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Topic: Argo (oceanography)

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	Profiling Floats at SOC
		The Southampton Oceanography Centre and the earlier UK laboratories involved with deep sea oceanography (The National Institute of Oceanography - 1953-72 and the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences 1972 to 1996) have been involved in the development and use of neutrally buoyant floats for scientific research (more info).
		Argo is a key element of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and the wider Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) that provide operational support through a global system for observations, modelling and analysis of climate variables.
		Argo is co-sponsored by the Global Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE) which aims to demonstrate the feasibility of routine, real-time, global ocean data assimilation and prediction and by CLIVAR - the World Climate Research Programme's project on Climate Variability and Predictability looking at natural variability and anthropogenic climate change.
	www.soc.ac.uk /JRD/HYDRO/argo/overview.php (476 words)

	Argo (oceanography) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Argo is a network of oceanic robotic probes coverig the Earths oceans, with a total of 3000 probes planned.
		The program is named after the Greek mythical ship Argo which Jason and the Argonauts use on their quest for the Golden Fleece.
		The name was chosen to emphasize the complementary relationship of the project with the Jason-1 satellite altimeter mission.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Argo_(oceanography) (180 words)

	Welcome to The First Argo Science Workshop
		The Argo floats of today are equipped with CTD sensors that provide data of a quality comparable to that of shipboard observations, and these CTD profiles are probably the most important part of the data provided by the floats; clearly profiling float technology has evolved a great deal since WOCE in the 1990s.
		Argo’s contribution is in making similar heat budget calculations possible on a global basis, enabling the analogous freshwater budgets, and substantially decreasing the errors in ocean heat flux convergence and storage (to 0.1 W/m**2 for the global decadal storage calculation).
		Argo float profiles have been used to reconstruct the evolution of the wintertime circulation, stratification and water mass properties from 1996 - 2003 in the Irninger Sea, SE of Greenland.
	sio-argo.ucsd.edu /gould/Oral_abstracts.html (8383 words)

	NOAA News Online (Story 2146)
		Argo floats function as robots, collecting and distributing data on weather and ocean phenomena that are critical to safety and economies.
		Argo data are fully and openly available for all and provide information that every nation can use to better protect the health and economic welfare of its population.
		Argo data are made available within 24 hours after collection on the operational communications system used by the meteorological services; data are also available via the Internet.
	www.noaanews.noaa.gov /stories2003/s2146.htm (647 words)

	Met Office: Argo
		Argo is an important international programme, endorsed by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), as it will provide significant benefits for seasonal forecasting, climate prediction and operational oceanography.
		Argo floats drift at a parking depth of typically 1,500 to 2,000 metres, rising to the surface every 10 days to record a temperature and salinity profile and transmit these data back via satellite (currently using System ARGOS) before returning to depth and continuing another cycle.
		Argo floats are expected to be capable of making as many as 150 cycles, and operate for 4 to 5 years.
	www.metoffice.com /research/ocean/argo (496 words)

	CICOR - Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research
		ARGO is a proposed array of about 3000 profiling floats for monitoring the heat and salt content of the global ocean, and measuring the absolute velocity at one depth.
		ARGO is planned as an international collaboration, and contributions of floats and technical expertise from many nations are required.
		The data from the ARGO floats will be available to the world-wide meteorological community in real-time for input into weather and climate forecast models.
	www.whoi.edu /cicor/research/abstract_owens_argo.html (287 words)

	:: SCRIPPSNEWS : ARGO ROBOTIC INSTRUMENT NETWORK NOW COVERS MOST OF THE GLOBE
		Argo floats are autonomous ocean-traveling robots programmed to sink more than a mile below the ocean surface (see animation) and drift for as long as four years.
		Twenty-five percent of the floats in the Argo array are built at Scripps.
		Scripps Institution of Oceanography, at the University of California, San Diego, is one of the oldest, largest, and most important centers for global science research and graduate training in the world.
	scrippsnews.ucsd.edu /article_detail.cfm?article_num=659 (913 words)

