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Topic: Areal feature

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	Areal feature (linguistics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An areal feature, in linguistics, is the appearance of a given feature of typology in several unrelated languages due to the influence of geographical closeness.
		While most features of a language can be genetically traced back to an ancestor language (an earlier stage of development), areal features are the result of horizontal "contagion" from neighbouring populations of genetically unrelated languages.
		For linguists researching a large geographic area, it may be sometimes difficult to attribute certain features to areal influence instead of relatedness.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Areal_feature (127 words)

	The National Hydrography Dataset (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		For features delineated with lines, for which the direction of flow is a prominent characteristic (the feature types artificial path, canal/ditch, connector, pipeline, and stream/river), and for which the direction of flow is known, the lines are oriented in the direction of the flow of water.
		For features of the type stream/river, common false generics are terms for depressions in the Earth's surface (such as "draw", "gully" or "gulch") that usually are not defined as applying to water flowing through the depression.
		Features outside the tolerance are not moved; instead, a feature of the type connector was added to join the features.
	nhd.usgs.gov /chapter1 (10951 words)

	Design, fabrication, and performance of spin-valve read heads for magnetic recording applications
		An example is the trilayer permalloy/copper/permalloy system [ 7 ], where the GMR effect operates to produce a minimum resistance for parallel alignment of the permalloy magnetizations, and a maximum resistance for antiparallel alignment of the permalloy magnetizations.
		This feature was somewhat unexpected from the linearity of the basic GMR behavior, and further analysis showed that it is probably caused by either residual AMR contributions or a small canting of the pinned layer's magnetic moment from the transverse direction.
		This result indicates that the application of a longitudinal bias field from the tail regions is as effective in inducing quiet and single-domain behavior in the spin-valve sensors as in the case of the conventional MR sensors.
	www.research.ibm.com /journal/rd/421/tsang.html (5901 words)

	Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The counties for linear features are ordered from the mouth to the source of the feature, whereas for areal features they are ordered from the center of the feature outward.
		In the case of areal features, they represent the location of the approximate geographic center of the feature, whereas the primary coordinates of linear features represent the location of the mouth of the feature.
		Coordinate pairs for linear features are listed in order from mouth to source whereas the order of coordinate pairs listed for areal features generally radiates from the center outward.
	geonames.usgs.gov /gnis_users_guide_descripdbs.html (3116 words)

	Structural Features in Illinois: Areal Extent of Anticlines, Domes, and the Glasford Disturbance (Polygon Features)
		Structural Features in Illinois: Areal Extent of Anticlines, Domes, and the Glasford Disturbance (Polygon Features)
		Features depicted are limited to well documented, significant anticlines and domes (and the Glasford Disturbance) in Illinois that can be properly represented with a polygon.
		For example, the Ayers Anticline (E) is feature number 7 of the anticline general type, while the Brocton Dome is feature number 7 of the dome general type.
	www.isgs.uiuc.edu /nsdihome/outmeta/structpolyf.html (1720 words)

	Pieces for a Global Puzzle
		features that are shared by a majority of the languages of certain area, are borrowed.
		All empirical evidence suggests instead that any linguistic feature is capable of spread, under conditions of political or cultural dominance (Thomason and Kaufman 1988), which means that areal convergence on a certain feature need not reflect an initial skewing in favor of that feature.
		If grammaticalization produces nothing but further instances of areally strong features, then it may result in A in all of the languages of the old area in (b) and (d), and in C in all of the languages of the old area in (c) and (d).
	www.ida.liu.se /~g-robek/nodalida93/nodalida93/NODA93-03/NODA93-03.html (5032 words)

	Figures (Clampitt Site)
		Figure 27: Profile drawing of the east wall of Trench 15 and Feature 51.
		Figure 28a: Profile drawings of Features 57 and 59 at the opening of the inner stockade line.
		Figure 29: Profile drawing of the south wall of Unit X showing the pit containing Burial Feature 1.
	www.gbl.indiana.edu /abstracts/clampitt/figures.html (581 words)

