannotes.com /hist_ww2_dresden.shtml (1802 words)

	San Joaquin Valley Library System
		The bombs were well dis- tributed in the Western part of the town; two of them exploded in a good position in a large building located just south of the intersection of two principal highways on the NW side of Dupax.
		Bombs were released in the target area but Controller did not report the results of this mission due to the thickness of the underbrush.
		Bombing was effected in close formation due to poor atmospheric conditions; the leader led the Squadron through a small clearing in the clouds, which was where they began the bombing passes.
	www.sjvls.org /bens/bf006mx.htm (7843 words)

	Philadelphia Inquirer \| 05/14/2006 \| WWII 'area bombing' comes under philosophical attack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Indeed, he argues that it was precisely the superior moral infamy of the Holocaust that took area bombing off the radar of moral thinkers after the concentration camps were discovered and liberated.
		Nor does Grayling contend that area bombing was illegal under international law during World War II, although the 1949 Geneva Convention, amended by its 1977 Protocol, now bans it for signatories and arguably non-signatories of the protocol (for example, the United States).
		Bombing the whole population, trying to demolish cities in order to punish them for having voted for Hitler, or for the fact that some small proportion of them are working in armament factories, is disproportionate.
	www.philly.com /mld/inquirer/entertainment/books/14572686.htm (1624 words)

	Powell's Books - Review-a-Day - Among the Dead Cities by A. C. Grayling, reviewed by The Atlantic Monthly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		He further allows that had the Allies believed area bombing to be effective, and had those efforts been made when national survival was seriously threatened, his indictment would be vitiated, but he holds that in fact neither condition applies.
		Area bombing's strategic impact was far greater than he, relying on crude indices, allows.
		Grayling is surely correct that in hindsight area bombing failed to deliver the decisive results its advocates claimed for it, and even that Bomber Command's adherence to area bombing in the last months of the conflict was a very poor policy based on erroneous judgment and hope.
	www.powells.com /review/2006_05_30.html (1605 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com :: Allied Area Bombing Revisited by Michael Lopez-Calderon
		of sustained aerial bombing wore off as civilians both adapted to the horror and became increasingly incensed at the enemy.
		Area bombing is also known as carpet-bombing or saturation bombing.
		The polar opposite of area bombing is strategic bombing, also known as precision bombing or pin-point bombing; this type of bombing attempts to avoid civilian casualties and instead concentrates on military targets and vital industrial assets.
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=22648 (3590 words)

	Allied Area Bombing Revisited Calderon's Call
		However, he argues that area bombing became immoral because it was disproportionate in the casualties inflicted on noncombatants; it was unnecessary and came at the expense of what should have been more strategic bombing that would have hastened Germany’s defeat.
		Grayling condemns Allied area bombing as a war crime and a moral outrage; however, pre-war efforts by the United States and Europe to outlaw area bombing via international protocol collapsed on account of failure to reach a consensus that area bombing constituted a war crime.
		The polar opposite of area bombing is strategic bombing, also known as precision bombing or pin-point bombing; this type of bombing attempts to avoid civilian casualties and instead concentrates on military targets and vital industrial assets.
	www.michaelcalderonscall.com /AlliedAreaBombingRevisited.html (7494 words)

	Bombing Civilians is Not Only Immoral, it's Ineffective
		The second world war bombing story is clouded by misunderstandings, largely because the victor nations, rightly condemning the far greater crimes committed by nazism, have yet to inquire properly into aspects of their own behaviour.
		But when the US got within bombing range of Japan it adopted the RAF tactic with a vengeance, and in less than a year killed as many Japanese civilians as were killed in Germany in the entire war.
		Among the bombs were time-delay devices, set to explode at intervals in the hours and days after a raid to disrupt ambulance, firefighting and rescue services.
	www.commondreams.org /views06/0327-25.htm (995 words)

	Commentary: Was American WWII Bombing Democide?
		Bombs were dropped intentionally on unarmed civilians in their homes or at work.
		The master theorist and practitioner of civilian bombing was Sir Arthur T. Harris, marshall of the RAF and commander of the British bomber command from 1942 until the end of the war.
		The leading rationale for civilian area bombing had been that it would break the morale of the home population and the people of Germany would pressure their government to sue for peace.
	www.hawaii.edu /powerkills/COMM.10.5.03.HTM (2463 words)

	Area 51 - Crystalinks
		Area 51 is a parcel of U.S. military-controlled land in southern Nevada, apparently containing a secret aircraft testing facility.
		The area is protected by radar stations, buried movement sensors, and uninvited guests are met by helicopters and armed guards.
		Area 51 is a secret Air Force base secluded deep within a wide-ranging tract of restricted government land in the remote Nevada desert.
	www.crystalinks.com /area51.html (3466 words)

	Area bombardment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Aerial area bombardment is the policy of indiscriminate bombing of an enemy's cities, for the purpose of destroying the enemy's means of producing military materiel, communications, government centres and civilian morale.
		Area bombing in WW2 began with tactical German bombings of Warsaw, Frampol and Wieluń during September Campaign in Poland.
		So in the judgement of the Court, because of the immense power of the bombs, and the distance from enemy (Allied) land forces, the bombing of both Hiroshima and Nagasaki "was an illegal act of hostilities under international law as it existed at that time, as an indiscriminate bombardment of undefended cities".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Area_bombing (3807 words)