	WindandSea - NOAA Library's Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences Internet Locator
		Argo is a global array of 3,000 free-drifting profiling floats that will measure the temperature and salinity of the upper 2000 m of the ocean.
		Oceanography Lecture Notes by Matthias Tomczak to accompany Earth Science 1102 of the Flinders University of South Australia.
		Shelf and Estuarine Oceanography - an Introduction by Matthias Tomczak of the Flinders University.
	www.lib.noaa.gov /docs/windandsea6.html (1652 words)

	WHOI Marine Operations - Argo II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Argo II carries video cameras, 35-mm and electronic still cameras, and several different acoustic sensors.
		It can be operated around the clock as deep as 20,000 feet, sending acoustic and video signals via fiber-optic cable to a shipboard control center, where five technicians fly the vehicle, record data, and monitor equipment.
		Argo II is a near-bottom towed vehicle (towed at altitudes of ~3-15 m above the seafloor) designed to operate to depths of 6,000 m, utilizing a fiber optic tether to downlink power and controls to various subsystems and data sensors and uplink digital data in both image format and as data-streams.
	www.whoi.edu /marops/vehicles/argo (211 words)

	Wildlife News: New robots for Argo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Each Argo float will drift at a 'parking depth' of about 2,000 m, returning to the ocean surface once every ten days, measuring temperatures and salinities (saltiness) as it rises, and transmitting its measurements to meteorological and oceanographic centres via a satellite link.
		The ocean data that Argo provides will also lead to better long-term weather forecasts for many areas of the world that are vulnerable to floods and drought.
		The UK's contribution to Argo is being funded by the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, the Ministry of Defence and NERC, and is managed on their behalf by the Met Office.
	www.naturalworldtours.co.uk /articles2001/feb/feb0301i.htm (593 words)

	Scripps News
		Along with the United States, other countries that either have Argo floats in the water or plan to deploy the instruments within the next year are Australia, Canada, China, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Japan, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea, Russia, Spain and the United Kingdom, as well as the European Commission.
		The individual Argo floats are uniquely equipped robots that gather information on a global scale, something that no other system has been capable of before.
		The project was named Argo to complement the Jason-1 satellite, a joint effort between NASA and France’s Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales.
	scrippsnews.ucsd.edu /pressreleases/argo_500_launch.cfm (964 words)

	IUGG 2003 Scientific Program
		Argo has many applications in basic oceanographic research and operational oceanography through its measurements of the physical state of the upper ocean on large spatial scales.
		Argo by itself will describe patterns of broadscale variability in upper-ocean temperature and salinity globally, and will enable interpretation of the subsurface expression of sea surface height variability observed by the Jason satellite altimeter.
		Argo together with other elements of the observing system will better reveal the role of the ocean in the climate system and will provide the necessary data for powerful new data assimilation and forecast models, to satisfy a broad range of applications.
	www.olympus.net /IAPSO/abstracts03/JSP06/02/020207-1.html (409 words)

	UOP-3 Report: Appendix 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		ARGO will provide global sea surface temperature on large spatial scales, which is necessary for calibration of AVHRR SST, as well as providing the geostrophic flow field which is an important part of the advective flux.
		ARGO will determine the height of the sea surface relative to the geoid, with an accuracy of about 1 cm on the 3- degree scale of the array over a period of about 3 years.
		Optionally, ARGO profilers could be equipped with additional sensors to measure dissolved oxygen, light attenuation, or fluorescence in regions where the interpretation of ocean color measurements with subsurface data is required.
	www.clivar.org /publications/wg_reports/uop/uop_3_app3.htm (4474 words)