	Fabrication of magnetic recording heads and dry etching of head materials
		As an example, the upper pole piece of Figure 2 is usually fabricated by defining the pole-tip feature in a relatively thick photoresist layer over topography, followed by plating several microns of a magnetic material into the resist-defined mask.
		In summary, although the feature size in recording heads still trails behind that of semiconductor integrated circuits, many unique challenges are present in the fabrication of recording heads of higher areal density and better performance.
		When a feature is exposed to an ion beam with a low incident angle, the corners of the feature are first eroded, and small facets are produced.
	www.research.ibm.com /journal/rd/431/hsiao.html (6804 words)

	[No title]
		In addition features that are known to have a restricted distribution (root-and-pattern morphology, clicks) should be included, to make their anomalous patterning even more striking.
		But even the more shallow features that can be mapped will often be highly relevant to current theoretical concerns, and the conspicuous gaps of the Atlas will hopefully engender more enthusiasm for filling the gaps in our knowledge by writing detailed grammars of little-known languages all over the world.
		This feature value does not apply to dual-less languages, but they will be shown on the map as well, and assigned the feature value "language has no dual at all".
	email.eva.mpg.de /~haspelmt/atlas.html (1974 words)

	Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)
		Features are located by State and county, and related to the USGS topographic map on which the feature is shown.
		The primary point of an areal feature is the approximate geographic center with the following exceptions: The primary point of a populated place is the center of original place such as the city or town hall, main post office, or town square regardless of changes over time.
		For a linear feature with feature class equal to valley, stream, or arroyo, the points are sequenced from mouth toward the source and the highest sequence number is the source.
	geonames.usgs.gov /GNIS.faq.html (3588 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Feature Attribute Tables: When ARC/INFO constructs topology for a coverage, topologic and geometric properties are defined and stored in a file called a feature attribute table (FAT).
		Feature type: Regions The region feature class is designed to model areal geographic features described by one or more polygons.
		Feature type: Annotation Text stored with a coverage, and which serves to label coverage features and enhance cartographic output, is called annotation.
	www.dnr.state.mi.us /ftp/miris/Taylor/Week4/WEEK4Notes.doc (2534 words)

	Metadata: Geographic Names Information System (USGS) for the Lake Superior Basin in GIS Format
		If the point represents an areal feature such as a city, the primary point is generally located in the center of the area.
		In the case of an areal feature, the primary data point is the one determined subjectively to be at the center of the feature, or the one describing the location of a prominent feature within an area, such as the town hall in a town.
		Where the linear feature is a river, the point representing the mouth of the river is defined as the primary feature.
	www.nrri.umn.edu /lsgis/metadata/gnis.htm (1170 words)

	Solutions to Lab 2
		Line: A set of ordered coordinates that represents a feature too narrow to be classified as an area at the scale of mapping.
		Point: A single x,y coordinate representing a feature which is too small to be classified as either an area or a line at the scale of mapping.
		Dangling Node: May be an error caused by an overshoot or undershoot, but may be a legitimate feature such as the end of a line feature.
	www.cquest.utoronto.ca /geog/ggr273s/labs/g273lab2.html (1487 words)

	Technical Note 6
		An artificial Neural Network is used to predict areal reservoir quality from 3D seismic data.
		The goal of the investigation was to produce a porosity thickness map by using non-linear seismic data in the form of amplitude, lateral variation of amplitude and acoustic impedance obtained from 3D seismic inversion.
		A self organising learning process adapts the neurons such that similar input patterns are mapped to neighbouring neurons on the feature map.
	www.teec.de /tech_note/Tech-Note_6/technical_note_6.html (647 words)

