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Topic: Area rule

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	Concept to Reality
		The cross-sectional areas of other aircraft components (nacelles, etc.) are also included for analysis of typical aircraft configurations, and the total area distribution is examined for compliance with the area rule.
		At the time of Whitcomb’s discovery of the area rule, the dominant theme of the user community for both military and civil aircraft was “higher, faster, and farther.” Therefore, having successfully applied the area rule to military aircraft in the 1950s and 1960s, Whitcomb turned his efforts to potential applications for subsonic civil transports.
		Following the early development of the area rule, Whitcomb continued his remarkably intuitive approach to transonic aerodynamics in efforts that showed how the principles involved in the area rule could be used to enhance the overall performance of transport aircraft, without the radical reshaping of the entire aircraft required for the near-sonic transport configurations.
	oea.larc.nasa.gov /PAIS/Concept2Reality/area_rule.html (3016 words)

	VOLLEYBALL RULE INTERPRETATIONS
		Ruling: The referee should blow the whistle to signal a dead ball when the served ball touches the floor or a player on Team S’s side of the court after hitting the net.
		Ruling: Since the middle rafter was judged to be playable at the pre-match conference, and the ball partially crossed the net and rebounded into the playable area of Team B, Team B has 2 hits remaining.
		Ruling: The uniforms in situations (a), (b), and (c) are legal as long as the number on the uniform remains clearly visible.
	www.ihsaa.org /g-volleyball/02RuleInterps.htm (1905 words)

	George Bush's Convair F-102 Downloadable Delta Dagger Card Model
		The area rule says very simply that the transonic wave drag of an aircraft is essentially the same as the wave drag of an equivalent body of revolution having the same cross-sectional area distribution as the aircraft.
		Whitcomb's area rule was not one of a number of potential solutions; it was the only approach anyone had developed that had proven itself capable of overcoming that barrier.
		The fact that the area rule was discovered by an engineer sitting with his feet up on his desk, contemplating a vision in his mind, also shows the importance of creativity and the individual in advancing technology.
	www.fiddlersgreen.net /AC/aircraft/Convair-F102/info/arearule.htm (3700 words)

	Area Rule - the Supersonic Wave Drag of an Airplane (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The area rule says very simply that the transonic wave drag of an aircraft is essentially the same as the wave drag of an equivalent body of revolution having the same cross-sectional area distribution as the aircraft.
		Since the rule was formulated, and verified experimentally, attempts have been made to estimate aircraft wave drag by a theoretical analysis of the equivalent-body area distributions.
		The transonic area rule was considered so valuable that attempts were quickly made to extend the results to higher Mach numbers.
	www.pdas.com /wavedrag.htm (373 words)

	MOSIS CMP and Antenna Rules
		The "Antenna Rules" deal with process induced gate oxide damage caused when exposed polysilicon and metal structures, connected to a thin oxide transistor, collect charge from the processing environment (e.g., reactive ion etch) and develop potentials sufficiently large to cause Fowler Nordheim current to flow through the thin oxide.
		Failure to consider antenna rules in a design may lead to either reduced performance in transistors exposed to process induced damage, or may lead to total failure if the antenna rules are seriously violated.
		The polysilicon rules require that the area of the polysilicon over field oxide divided by the area of the transistor gate (thin oxide area) must be less than Np (where Np is a limit that depends on the process and on design targets).
	www.mosis.org /Technical/Designrules/guidelines.html (1074 words)

	Roadless Area Rule Debate
		No RFA analysis was done for the roadless area rule, nor has the Forest Service presented any certification (supported by a factual basis) that the rule will not have a significant impact on a substantial number of small entities as required by the act.
		Because the roadless area rule will have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities, and meets all other standards triggering the RFA, these failures are in clear violation of the act.
		The roadless area rule is based on a perception that timber harvesting and roads inevitably threaten forest health and ecosystems.
	www.afrc.ws /issuepapers/roadlessAreaDebate.shtml (1586 words)