	Met Office: UK Argo
		Following a series of interdepartmental meetings in 1999 it was agreed that Argo is a key international programme that the UK will contribute to, to at least a GNP level of contribution at full deployment.
		The UK Argo Project was initiated in 2000 with initial funding for a 3-year period.
		A phase 2 project, through to 2006, is maintaining the UK contribution towards establishing the global Argo array but with an increased emphasis on demonstration of benefits, since this is essential to justify continued UK funding for Argo and its transition to sustained operation.
	www.metoffice.com /research/ocean/argo/ukargo.html (355 words)

	The UK contribution to Argo
		The aim of Argo is to have approximately 3,000 floats deployed globally by 2003.
		In the UK, Southampton Oceanography Centre (SOC) have gained considerable experience in operating floats and analysing float data, and currently have four floats (in the Irminger Sea) which have recently been designated as Argo floats with their real-time data now being placed on the GTS.
		The aim of Argo is to have approximately 3,000 profiling floats (giving a spacing of about 3° or 300 km) deployed globally by 2003, and maintained thereafter.
	www.metoffice.gov.uk /research/nwp/publications/nwp_gazette/mar00/argo.html (821 words)

	WMO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography (ARGO) is supported by the WMO and the IOC throgh the Joint Commission on Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM).
		At present; ARGO is in an implementation stage and will eventually deploy a global array of 3000 profiling floats to observe the oceans in real time.
		Along with satellites, the Argo array will initiate the oceanic equivalent of present operational observing system for global atmosphere and will greatly contribute to research on the seasonal to interannual climate variability and to significant improvement of climate prediction.
	www.wmo.ch /web/www/Earthwatch/wmo-marine-argo.html (148 words)

	Profiling Floats at SOC
		The signal arrival times used for float tracking were downloaded to the Argos satellite system when the float surfaced at the end of its submerged trajectory.
		The ALACE is a neutrally buoyant float that surfaces at regular intervals by inflating an external bladder (and changing its density), transmits temperature/pressure data and is positioned by the Argos satellite system and then returns to its operating depth.
		Such floats are the mechanism by which the global array of 3000 floats (the so-called Argo array) will provide upper ocean T and S information from the global into the 21st century (Argo Science Team, 1998).
	www.soc.soton.ac.uk /JRD/HYDRO/argo/history.php (1229 words)

	Royal Meteorological Society - Wednesday Meeting Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Since oceanography effectively began with the research cruise by the Challenger in 1873, oceanographers have been severely restricted in their ability to gather data by seawater's near-total opacity to electromagnetic radiation.
		The Argo Programme, which will infest the oceans with thousands of autonomous profiling floats, will advance the study of the oceans by an order of magnitude, providing real-time and frequent (weekly-monthly) measurements of circulation and density over the upper half of the whole of the world ocean.
		The international Argo programme and satellite altimetry will provide an important source of data for FOAM analyses and forecasts for the future, both for operations and in the context of the Global Data Assimilation Experiment (2003-2005).
	www.royal-met-soc.org.uk /wedabs001115.html (644 words)

	Global Observing System Hits Milestone with 1,000TH ARGO Float
		“The global array of 3,000 Argo floats is a key element of our global ocean observing system, by achieving one-third of that array, we reached an important milestone,” said retired Navy Vice Adm. Conrad C. Lautenbacher, Ph.D., under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and NOAA administrator.
		Because weather and climate in the atmosphere are linked to the ocean, data collected by the Argo floats increase our knowledge of and help us better prepare for hurricanes, El Niño and other major events that affect human safety, food production, water management and transportation.
		As with the World Weather Watch program of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), implementation of the Argo array is accomplished with strong international coordination and collaboration, facilitated by a partnership between the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and the WMO.
	www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov /releases2003/dec03/noaa03-158.html (621 words)

	Physical Oceanography - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Physical oceanography is the exploration and study of the physics and geography of the ocean currents and water properties.
		Physical oceanography has important applications in global climate, oceanic mixing, and coastal studies, as well as being a key element in interdisciplinary studies of primary production, hydrothermal vents, and oceanic flux and storage of carbon dioxide.
		The department continues to maintain leadership in ‘blue water’ oceanography and has grown to be one of the leaders in coastal oceanography as well.
	www.whoi.edu /science/PO/dept (788 words)