	Bombing Proposal • What We Think • Our Letters
		I visited this area in September 2000 and was very impressed with the biodiversity of flora and fauna present as well as the natural beauty of the scenery.
		With many other areas in our state available for drills that are not as ecologically sensitive or as full of already endangered wildlife to choose from, I implore the Navy to consider another location to fly over and drop their bombs.
		The massive bombing project would be an arrogant asault not only upon the New Camaldoli Hermitage, which is very close to the propsed bombing area, but upon all of the 4 million people who visit the Big Sur area every year.
	www.pelicannetwork.net /bomb.letters.htm (13140 words)

	Allied Area Bombing Revisited Calderon's Call
		However, he argues that area bombing became immoral because it was disproportionate in the casualties inflicted on noncombatants; it was unnecessary and came at the expense of what should have been more strategic bombing that would have hastened Germany’s defeat.
		Grayling condemns Allied area bombing as a war crime and a moral outrage; however, pre-war efforts by the United States and Europe to outlaw area bombing via international protocol collapsed on account of failure to reach a consensus that area bombing constituted a war crime.
		The polar opposite of area bombing is strategic bombing, also known as precision bombing or pin-point bombing; this type of bombing attempts to avoid civilian casualties and instead concentrates on military targets and vital industrial assets.
	michaelcalderonscall.com /AlliedAreaBombingRevisited.html (7494 words)

	Bombing of Dresden
		Air Marshall Arthur Harris agreed and when he became head of RAF Bomber Command in February 1942, he introduced a policy of area bombing (known in Germany as terror bombing) where entire cities and towns were targeted.
		The population of the city was now far greater than the normal 650,000 due to the large numbers of refugees fleeing from the advancing Red Army.
		Attempts to treat the bombing of Dresden as a war crime perpetrated against the innocent inhabitants of a historical cultural centre of no industrial or military significance began two days after the attack.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWdresden.htm (2740 words)

	America Responds to Terrorism -- Constitutional Rights Foundation
		As the war went on, the nations at war expanded their bombing targets from military to industrial ones, then to workers' houses, and finally to entire cities and their civilian populations.
		For the rest of the war, the British concentrated on the systematic widespread destruction of German cities by RAF nighttime air raids, a strategy called "area bombing." One reason the British took this fateful step was to "dehouse" the German people, which hopefully would shatter their morale and will to continue the war.
		The clearest demonstration of the destructiveness of British area bombing occurred in 1943 during three night raids on Hamburg, Germany.
	www.crf-usa.org /terror/civilian_Bombing.htm (2197 words)

	In the ashes of an inferno, a lingering debate - The Boston Globe
		In ``Among the Dead Cities: The History and Moral Legacy of the WWII Bombing of Civilians in Germany and Japan" (Walker, $25.95), A. Grayling investigates the Allied bombing of civilians -- termed ``area bombing" -- and asks whether it was legal, moral, or necessary.
		The Holocaust is an Everest, and Allied area bombing is a foothill, but the fact that it is doesn't make it right and shouldn't stop us from looking at our past and examining how we behave now.
		The fact that it took so long for deliberate bombing of civilians to be outlawed is a measure of the anxiety that the Western Allies felt about retrospectively admitting to war crimes.
	www.boston.com /ae/books/articles/2006/08/27/in_the_ashes_of_an_inferno_a_lingering_debate (1288 words)

	Amazon.com: Among the Dead Cities: The History and Moral Legacy of the WWII Bombing of Civilians in Germany and Japan: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Holocaust, for all of its horrors, is as incidental to his examination of the morality of the bombing of civilians in Germany and Japan as the criminal history of a man would be in the trial of his sister's rapist.
		He identifies, I believe correctly, that the key issues were whether or not area bombing was necessary and "proportionate", that is did it contribute significantly to the conquest of Germany and Japan.
		Bombing certainly wasn't decisive but it is hard to imagine that the devastation wreaked on German cities (40% of the building in German cities destroyed by the war's end) didn't have a significant impact.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/ASIN/0802714714/ref=nosim/nationalreviewon (2782 words)

	IEER: Strategic Bombing, from Target Japan
		The idea was to prove that incendiary bombing and destruction on a vast scale could be the decisive aspect in the final results of the Pacific War.
		The U.S. bombing strategy of 1942-44 against Japan was expanded in a big way in March 1945, beginning with the fire bombing of Tokyo on March 9 and 10, 1945.
		The area of Tokyo selected was four miles by three miles, a zone with a civilian population density of 103,000 per square mile.
	www.ieer.org /comments/bombing.html (2328 words)