	The Whitcomb Area Rule: NACA Aerodynamics Research And Innovation
		In practical terms, the area rule concept meant that something had to be done in order to compensate for the dramatic increase in cross-sectional area where the wing joined the fuselage.
		When Whitcomb developed his area rule, there was a manufacturer in each of these situations, and that fact played a significant role in the speed with which his innovation began to impact the design of new aircraft.
		Although the area rule research was classified, the NACA released a confidential Research Memorandum on the subject to appropriately cleared aircraft manufacturers in September 1952.
	history.nasa.gov /SP-4219/Chapter5.html (7432 words)

	Aerospaceweb.org \| Ask Us - Area Rule and Transonic Flight
		The area rule is an important concept related to the drag on an aircraft or other body in transonic and supersonic flight.
		However, if he reduced the cross-sectional area of the fuselage over the region were the wings were attached, shown as body "D," the total drag was about the same as that of the cylinder alone.
		The area rule tells us that the volume of the body should be reduced in the presence of a wing, tail surface, or other projection so that there are no discontinuities in the cross-sectional area distribution of the vehicle shape.
	www.aerospaceweb.org /question/aerodynamics/q0104.shtml (944 words)

	Prairie-Plains Lesson 8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Area Rule: The total area of the cross section of the new tree(s) must equal the area of the cross section of the tree(s) that were damaged or destroyed.
		Using the diameter rule in the above example, only four new trees would be needed to replace the old tree because the diameter of the old tree is four times the diameter of each new tree.
		Using the area rule, about 16 trees (113/7) trees would be needed to replace the old tree.
	www.usd.edu /anth/epa/lesson8.html (493 words)

	NRDC: The National Forest Roadless Area Rule
		Roadless areas are havens for fish and wildlife, whose habitat in many other forest areas has been fragmented or entirely destroyed.
		The Roadless Area Conservation Rule is an administrative rule that was issued by the U.S. Forest Service in January 2001 to protect the last remaining wildlands in our national forest system.
		In the past, though, heavy support for the roadless rule among Americans has helped derail the administration's damaging plans; continued public support of the rule will be critical to the effort to defend it.
	www.nrdc.org /land/forests/qroadless.asp (1505 words)

	Rule 12.Area Discipline Divisions and Hearing Committees. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		(2) not less than three non-attorney members of the public (hereinafter "public member"), each of whom resides in the area of disciplinary jurisdiction for which he or she is appointed, is a United States Citizen, is at least 25 years of age, and is a resident of the State of Alaska.
		Area Division members will each serve a four year term, with each term to commence July 1 and expire on June 30th of the fourth year.
		In the event a formal petition is filed against an Area Division member, or the attorney member is placed on disability inactive status, (s)he will not be assigned to any future matters pending disposition of the proceeding.
	www.touchngo.com /lglcntr/ctrules/barules/BAR-11.htm (1276 words)

	WWF \| Forestry \| Roadless Areas
		The Roadless Rule was developed after more than a decade of battles between environmentalists and the timber industry over the protection of roadless areas in each national forest.
		On December 14, 2001 the chief of the Forest Service issued a series of directives that further undermined the rule by eliminating requirements that there must be a compelling need to build roads in roadless areas and the requirement that an environmental impact statement be prepared prior to building roads in roadless areas.
		In a rare victory for the rule, a federal appeals court lifted an injunction against the rule at the end of 2002 saying that the rule met all public participation requirements of an official rulemaking process.
	www.worldwildlife.org /forests/roadless.cfm (704 words)

	Save Our Last Wild Forests: Restore the Roadless Rule
		I strongly oppose the Bush administration’s recent decision to revoke the Roadless Area Conservation Rule and replace it with a burdensome and uncertain state petition process.
		The Roadless Area Conservation Rule was the product of a massive public involvement process that included more than 600 public meetings and generated more than 1.6 million comments from the American people.
		The Forest Service’s rationale for such a rule is as valid today as it was in 2001.
	www.net.org /petition.php?partner=CBD (692 words)

