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Topic: Argentine War of Independence

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	Argentine War of Independence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Argentine War of Independence was fought from 1810 to 1818 by Argentine forces under Manuel Belgrano and José de San Martín against realista forces loyal to the Spanish crown.
		Argentine and Chilean armies merged in the unofficial South American Patriot Army and continued the campaign together against the Spanish division conmmanded by Osorio.
		Argentine Independence Day is celebrated on July 9, to commemorate the Argentine Declaration of Independence promulgated in 1816.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Argentine_War_of_Independence (1772 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Algerian War of Independence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) was a period of guerrilla strikes, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians on both sides, and riots between the French army and colonists, or the "colons" as they were called, in Algeria and the FLN (Front de Libération Nationale) and other pro-independence Algerians.
		Merciless "café wars," resulting in nearly 5,000 deaths, were waged in France between the two rebel groups throughout the years of the War of Independence.
		An important watershed in the War of Independence was the massacre of civilians by the FLN near the town of Philippeville in August 1955.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Algerian_War_of_Independence (5202 words)

	Argentina - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
		The Argentine climate is predominantly temperate with extremes ranging from subtropical in the north to arid and sub-Antarctic in the far south.
		Argentine culture is exemplified by its music and dance, particularly tango.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Argentina (4418 words)

	Chile - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The abolition of slavery in 1683 defused tensions on the frontier between the colony and the Mapuche land to the south, and permitted increased trade between colonists and Mapuches.
		The drive for independence from Spain was precipitated by usurpation of the Spanish throne by Napoleon's brother Joseph in 1808.
		As a result of the War of the Pacific with Peru and Bolivia (1879–83), Chile expanded its territory northward by almost one-third, eliminating Bolivia's access to the Pacific, and acquired valuable nitrate deposits, the exploitation of which led to an era of national affluence.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Chile (5881 words)

	The Falklands War (1982) / La Guerra de Las Malvinas (1982)
		Argentine troops seize the associated islands of South Georgia and the South Sandwich group (1,000 miles [1,600 km] east of the Falklands) following a short battle in which an Argentine helicopter is forced down and 4 Argentine troops are killed.
		From start to finish, this undeclared war lasted 72 days, claimed nearly 1000 casualties (236 British and 655 Argentine), many of them innocent conscripts that were drafted in a hurry by the Argentine junta.
		Argentine readers who feel strongly about this subject would probably prefer the pretty biased Argentine perspective as presented by Commodore Ruben O. Moro of the Argentine Air Force.
	www.yendor.com /vanished/falklands-war.html (3069 words)

	War
		Civil War of Albany and Cornwall The Civil War of Albany and Cornwall was a legendary war in Geoffrey of Monmouth.
		One-Year War In the Gundam 0083, with the 'nazification' of the Zeons.
		Te Kooti's War Te Kooti's War was one of the Pakeha.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/war.html (8572 words)

	Manuel Belgrano - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1812, he created the national flag of Argentina; it was raised for the first time on February 27 of that year, on an island in the Paraná River, opposite the city of Rosario.
		He also led the Jujuy Exodus (Éxodo Jujeño), which prepared the ground for victories of the Argentine War of Independence in the northwest of the country.
		Belgrano was one of the leaders of the Argentine Declaration of Independence (1816-07-09).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manuel_Belgrano (344 words)

	Second World War (1940-1944)
		The Japanese war against the League of Nations in 1942-44 stemmed from Japanese dissatisfaction with the restrictions allegedly placed upon Japan by League policies, and for that reason was the least bloody of the wars.
		Greater Germany's declaration of war upon the Soviet Union in May of 1941 didn't surprise the rest of Europe as much as it signalled Greater Germany's desire for expansion eastward, to fulfill Nazi ideology's plans for a vast eastern European colonial empire under German control.
		In marked contrast to the European wars, the Pacific War was conducted in humane fashion by the Empire of Japan.
	www.ahtg.net /TpA/ww2.html (4052 words)

	Ears and Conflicts of Brazil
		Civil war broke out between the absolutist supporters of Miguel, the so-called "Miguelites," who took control of Lisbon, and the constitutionalists, who were aided by General John Carlos de Oliveira e Daun Saldanha (1791-1876) at Oporto.
		The war devastated Paraguay, whose former population of about 525,000 was reduced to some 221,000, of whom oníy 29,000 were adult males; it was the bloodiest conflict in Latin American history.
		The war caused financial havoc in Brazil, and mercenary troops mutinied in Rio (1828).
	www.brazilbrazil.com /wars.html (5699 words)

