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Topic: Argument (computer science)

	Computer science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In a narrower sense, analogy is an inference or an argument from a particular to another particular, as opposed to deduction, induction and abduction, where at least one of the premises or the conclusion is general.
		In computer science, which is sometimes described as the discipline that studies computations, mathematical models of computers are defined; a typical model is the Turing machine.
		Computational intelligence research either explicitly rejects statistical methods (as is the case with fuzzy systems), or tacitly ignores statistics (as is the case with most neural network research).
	www.shortopedia.com /C/O/Computer_science (1652 words)

	Argument - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		argument (computer science), an input to a subprogram or subroutine
		Argumentation theory, the science and theory of civil debates
		Argumentative, a type of evidentiary objection to a question for a witness during a trial
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Argument (407 words)

	Computing and Moral Responsibility
		Computers are the products of more or less responsible humans; as such, most analyses of the responsibility for the use of such systems (as well as the consequences of such use) focus on the humans who create, implement, and use these systems.
		First, the computer is often the proximate cause of the harm, thus satisfying the causal condition of fault, while humans may be far removed from the consequences and thus may not obviously satisfy the causal condition.
		Although computer systems may clearly be causally responsible for the injuries and deaths that resulted from their flawed operation, it is not so clear that they can be held morally responsible for these injuries or deaths.
	www.seop.leeds.ac.uk /entries/computing-responsibility (5254 words)

	Computer Science @Trinity
		Computer science is a broad discipline that employs a variety of approaches in an effort to advance our understanding and use of computing.
		Study in computer science can range from mathematical work aimed at understanding the theoretical and practical limits of what can be computed, to experimental work aimed at understanding the functioning of existing computer languages and systems, to design work aimed at building algorithms and computer systems that help people solve problems.
		Computer science can also be studied as a means of acquiring problem solving, reasoning and design skills that can be applied successfully in other disciplines.
	starbase.trincoll.edu /requirements.html (713 words)

	Parameter (computer science) Summary
		The "A:" is the argument of the formatting function, as it specifies that the task be performed on a floppy disk.
		Parameters are also commonly referred to as arguments, though arguments are more properly thought of as the actual values or references assigned to the parameter variables when the subroutine is called at runtime.
		The exact mechanism for assigning arguments to parameters, called parameter passing, depends upon the evaluation strategy used for that parameter (typically call-by-value), which may be specified using keywords.
	www.bookrags.com /Parameter_(computer_science) (2442 words)

	Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?
		Arguments for this thesis have been given in the literature, and although it is not entirely uncontroversial, we shall here take it as a given.
		The simulation argument works equally well for those who think that it will take hundreds of thousands of years to reach a “posthuman” stage of civilization, where humankind has acquired most of the technological capabilities that one can currently show to be consistent with physical laws and with material and energy constraints.
		The physics in the universe where the computer is situated that is running the simulation may or may not resemble the physics of the world that we observe.
	www.simulation-argument.com /simulation.html (4855 words)

	Mike Vanier: opinions
		The requirement that computer programs run correctly on a finite and deterministic machine forces intellectual honesty on the field of computer science, whereby there are fewer gaps, holes, loose ends and implicit knowledge than in other fields.
		The so-called "soft sciences" like psychology and biology don't even try to be precise except inasmuch as they use statistics to establish their points (and even then they usually don't use statistics very well).
		Second, the arguments presented in a mathematical proof may be very rigorous, or they may occasionally have a "hand-waving" quality to them.
	www.cs.caltech.edu /~mvanier/hacking/rants/computer_science.html (2336 words)

	Amazon.ca: Computer Security: Art and Science: Books: Matt Bishop (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The argument that the principles are old, and somehow outdated, rings hollow when the result of their violation is a nonsecure system.
		Computer scientists and not security professionals will probably gain the most from the reading of the book, but there is enough practical discussion to allow the latter to gain more insight into various aspects of computer security, particularly in the mathematics of encryption.
		Computer Security: Art And Science by Matt Bishop (Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science, University of California - Davis) is an extensive, 1084-page instructional introduction to the science and challenges of computer security, and which is useful as either a classroom text or as a self-teaching tool.
	www.amazon.ca /Computer-Security-Science-Matt-Bishop/dp/0201440997 (6397 words)

	argument - Definitions from Dictionary.com
		Argument stresses the advancement by each side of facts and reasons intended to persuade the other side: Emotions are seldom swayed by argument.
		These affect whether the value of the argument is computed by the caller or the callee (the function) and whether the callee can modify the value of the argument as seen by the caller (if it is a variable).
		Arguments to functions are usually, following mathematical notation, written in parentheses after the function name, separated by commas (but see curried function).
	dictionary.reference.com /browse/argument (1057 words)

	Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?
		The Simulation Argument is perhaps the first interesting argument for the existence of a Creator in 2000 years.
		Those who believe suitably programmed computers could enjoy conscious experience of the sort we enjoy must accept the possibility that their own experience is being generated as part of a computerized simulation.
		The first part of this paper is devoted to broadening the scope of the argument: even if computers cannot sustain consciousness (as many dualists and materialists believe), there may still be a strong likelihood that we are living simulated lives.
	www.simulation-argument.com (954 words)

	Separating Computer Skills from Computer Science:
		The second goal was to ensure that science students had sufficient flexibility in exploring different disciplines within science during their first year, and still be sufficiently prepared to specialize in their area of choice in their second year.
		Knowledge of computers and computing skills is shared by a much larger group of professionals, outside of the traditional academic units; those professionals can be very effective in the design and delivery of computer skills instruction within a post-secondary environment.
		The central role of algorithms in computing science; the evolution of languages from machine languages through procedural and fourth-generation languages; compilers and interpreters; syntax and semantics for programming languages; stages of the compilation process; the correspondence between high-level language instructions and their realization as machine level language instructions; data types.
	www.cs.ubc.ca /wccce/program97/elio/elio.html (5084 words)

	Computer Science
		The two subjects, mathematics and computer science, are studied in approximately equal amounts for each of the three years.
		The Departments are at the forefront of research in a diverse range of topics across a wide spectrum of mathematics and computer science.
		The QAA Developmental Engagement Team visited the Department of Computer Science in February 2003 and expressed confidence in the academic standards set and achieved in the programme, and in the quality of learning opportunities that support students.
	www.liv.ac.uk /entryprofiles/GG14_Mathematics_and_Computer_Science (1382 words)

	EDGE: SPECULATIONS ON THE FUTURE OF SCIENCE By Kevin Kelly
		Science will continue to surprise us with what it discovers and creates; then it will astound us by devising new methods to surprises us.
		For example, science papers cite other science papers, and that process of research pointing at itself invokes a whole higher level, the emergent shape of citation space.
		But as science plunges into the outer limits of scale – at the largest and smallest ends – and confronts the weirdness of the fundamental principles of matter/energy/information such as that inherent in quantum effects, it may not be able to ignore the role of observer.
	www.edge.org /3rd_culture/kelly06/kelly06_index.html (2714 words)

	Choosing a career in science and technology -DAWN Science; August 24, 2002
		Engineers from other disciplines are reluctant to accept computer science engineers and prefer to call IT a science because the course work lacks the true essence of engineering and resembles any other science subject.
		IT or computer science is not just about typing code into a computer, it requires skills that make a place for you in a highly competitive market, otherwise you, too, might become a part of the IT slump.
		So if you want to go into computer science merely because everyone else is in it or if you find PC games and net surfing very cool, then think twice before you find yourself stranded in a blind alley.
	www.dawn.com /weekly/science/archive/020824/science1.htm (2310 words)

	Apple Computer Encyclopedia Articles @ LaunchBase.com (Launch Base) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Apple Computer was founded on 2066 Crist Drive, Los Altos, California 37°20′24″N, 122°4′6″W on April 1, 1976 by Jobs, Wozniak and Wayne (and later incorporated January 3, 1977 without Wayne, who had sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak) to sell the Apple I personal computer kit at US$666.66.
		On January 10, 2006, Apple released its first Intel chip computers, a new notebook computer known as the MacBook Pro (a 15.4 inch laptop which is purportedly up to 4 times faster than the PowerBook models it replaced) and a new (though cosmetically identical) iMac with again purportedly two to three times faster performance.
		The Intel-based Macintoshes are now the only computers officially capable of running both Mac OS and Windows (and Linux) without emulation (a pre-release version of Mac OS X for Intel was patched to run on non-Apple PCs through the OSx86 community, however such procedure is illegal by the Apple EULA).
	www.launchbase.com /encyclopedia/Apple_Computer (7034 words)

	Wolfram speaking here on claim to have discovered new kind of science
		This "new law of nature," which he calls the Principle of Computational Equivalence, holds that all computations, aside from those of the very simplest systems, are of equivalent complexity.
		Unlike most computer scientists, however, Wolfram is not concerned with the input and outputs of a computation, but rather with the "trajectory" of the computation, Lenore Blum said.
		He said he feels vindicated thus far in abandoning the conventional scientific process in favor of extended study of a phenomenon and establishing a new, coherent structure for science that is then communicated in book form.
	www.post-gazette.com /healthscience/20020930wolfram0930p2.asp (1620 words)

	FOM: r.e. degrees versus computer science
		Simpson's conclusion forgets (and his selective quote omits) that significant applications of the priority argument to computer science have been presented by myself and others on this forum.
		They present an abstracted version of the history of their attack on computability theory and the reaction of its leaders, then tie the part of their opposition to a pejorative conclusion.
		I found this to be well written, lively, and a useful introduction to the obligations of debate and to fallacies in argumentation.
	www.cs.nyu.edu /pipermail/fom/1999-August/003346.html (786 words)