	The Area Rule (David Lednicer, Mark Drela)
		By carving away at the fuselage, the cross-sectional area distribution more closely represented the optimum, the wave drag was lower and the aircraft was now capable of going supersonic.
		The reason that the _total_ X-sectional area at a given streamwise x location is important is that near M=1 the streamtubes going past the body cannot change in area very much.
		Area ruling IS a consideration in typical M = 0.80 or 0.85 jets, but it's not a major design driver.
	yarchive.net /air/area_rule.html (926 words)

	IMBA News: Action Alerts: Write to Support Roadless Area Conservation Rule (08-15-04)
		The proposed rule, open for public comment until November 14, would require governors to petition the federal government in order to block roadbuilding in inventoried Roadless Areas.
		The Roadless Area Conservation Rule of 2001 recognized the importance of protecting National Forests for their recreation, habitat and watershed values.
		The rule was the result of the most extensive public participation process in rulemaking history, including more than 600 public hearings and 2.3 million comments -- 95 percent in favor of strong Roadless protection.
	www.imba.com /news/action_alerts/08_04/08_15_roadless.html (545 words)

	Compliance in the Critical Area
		Intensely Developed Areas are generally areas that were developed with residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional land uses at the time of the original Critical Area mapping and where relatively little natural habitat occurred.
		The Criteria set forth in conjunction with the Critical Area Act require that any development or redevelopment within the IDA be accompanied by practices to reduce water quality impacts associated with stormwater runoff.
		This guidance, entitled “Maryland Chesapeake and Atlantic Coastal Bays Critical Area 10% Rule Guidance” is the result of revisions to prior publications printed in 1987 and in 1993.
	www.dnr.state.md.us /criticalarea/guidancepubs/10percent_rule.html (508 words)

	area rule
		These photos show the narrowing of the YF-102A fuselage near the wings as dictated by the area rule compared to the fuselage of the YF-102.
		It states that, in order to produce the least amount of drag when approaching supersonic flight, the cross-sectional area of an aircraft body should be consistent throughout the aircraft's length.
		To compensate for the place on an aircraft where the wings are attached to the fuselage, the fuselage needs to be made narrower so that the cross-section remains the same.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/A/area_rule.html (196 words)

	What's At Stake: Roadless Area Conservation Rule Under Attack!
		The Administration's draft rule is now posted on the Forest Service website and will be published soon in the Federal Register, starting a 60-day public comment period.
		First, the Governor of any State with national forest inventoried roadless areas could petition the Secretary of Agriculture to adopt regulations for management of any roadless areas in the State (proposed 36 CFR 294.12).
		Consequently, Governors who support roadless area protection may prefer to advocate for retaining the nationwide prohibitions in the existing Roadless Area Conservation Rule, rather than embarking on an untested petition process with a highly uncertain outcome.
	actionnetwork.org /campaign/keep_it_roadless/explanation (625 words)

	Roadless Area Conservation Rule — Conservation Northwest
		The roadless rule was a sound economic and balanced policy that allowed for the continued management of roadless areas against fire and disease, while preserving these public lands as a legacy for our children.
		If a governor chooses not to petition, roadless areas would be managed under individual forest plans, which allow road-building and logging on much of the 58.5 million acres of roadless areas across the country.
		On September 20, 2006, Federal Judge Elizabeth La Porte ruled on the lawsuit and found that the Bush administration acted illegally by not considering the environmental impacts of replacing the 2001 Roadless Area Conservation Rule with a state-by-state petition process for roadless area protection.
	www.conservationnw.org /oldgrowth/roadless-rule (404 words)