	Historical references
		Between 1825 and 1828 he commanded the fleet in the War with Brazil, the Portuguese stronghold that sought to solidify its conquest of the East Bank, one of the provinces of the Viceroyship with capital in Buenos Aires.
		This gave rise to the Argentine wars of independence, with battles and campaigns waged on land and sea, including the crossing of the Andes Range by the Andean Army.
		This squadron increased Argentine naval power in the River Plate, and naval campaigns were carried out in Patagonia, which led to the foundation of several Coast Guard Stations and, hence, to the birth of some of the most important cities of Patagonia, contributing to the consolidation of Argentine sovereignty over its southern territories.
	www.cdtradition.net /historical-references.php (8301 words)

	Battle of Chacabuco - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Part of the Chilean War of Independence and the Argentine War of Independence
		The Battle of Chacabuco, 1817, during the Chilean War of Independence
		In 1814, having been instrumental in the establishment of a popularly elected congress in Argentina, Jose de San Martin began to consider the problem of driving the Spanish royalists from South America.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco (436 words)

	CNN - Legacy of 'Dirty War' leaves stigma on Argentine military - February 13, 1998
		BUENOS AIRES, Argentina (CNN) -- Argentina's so-called "Dirty War," during which military forces kidnapped and killed perhaps as many as 30,000 people thought to be enemies of the state, has been over for 15 years.
		Argentine Army Chief Gen. Martin Balza, speaking at a ceremony Thursday, lamented that because of deep-seated public mistrust from that era, members of the military "live in a state of permanent suspicion and blame."
		In his speech this week, at a ceremony commemorating the anniversary of a battle in Argentina's war of independence, Balza issued another mea culpa.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/9802/13/argentina.dirty.war (616 words)

	War is Peace, by Noam Chomsky (Excerpted from Fateful Triangle)
		Archbishop Georges Haddad told him that many had been killed, though he did not know the numbers, since many were still buried beneath the ruins and he was occupied with caring for the many orphans wandering in the streets, some so young that they did not even know their names.
		Independent Lebanese Witnesses gave similar accounts; one claimed to have seen one prisoner beaten to death by an Israeli guard.
		Many Israeli soldiers were appalled by the nature of the war, a fact that may be reflected in the "psychiatric casualties," particularly among reservists, which were twice as high as the norm (including the 1973 war) in comparison to physical casualties.
	www.chomsky.info /books/fateful01.htm (9404 words)

	Familia - Los Irlandeses en la Argentina / Magazine / Irish Ancestors / ireland.com
		All their Argentine relatives, of course, speak Spanish, the language of Argentina and most of Latin America.
		In this period of the early 1800s, a wave of wars of independence swept Spanish America, led by Simon Bolivar, Bernardo O'Higgins, Jose Artigas and Jose de San Martin.
		San Martin was the hero of the Argentine War of Independence which was achieved in 1816.
	scripts.ireland.com /ancestor/magazine/articles/uhf_argentina1.htm (938 words)

	Argentina Bank Notes
		Urquiza defeated mitre in the civil war of 1859, and Buenos Aires reentered the Argentine confederation.
		He also led the Jujuy Exodus, which prepared the ground for victories of the Argentine War of Independence in the northwest of the country.
		Belgrano was one of the leaders of the Argentine Declaration of Independence.
	tomchao.com /sa/sa1a.html (773 words)

	The Westmeath connection with Argentina
		In this period a wave of wars of independence swept Spanish America, led by Simon Bolivar, Bernardo O’Higgins, Jose Artigas and Jose de San Martin.
		Admiral William Brown from Foxford, Co Mayo played a prominent role in the war of independence, being the founder of the Argentine Navy.
		Many of the younger generation have moved to the cities and can be found in all walks of life while the majority still work their estancias.
	www.hoganstand.com /general/identity/geese/stories/argentina.htm (1259 words)

	CalendarHome.com - August 17 - Calendar Encyclopedia
		1850 - Argentine's War of Independence hero, General José de San Martín, dies in Boulogne-sur-Mer (France), at the age of 77.
		1914 - World War I: The German army of General Hermann von Francois defeats the Russian force commanded by Pavel Rennenkampf at the Battle of Stalluponen.
		1943 - World War II: The US 7th Army under General George S. Patton arrive in Messina, Italy, followed several hours later by the British 8th Army under Field Marshal Bernard L. Montgomery, thus completing the Allied conquest of Sicily.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /August_17.htm (1021 words)

