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Topic: Argument form

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Arguments for the existence of God

logical argument

Arguments against the existence of God

teleological argument

ontological argument

Argument from ignorance

argument form

cosmological argument

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	Argument Forms
		Each of the three arguments above is a substitution instance of this argument form, since each of them results from the substitution of an appropriate (simple or compound) statement for each of the statement variables in the argument form.
		Recognizing individual arguments as substitution-instances of more general argument forms is an important skill because, as we've already seen, the validity of any argument depends solely upon its logical form.
		An argument in the propositional calculus is valid whenever it is a substitution-instance of an argument form in which it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false.
	www.philosophypages.com /lg/e10b.htm (1065 words)

	The Fallacy Files Glossary
		A counter-example to an argument form: This is an instance of that form which has true premisses and a false conclusion, showing that the form is non-validating.
		Of an argument in which the logical connection between premisses and conclusion is one of necessity.
		A type of argument in which an assumption is shown to imply an obviously false conclusion, thus demonstrating that the original assumption is false.
	www.fallacyfiles.org /glossary.html (2304 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Validity (Site not responding. Last check: )
		An argument is said to be valid if, in every model in which all premises are true, the conclusion is true.
		In logic, the argument form or test form of an argument results from replacing the different words, or sentences, that make up the argument with letters, along the lines of algebra; the letters represent logical variables.
		In logic, an argument is an attempt to demonstrate the truth of an assertion called a conclusion, based on the truth of a set of assertions called premises.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Validity (831 words)

	Chapter IV
		Arguments are made explicit by expressing them as declarative sentences related to one another by negation, conjunction, disjunction, implication, or equivalence, and by the use of punctuational devices.
		Implementation of explicit arguments in terms of truth yields the distinction between true declarative sentences and false declarative sentences; likewise, in terms of validity, arguments are said to be valid or invalid.
		The implicative argument which is correlated with the contingent truth function is invalid as are all arguments having the same logical form.
	www.sjsu.edu /logic/symbolic.htm (5385 words)

	Glossary of Terms
		A deductive argument in which one of the disjuncts of a disjunctive statement, or disjunction, are denied, proving that the remaining one must be true.
		A standardized arrangement of standard form categorical propositions that portrays the relationships between the types of propositions and aids in drawing inferences on the basis of their properties.
		An extendended argument in which the main pattern is one of linked sub-arguments in a chain, one conclusion being premise in the next argument.
	www.uky.edu /~rosdatte/phi120/glossary.htm (2526 words)

	Study Four
		A formal fallacy is a mistake in the form of the argument itself; it is an invalid argument.
		The argument form known as the dilemma is perhaps the most complex of the five argument forms.
		Construct an ordinary language argument illustrating the fallacy of affirming the consequent in which the premises are obviously true and the conclusion obviously false.
	www.sjsu.edu /logic/study4.htm (2753 words)

	Deductive Validity
		Deductive validity is a function of the form, or structure, of the statements in the argument and not a function of whether the statements are in fact true.
		The conclusion of this argument is "This sample is verigated." The argument uses "all," so the approach to reconstructing the argument is to use the two predicate logic argument forms.
		The argument form is not Affirming the Antecedent nor is it Denying the Consequent.
	www.msu.edu /user/blmiller/BasicLogic/DeductiveArguments.htm (4380 words)

	The Kalam Cosmological Argument
		The kalam argument argues for this conclusion by making the case that the universe had to have a beginning and then arguing that the beginning of the universe had to have a supernatural cause.
		The kalam argument argues indirectly for the claim that the universe had to have a beginning by showing that the assumption that it did not have a beginning leads to absurdity.
		This argument form is based on the undisputed logical truth that a true statement cannot logically imply a false one.
	www.acsu.buffalo.edu /~jbeebe2/kalam.htm (7120 words)

	Argument [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		An argument is a connected series of statements or propositions, some of which are intended to provide support, justification or evidence for the truth of another statement or proposition.
		Because arguments are attempts to provide evidence or support for a certain claim, they often contain words such as "therefore", "thus", "hence", "consequently", or "so" before their conclusions.
		Arguments are related to inference and reasoning: i.e., the psychological process through which a person forms a new belief on the basis other beliefs.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/a/argument.htm (1775 words)

	[No title]
		Arguments are evaluated on the bases of their logical structures and the truth values (or probable truth values or reasonableness) of their premises.
		An argument is said to be valid when its premises and conclusion are so related by its structure or form that if all of the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.
		Argument (viii) is a condensed argument that rests on suppressed (or hidden, inexplicit) assumptions which serve as premises, and is a shortened version of the valid argument:
	www.uky.edu /~buddy/LOGIC.htm (2620 words)