	Realtime Military Applications Using ArcInfo
		Point features are those placed at a single location such as bridges, buildings, houses, etc. Linear features are used to represent road, rivers, railroads, etc. Areal features are used to represent lakes, grass lands, forests, etc. (see figure 3).
		All features are 2D at this time and may be mapped or replaced by 3D features in a future process.
		Nearly all features were generalized to reduce the number of vertices used to describe the feature.
	gis.esri.com /library/userconf/proc95/to350/p312.html (1551 words)

	Aqua3D - Manual
		Cross section feature in the areal data editor, which enables the user two view any areal parameter in a cross section through all layers.
		Use the areal editor to paint the initial values into a parameter which is not used for flow calculations, i.e.
		When the areal data window is active, selecting "areal values" from the "view" option on the main toolbar allows the user to edit areal data.
	www.vatnaskil.is /manual.htm (1906 words)

	Digital Data - NYS 1:100,000 Scale Hydrography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Various other hydrographic features such as waterfalls greater than 200 feet wide, dams, canals, and aqueducts are identified and shown.
		Islands must have dimensions greater than 100 feet by 300 feet to be shown. All hydrography features labeled on either the scale County Base Maps (where available) or the 1:250,000 scale 4 sheet State Base Map are attributed in the file with the proper name.
		Polygons and their associated label points are attributed with: identifying level, general category of feature, type of feature, and proper name of hydrography feature (if available).
	www.nysgis.state.ny.us /mapsales/digital/nyhyd.htm (392 words)

	Geographic Feature Names for Stellwagen National Marine Sanctuary Region, Geonames (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		ASSOCIATED FEATURES: The Cove is bounded on the northeast and east by Jeffreys Ledge and on the southwest by Scantum Spur.
		ASSOCIATED FEATURES: Creed Ridge is bounded on the west by Creed Basin, on the north by Lower Jeffreys Ledge, on the east by West Tillies Basin, and on the south by Little Tillies Bank and Gloucester Basin.
		ASSOCIATED FEATURES: East Hill is located east of Sanctuary Hill and is bounded on the northwest by Pigeon Basin and on the south by Sanctuary Basin.
	woodshole.er.usgs.gov /project-pages/stellwagen/html/geonames.html (8742 words)

	Property Value
		Consider an <Areal Feature> labeled as "Red Field", because the surface represented has clay soil present.
		Consider acoustic response, that is, changes to characteristics of objects in response to acoustic stimuli, such as the resonant frequency of a plate, response (such as echo, phase shift, absorption, diffraction), or frequency.
		Consider electromagnetic emission, that is, the emission characteristics of a geometric object or feature, including the electromagnetic wavelengths, amplitudes, and directionality.
	www.sedris.org /sdk_3.1.2/docs/tech/drm/classes/PropertyValue.htm (381 words)

	NHD Quickstart (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Within the NHD, features are combined to form reaches, which provide the framework for linking (or geocoding) water-related data to the NHD surface water drainage network.
		The lines representing network features, through which water flows in a known direction, are oriented in the direction of flow.
		Production steps included creating features, integrating artificial paths, associating features with reaches and geographic names, orienting features and reaches in the direction of water flow, constructing flow relationships, and validating the results of these efforts.
	nhd.usgs.gov /quickstart.html (1575 words)

	1996 Formal Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		In addition, a subsynoptic-scale feature associated with a severe convective event that developed ahead of the decaying wave trough axis was observed quite well by the profiler network.
		This feature's detection was dependent on the high temporal resolution of the profiler data and was not detectable with data provided by the rawinsonde network.
		Salient features that are replicated by the model include an upshear-tilted leading convective region with multiple updraft maxima during its linear stage, and the development of a 30-km-scale midlevel vortex and associated transition of the line to a pronounced bow-shaped structure.
	www.nssl.noaa.gov /papers/formal/1996formal.html (6273 words)

	representative point, 2001 census (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The point is centrally located along the linear feature or centrally within the areal feature.
		The features can be other streets, boundaries of standard geographic areas, or limits of map tiles.
		The points are set back a perpendicular distance of either 10, 5 or 1 metre(s) from the street centre line to ensure that all points have unique coordinates, and are located in the correct block and on the correct side of the street.
	www12.statcan.ca /english/census01/Products/Reference/dict/geo040.htm (895 words)