	Crimes Of War Project > The Book
		Air attacks on a city that treat it as a single military objective instead of clearly distinguishing military objectives and attacking them individually are an example of area bombardment, often called carpet bombing.
		Legal arguments and military rationales were given for the strategic bombing campaign, among them to destroy the enemy’s industry, to weaken the morale of the population, or simply to punish the adversary for its previous violations.
		An explicit ban on area bombardment was first codified in the 1977 Additional Protocol I, which applies to bombardments of cities, towns, villages, or other areas containing a concentration of civilians.
	www.crimesofwar.org /thebook/carpet-area-bomb.html (450 words)

	Book Review - To Destroy a City
		Within a few minutes, huge fires were burning all over the target area, which covered some twenty square kilometers, and they merged so rapidly that only a quarter of an hour after the first bombs had dropped the whole airspace was a sea of flames as far as the eye could see.
		The master theorist and practitioner of civilian bombing was Sir Arthur T. Harris, marshall of the RAF and commander of the British bomber command from 1942 until the end of the war.
		The leading rationale for civilian area bombing had been that it would break the morale of the home population and the people of Germany would pressure their government to sue for peace.
	www.fff.org /freedom/fd0307g.asp (1371 words)

	Air Power:The Role of Bombing in World War II
		Furthermore, their experience in the Spanish Civil War had shown that strategic bombing was largely ineffectual, inflicting little moral or material damage on the enemy.
		The frequency of bombings greatly decreased, and even the V-1 raids in the summer of 1944 and the V-2 raids in the last six months of the war did not faze Londoners.
		During the winter, bombs were so poorly aimed that the Japanese joked that the Americans were going to starve them into surrendering by killing all the fish in Tokyo Bay.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/Air_Power/Bombing/AP27.htm (1885 words)

	Col. Charles E. Miller on the B-52H on National Review Online
		The term likely originated in World War II, when precision bombing wasn't very precise (you could often tell where the aim point was by identifying the one church steeple still standing after a raid) and when de-housing campaigns were sometimes accepted procedure.
		The heavy bombing of the Taliban field positions, aided by significantly improved intelligence provided by on-the-ground U.S. Special Forces, should cause significant death and destruction, and set the conditions for a major ground offensive to capture the Mazar-e-Sharif area, and perhaps Bagrum airport as well.
		Such an area would also draw tens if not hundreds of thousands of refugees who would need to be fed, clothed, housed, and policed.
	www.nationalreview.com /comment/comment-miller110201.shtml (785 words)

	The Hindu : Opinion / News Analysis : Bombing civilians is ineffective
		The third is that one of the U.S. marine air wings operating in Iraq announced in a press release in November 2005 that since the invasion began it had dropped more than half a million tonnes of explosives on Iraq.
		The Second World War bombing story is clouded by misunderstandings, largely because the victor nations, rightly condemning the far greater crimes committed by the Nazis, have yet to inquire properly into aspects of their own behaviour.
		It has been hypothesised that if allied bombing had been relentlessly focussed on fuel and transport in Nazi-controlled Europe, the war would have been shorter by two years.
	www.hindu.com /2006/03/28/stories/2006032803640900.htm (584 words)

	Bombing Dual-Use Targets: Legal, Ethical, and Doctrinal Perspectives
		The firebombing of Tokyo and Dresden, area bombing in both theaters of war, and the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki showed the consequences of the absence of a convention for the protection of civilians in wartime.
		They opted for nighttime area bombing, and maintained no pretense of trying to avoid civilian "collateral damage." According to one RAF source, RAF tactics "did not necessarily entail killing large numbers of people.
		Despite dropping 88,000 tons of bombs in the 43-day air campaign, only 3000 civilians died directly as a result of the attacks, the lowest number of deaths from a major bombing campaign in the history of warfare.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/cc/Rizer.html (7007 words)

	Area Bombing - EAF O-club
		My excuse is that we were practising area bombing, and the area was France.
		I think the target area was big enough, once you know where it is. For practice perhaps get rid of the cloud cover as much as possible.
		Two squadrons of B-25 with the same task - bomb railroad station in Falaise, course was given 160 and altitude 10 000 ft. I took 50% fuel, 3x1000lbs bombs, delay 0.0.
	www.europeanaf.org /forum/showthread.php?t=3087 (1374 words)

	BBC - History - Sir Arthur 'Bomber' Harris (1892 - 1984)
		His technique of 'saturation' or 'area' bombing of German cities, causing countless civilian losses and enormous destruction, has been a matter of contention ever since.
		At the time, the Allied bombing campaign was in disarray, and Harris set out to implement a new and more efficient strategy.
		But the debate about the morality - and indeed efficacy - of the bombing raids was already under way in the closing stages of the war, and to Harris' disappointment, his request for a special campaign medal for the Bomber Command was refused.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/historic_figures/harris_sir_arthur_bomber.shtml (381 words)

	The Horrors of War
		The so-called "area bombing" campaign--which today would be called "saturation bombing" or "carpet bombing"--is an example.
		Did the bombers win the war?...The answer...is no. The German armies were fatally defeated by the Russians in July 1943 and at that point the bomber onslaught had barely begun and had caused no decisive damage.
		What the bombing did do was kill hundreds of thousands of civilians and destroy hundreds of German cities--many, like Dresden, of cultural but not military importance.
	www.objector.org /advice/conscientious_objector-75.html (409 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)