	Letter to the medias n° 56 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Oceanography has progressed in a spectacular manner these last few years in every domain.
		Data from the first six PROVOR profilers is now available in near-real-time on www.ifremer/fr/coriolis Ifremer is now planning to develop a new-generation profiler, code-named PNG, which will be lighter and simpler to operate than the current version, thus enabling its deployment by non-specialist teams, including cargo and fisheries crews.
		In keeping with the spirit of the global ARGO project, it is indispensable that data collected by PROVOR profilers be treated in a dedicated centre (Coriolis) and freely distributed in real time to all users.
	www.ifremer.fr /anglais/actual/presse/medias56.htm (1160 words)

	Marine Environmental Data Services (MEDS) - ARGO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Argo is an international project and a major component of the oceans observing system.
		At the surface, the float drifts along for a day or two and transmits the data to a satellite run by Service Argos which then determines the position of the float.
		Describes the Argo programme in Canada and provides data and information about Canadian floats.
	www.meds-sdmm.dfo-mpo.gc.ca /meds/Prog_Int/argo/ArgoHome_e.html (185 words)

	IASPO 1999-2003
		Operational oceanography is becoming increasingly important, and there is a significant research effort on the Atlantic Coast (e.g., Thompson et al., 2000, 2003).
		Operational oceanography is therefore an important part of the research and forecasts are provided of the currents and ice conditions on a routine basis (http://www.osl.gc.ca/previsions-oceaniques/jsp/en/menu-previsions.jsp).
		Oceanography, Issue on Physics and Biology of Eddies, Meanders and Rings in the PICES Region, 58, 5 703-713.
	www.cgu-ugc.ca /cnc-iugg/IAPSO03.htm (13021 words)

	Argo robotic instrument network now covers most of the globe
		Researchers with the international Argo program announced they have reached the point where 1,500 ocean-traveling float instruments--half the target 3,000-float array-- are now operating.
		Note: This news release is issued in conjunction with the Group on Earth Observations (GEO-5) and the Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO-6) international meetings held the week of Nov. 29, 2004.
		Now in its second century of discovery, the scientific scope of the institution has grown to include biological, physical, chemical, geological, geophysical, and atmospheric studies of the earth as a system.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-12/uoc--ari120104.php (909 words)

	BBC News \| SCI/TECH \| Cyber-sailors to survey oceans
		The project is called Argo and two UK laboratories are involved: the Meteorological Office and the Southampton Oceanography Centre (SOC).
		He said: "The 1997/1998 El Nino event was predicted with moderate success on the basis of 60 moored buoys in the heart of the critical region.
		The military are interested because the ultimate goal of Argo - real-time information about the state of the world's oceans - would allow them to make one or two day predictions of the acoustic properties of the waters.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_692000/692647.stm (778 words)

	Ocean Sciences\|Publication List
		Oceanography of the Canadian Shelf of the Beaufort Sea: A setting for Marine Life.
		Physical Oceanography in Canada, 1995-1998: A Review for the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics.
		Physical, biological and fisheries oceanography of a large ecosystem (west coast of Vancouver Island) and implications for management.
	www-sci.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca /osap/publ/publist_e.htm (9353 words)

	Welcome to The First Argo Science Workshop
		Argo’s role in closing the oceanic heat and freshwater budgets (Invited) Abstract PPT
		The decreasing of sea surface salinity by typhoon in the summer of 2002 and 2003 in the northwestern Pacific Abstract PPT
		Argo as an aid to environmental monitoring and assessment - the example of the Gulf of Alaska (Invited) Abstract PPT
	www-hrx.ucsd.edu /sio-argo/gould/Argo_programme.html (529 words)

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