	Sprachbund - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Yet they share the grammatical feature of a postposed definite article.
		This does not occur in languages closely related to Romanian or to Bulgarian.
		Many linguists think the Mongolian, Turkic, and Manchu-Tungus families of northern Asia are genetically related, in a group they call Altaic, but the evidence is equivocal, and their common features such as vowel harmony might instead mean they are part of a Sprachbund.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sprachbund (234 words)

	Attributes of the Facility/Site Identification System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		A general description of the geographic location of the facility/site or feature being mapped in relationship to the ground.
		A code that identifies whether the coordinates of the facility/site or feature lie in the northern zone or the or southern zone of the WA State Plane Coordinate System.
		Describes the vertical reference point from which the vertical measurement of the facility/site or feature was taken.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /services/as/iip/fs/fs_attributes.html (6355 words)

	RA: Resident Advisor - 2005 Sonar Prologues with Ada - Feature / Interview
		Whilst already receiving acclaim for her remix work, it was her debut release ’Blindhouse’ that signalled there was much to look forward to from Ada and Areal Records.
		It's the first time for Areal to be at Sonar and also the first time we all make a trip together (all means Basteroid, Metope, Konfekt and me, Ada).
		Watch out for Metope's debut album on Areal Records which will probably be released in August/September this year.
	www.residentadvisor.net /feature_view.asp?ID=600 (634 words)

	Articles - Voiceless bilabial plosive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		(See [g] for another such gap.) This is an areal feature of the "circum-Saharan zone" (Africa north of the equator, including the Arabian peninsula).
		It's unknown how old this areal feature is, and whether it might be a recent phenomenon due to Arabic as a prestige language (Arabic lost its [p] in prehistoric times), or whether Arabic was itself affected by a more ancient areal pattern.
		Its manner of articulation is plosive or stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.
	www.oldion.com /articles/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive (539 words)

	* Dusted Features [ An Interview With Ada ] *
		She’s the chanteuse of Chez Areal, her vocals adding sex appeal and spice to a crowd content to let its computers pull the weight.
		The title of her first full-length Blondie speaks volumes; Ada is more than a divider at the local record store, or a file to be downloaded.
		That was like four years ago and then he moved to Cologne and started Areal.
	www.dustedmagazine.com /features/314 (1872 words)

	Nilo-Saharan languages -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Linguistic characteristics > Areal features > Vowel harmony
		An additional areal feature, prominent especially in the Central Sudanic and in the Nilotic and Surmic groups of Eastern Sudanic and shared by neighbouring Niger-Congo languages, is that of vowel harmony.
		This feature restricts the co-occurrence in any given word of vowels that belong to more than one of two harmonic sets.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=225828 (619 words)

	For Sale : USGS Folios
		Didn't find it here?- Use the Search Feature on our index page or Browse some of the other categories.
		USGS Folio 221 : 1927 : Bessemer - Vandiver Folio, Alabama.
		22 pages of text, one page of columnar sections, 2 sheets topographic maps, 2 sheets areal geology maps, 2 sheets economic geology maps, 2 sheets structure sections/maps, 3 pages of photos.
	www.woodenski.com /2neat/usgs/folios.html (1256 words)

	Department of Energy Information Bridge - full-text scientific and technical reports (gray literature)
		The authors have examined the effect of gettering on areal inhomogeneities in large-area mc-Si cells.
		Cells with large areal inhomogeneities were found to have increased non-ideal recombination current, which is in line with theoretical predictions.
		Phosphorus-diffusion and aluminum-alloy gettering of mc-Si was found to reduce the areal inhomogeneities and improve large-area mc-Si device performance.
	www.osti.gov /bridge/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=541844 (245 words)

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