	CNN - Legacy of 'Dirty War' leaves stigma on Argentine military - February 13, 1998
		Legacy of 'Dirty War' leaves stigma on Argentine military
		In 1987, civilian President Raul Alfonsin gave amnesty to those who were deemed to have been "obeying orders" during the Dirty War.
		Four years later, he drew international praise when he apologized for "illegal means," including torture, that were used to extract information from prisoners who were later killed.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/9802/13/argentina.dirty.war/index.html (616 words)

	Spain Argentina Independence 1810 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		News of Napoleon's advance into Spain (see Peninsular War) and the deposing of the Spanish King Ferdinand VII (1784-1833) reached Buenos Aires in 1810 and triggered an insurrection.
		The Spanish viceroy was removed and replaced by a provisional junta, including Cornelio Saavedra (1760-1828), Mariano Moreno (1778-1811), Manuel Belgrano (1780-1820), and Bernardino Rivadavia (1780-1845), who set up the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata on May 25, 1810.
		While feigning loyalty to the Spanish Crown, the junta exiled royal officials, eased trade regulations, and unsuccessfully invited allegiance from the provinces of the former Spanish viceroyalty
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/alpha/fargentina1810.htm (96 words)

	Marxism and War
		The Situation and Tasks in the Anti-Japanese War After the Fall of Shanghai and Taiyuan, Mao Ze Dong November 1937;
		Resolutions of the Fifth Congress of the Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores, [Argentine Section of the Fourth International—Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo/ Revolutionary Army of the People] 1970-1973—Trotskyist supporters of armed struggle.
		A Semi-feudal Alibi for Protracted War, Filemon Lagman, 1994;
	www.marxists.org /subject/war (369 words)

	Britain Announces Argentine Surrender to End the 10-Week War in the Falklands
		Argentine forces in Stanley, the last major enemy stronghold in the Falklands, had
		Within minutes of her statement to the House, crowds gathered outside Mrs.
		Argentine troops seized April 2, had been crowned with victory.
	www.latinamericanstudies.org /argentina/falklands-surrender.htm (761 words)

	Ensiklopedia :: encyclopedia : Daftar perperangan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		1532 - 1546 Ottoman-Habsburg War in the Mediterranean
		1879 - 1884 War of the Pacific between Chile and the joint forces of Bolivia and Peru
		1918 Finnish Civil War, fought between "the reds" (rebellious Socialists) and "the whites" (anti-Socialists) in the aftermath of the Revolusi Russia of 1917.
	www.ensiklopedia.info /Daftar_perperangan (1559 words)

	Encyclopedia Article Centre - The Times Archive - MSN Encarta
		Argentine Claim to the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): The Times Report
		Beginning of the Taranaki and Waikata Wars: The Times Report
		First Independent Television Broadcast in Britain: The Times Report
	uk.encarta.msn.com /artcenter_1.0/The_Times_Archive.html (1786 words)

	Top20Chile.com - Your Top20 Guide to Chile!
		Intermittent warfare continued until 1817, when an army led by Bernardo O'Higgins, Chile's most renowned patriot, and JosÃ© de San MartÃn, hero of Argentine independence, crossed the Andes into Chile and defeated the royalists.
		As a result of the War of the Pacific with Peru and Bolivia (1879-83), Chile expanded its territory northward by almost one-third, eliminating Bolivia's access to the Pacific, and acquired valuable nitrate deposits, the exploitation of which led to an era of national affluence.
		The share of Chileans with incomes below the poverty line--defined as twice the cost of satisfying a person's minimal nutritional needs--fell from 46% of the population in 1987 to 18.8% in 2003.
	www.top20chile.com (5541 words)

	La Paz TV
		Lured by a growing tourist trade and hopes of generous profits, U.S. airlines are taking a new look at an old destination — Mexico.
		CARACAS, Venezuela - President Hugo Chavez marked Venezuela's independence day by showing off Russian fighter jets his government is planning to buy and n...
		A South American Union seems more possible today than ever before, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez said after signing a strategic alliance with his Argentine counterpa...
	www.lapaztv.com (540 words)

	The Drunken Boat Summer 2001-Susana Thénon, translated Renata Treitel
		Indeed, this book belongs to the satirical tradition that goes back to Aristophanes exposing the hypocrisies and foibles of a whole society as well as the political and economic dysfunction of the Argentine society traumatized by years of the lawless rule of military regimes.
		However, because choto is slang for 'prick' and [C]hacabuco is the name of a famous Argentine victory during the Argentine war of independence from Spain, this translator takes advantage of the fact that the initial 'pr' of 'prick is also the beginning of 'Princeton,' an American victory during the Revolutionary Wars.
		* This poem is a take off on the lyrics of a well-known Argentine tango as well as a macabre remark on the military repression in Argentina.
	www.thedrunkenboat.com /thenon.htm (645 words)

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