	Dictionary : Area_rule (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		This photo shows the narrowing of the YF-102A fuselage near the wings as dictated by the Area Rule compared to the fuselage of the YF-102.
		The Area Rule was discovered by NASA aerodynamicist Richard Whitcomb in 1950.
		The rule states that, in order to produce the least amount of drag when approaching supersonic flight, the cross-sectional area of an aircraft body should be consistent throughout the aircraft's length.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/Dictionary/Area_Rule/DI103.htm (124 words)

	'310-ers' Find Way Around New Area Code Rule
		When we last touched on the furor over the pending area code overlay in 310-ville--a kingdom that encompasses Malibu, Beverly Hills, Bel-Air, Manhattan Beach and such--they were yelling and lobbying and threatening to pull campaign contributions.
		Word has it that the hottest item on the Westside this month is a little gizmo the size of a jewel box that lets disoriented 310-ers pretend that their old seven-digit world hasn't changed.
		There has been much fuss over this area code business, and a good number of reasonable queries as to how, with all the world's troubles, something as small as an extra four digits could evoke such Sturm und Drang.
	www.areacode-info.com /headline/1999/ca990517.htm (703 words)

	NET.org >> FORESTS
		He is the first governor not to support full protection for his state's roadless areas.
		Despite overwhelming public support and promises to uphold roadless forest protections, the Bush administration is seeking to undermine the Roadless Area Conservation Rule.
		For more information on the administration's attempts to undermine the rule, visit the Heritage Forest Campaign (NET is part of the HFC coalition).
	www.net.org /forests (815 words)

	Monitor and rule area
		If you select another monitor in the top area of the window the rule area at the bottom is automatically updated.
		You can change the area reserved for monitors and rules by clicking and moving the left mouse button on the splitting border.
		In the rule area the rules that are triggered will have a red instead of a green flag at the beginning of the line.
	www.advtoolware.com /t4e/manuals_online/monitormagic/Monitor_and_rule_area.htm (138 words)

	Roadless Area Rule Hits Speed Bump - Planet Newsletter - Sierra Club
		The state of Idaho and Boise-Cascade sued to void the roadless policy and a judge put the rule on hold until the case was resolved.
		After initially postponing the rule, on May 4, the Bush administration made its intentions known: it would let the roadless rule stand, but with amendments.
		Proponents of the rule expected that commercial logging and roadbuilding would be banned in the interim, but one day before the rule was scheduled to take effect on May 11, Judge Edward Lodge granted a preliminary injunction.
	www.sierraclub.org /planet/200107/roadless.asp (845 words)

	ProFish Co.
		"Area Ruling" is used in the design of supersonic aircraft to help transition the shock wave past the fuselage and airfoils as it accelerates from subsonic to supersonic flight.
		Area Rule lures allow you to troll all the way out, or fast troll for reaction strikes through water you'd generally miss.
		The lures use Area Rules' FishSkin skirts, which are very durable and offer optical benefits that allow the lure to be seen by the predators.
	www.charkbait.com /cs/csar.htm (2356 words)

	Save the Roadless Area Conservation Rule \| Greenpeace USA
		The Bush administration is attempting to eliminate the Roadless Area Conservation Rule, opening these areas to corporate interests.
		The Roadless Rule placed 58.5 millions acres of national forestland under protection from the logging, mining and drilling industries.
		By excluding the Tongass and the Chugach, the Bush administration allows for nearly 25 percent of the original forestland protected by the Rule to be gutted by industrial logging.
	www.greenpeace.org /usa/news/save-the-roadless-area-conserv (318 words)

	Colorado's Forest Legacy
		The 2001 Rule provided protections from logging, mining, and energy development on more than 4.4 million acres of the last remaining unroaded lands in our state’s National Forests.
		In May, 2005, the Bush Administration repealed the 2001 Rule and replaced it with a process requiring governors to petition the Department of Agriculture in order to seek protections for roadless areas.
		The Roadless Areas Review Task Force, created by the Colorado legislature to advise the Governor in that process, has a tremendous opportunity to influence decisions about roadless areas.
	www.roadless.net /sections/background/background_rule.htm (186 words)

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