	Associate of Science Degree in Computer Science
		Hawai'i Pacific University offers the Associate of Science degree in Computer Science upon completion of 60 semester hours of required and elective subjects.
		The AS in Computer Science leads directly into the Bachelor of Science in Computer Science degree program, or, alternatively, the Bachelor of Science in Business Administration with a major in Computer Information Systems.
		The Associate of Science in Computer Science degree program is not offered at the downtown or Hawai'i Loa campuses.
	www.hpu.edu /index.cfm?section=undergrad942 (173 words)

	Digg - Math and the Computer Science Major
		Computer science majors tend to struggle for reasons that have very little to do with computers.
		The is a marriage between math and computer science.
		But the computer science is much more dependant on the math, than the math on the computer science.
	digg.com /programming/Math_and_the_Computer_Science_Major (2987 words)

	Computer Science Or Software Engineering
		Computer Science has progressed enough in the past forty years the we can now begin to develop the field of Software Engineering.
		As for Computer Science as it's taught: When I got my MSCS (1979-1981) from the University of Wisconsin at Madison (in the "systems programming" track that 90% of the students were in), we learned all the usual useless things: how compilers, operating systems, and databases are implemented.
		My arguments for why universities don't teach software engineering is simply that to teach it well you need practical experience, and to get that experience you need to practice, and you can earn two to five times as much in industry as against in universities.
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?ComputerScienceOrSoftwareEngineering (3528 words)

	History and Political Science
		The Department of History and Political Science is home to four programs: history, political science, political studies, and international studies.
		The political science program provides its graduates with the analytical skills necessary to understand political processes in the United States as well as in other states in the global community.
		Political Science students have an active Political Science Society that has sponsored guest speakers and a variety of activities.
	www1.wnec.edu /artsandsciences/index.cfm?selection=doc.2123 (409 words)

	argument definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		Search for "argument" in all of MSN Encarta
		the arguments for and against the planned development
		comput feature controlling computer program: a value that modifies how a command or function operates in a computer program
	encarta.msn.com /dictionary_/argument.html (134 words)

	What is argument? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary
		Argument is often used synonymously with parameter, although parameter can also mean any value that can be changed.
		In addition, some programming languages make a distinction between arguments, which are passed in only one direction, and parameters, which can be passed back and forth, but this distinction is by no means universal.
		An argument can also be an option to a command, in which case it is often called a command-line argument.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/A/argument.html (447 words)

	argument, arguments- WordWeb dictionary definition
		"it was a strong argument that his hypothesis was true"
		(computer science) a reference or value that is passed to a function, procedure, subroutine, command, or program
		Type of: abstract thought, address, computer address, conflict, difference, difference of opinion, discussion, dispute, evidence, give-and-take, logical thinking, reasoning, reference, summary, sum-up, value, variable, variable quantity, word
	www.wordwebonline.com /en/ARGUMENT (176 words)

	Is Computer Science
		In computer science, about the only thing we can prove is that traveling salesmen can't find their way from one place to another efficiently, and that unix hackers can't really decode 4o-bit keys by harnessing all the computers in the lab.
		Computer Science exists; Software Engineering exists; their relationship is, or should be, complementary.
		So, since much of science has to do with theoretical explanation, discovery, observation, and experimental investigation, I think it is perfectly reasonable to consider (specifically the development of software) as a science and an art.
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?IsComputerScience (3447 words)

	Argument from incredulity - EvoWiki
		An appeal to ignorance is an argument that absence of proof is evidence of absence.
		This is the argument from personal incredulity, and it contains the unwritten assumption that the speaker is a superhuman genius who should be able to understand everything unless he is missing an assumption.
		This undue veneration of scientists is a form of scientism, or using science as an ersatz religion.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Argument_from_incredulity (576 words)

	Spotback - Women in Computer Science
		Women received about 38 percent of the computer science bachelor’s degrees awarded in the United States in 1985, the peak year, but in 2003, the figure was only about 28 percent, according to the National Science Foundation.
		At universities that also offer graduate degrees in computer science, only 17 percent of the field’s bachelor’s degrees in the 2003-4 academic year went to women, according to the Taulbee Survey, conducted annually by an organization for computer science research.
		The Advanced Placement high school course in computer science may be part of the problem, according to Dr. Cuny.
	news.spotback.com /story/6035300/Women_in_Computer_Science (1025 words)

	Michael Tsai - Blog - Computer Science’s Image Problem
		Trying to sell CS as somehow not being about programming is false advertising — it’s like telling kids that chemistry isn’t about molecules or mathematics isn’t about numbers.
		Sure, there are scientists using computers to design medicines or study the climate.
		My experience is that most people wouldn’t be happy doing computer science or programming.
	mjtsai.com /blog/2007/04/17/computer-sciences-image-problem (515 words)

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