	CLHS: Glossary-Section F
		a symbol, a compound form, or a self-evaluating object.
		a form that is a list and that has a first element which is the name of a function to be called on arguments which are the result of evaluating subsequent elements of the function form.
		Neither a use of a symbol as a function designator nor a use of the function symbol-function to extract the functional value of a symbol is considered a functional evaluation.
	clhs.lisp.se /Body/26_glo_f.htm (1217 words)

	The Argument from Existence: Formalized
		In the case of AFE, P corresponds to the clause "the primacy of consciousness is invalid," and Q corresponds to the statement "the claim that God exists is false." That the primary form of the argument is valid is undeniable.
		The key to comprehending and presenting an argument from metaphysical primacy is grasping the facts that theism assumes an invalid view of reality, which is the metaphysical primacy of consciousness, and that a proper metaphysics, the primacy of existence, is philosophically incompatible with any form of theism.
		The argument which I present here essentially argues that the primacy of consciousness is invalid because it contradicts the primacy of existence, which is a valid means of demonstrating this truth.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Sparta/1019/AFE/AFE1.htm (4113 words)

	Argument form - Education - Information - Educational Resources - Encyclopedia - Music
		The sentence forms which classify argument forms of common arguments important are studied in college logic.
		Some examples of valid arguments forms are modus ponens, modus tollens, and disjunctive syllogism.
		An invalid argument form is affirming the consequent.
	www.music.us /education/A/Argument-form.htm (441 words)

	validity
		An argument is invalid iff the set of statements constituted by the premises of the argument and the negation of its conclusion is consistent.
		An argument is a counterexample of an argument form iff (i) the argument is an instance of that form, and (ii) the argument has all true premises and a false conclusion.
		An argument A1 is a counterexample to an argument A2 relative to argument form F iff (i) both A1 and A2 are arguments of form F, and (ii) A1 is a counterexample of F. All this talk about forms and validity must be accompanied by two important points.
	www.soci.niu.edu /~phildept/Kapitan/validity.html (1250 words)

	Study Four
		A formal fallacy is a mistake in the form of the argument itself; it is an invalid argument.
		The argument form known as the dilemma is perhaps the most complex of the five argument forms.
		Construct an ordinary language argument illustrating the fallacy of affirming the consequent in which the premises are obviously true and the conclusion obviously false.
	www2.sjsu.edu /logic/study4.htm (2753 words)

	Form
		Once we are given a representation of an argument form in the typical manner, that is, by means of logical constants and variables occurring within sentence-like structures, then a representation of an instance of that form can be obtained by uniformly replacing of each variable by a non-logical constant.
		A type of argument form is specifiable by means of a certain family of logical constants and of types of variables.
		We must acknowledge the existence of propositional form since argument forms are determined by the forms of their premises and conclusions.
	sun.soci.niu.edu /~phildept/Kapitan/Form.html (1000 words)

	Philosophy 185 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Inductive Argument: An inductive argument is an argument whose premises are intended to provide strong support for its conclusion (but not guarantee the truth of the conclusion).
		In order for a deductive argument to be successful (that is, to succeed in showing its conclusion to be true), it must have true premises and it must be valid.
		Since validity is a feature of the logical form of arguments (and is dependent on the actual truth of the premises), it is sometimes helpful to substitute symbols for simple sentences that appear in arguments.
	philosophy2.ucsd.edu /~nelkin/argumentguide.htm (705 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It’s invalid because it has the following form: (i) All X are Y (ii) Individual i is a Y Thus, Individual i is an X Which is invalid since an argument of that form could have true premises and a false conclusion: e.g.
		While an argument with true premises and a false conclusion is invalid, not all invalid arguments have that combination.
		It’s invalid because it has the form: P1: All X are Y P2: All Z are Y Thus, all X are Z which is invalid because it’s POSSIBLE to formulate an argument of this form where the premises could be true and the conclusion false (e.g.
	web.syr.edu /~dbzdak/Exam1Notes.doc (1666 words)

	CAPI Resources - Introduction to Argument
		Factual arguments try to convince an audience that a certain condition or event actually exists or has existed.
		Causal arguments often are found in economics and history papers.
		Forming an argument requires you to identify an audience then discover or invent a point to be argued.
	lynx.csusm.edu /capi/resources/docs/intro_to_arguments.htm (206 words)

	20th WCP: Disarming Stove's Paradox: In Defence of Formal Logic
		The content of the argument is surely such that the claim, as Stove would have it, of formal logic that the argument is valid is put in bad light.
		Since '(d)' as we have said is intended to refer to the argument in which the sentence '(d) is an argument...' is a premise, '(d)' fails to refer to anything without this argument, and so is meaningless without this argument.
		All F are G. x is F. x is G. Afterall it is this argument form and formal logic's claim of it that it always yields a valid argument for any x, any F, and any G that is the focus of attack in the present case.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Logi/LogiSobe.htm (3319 words)

	A little logic (Site not responding. Last check: )
		An argument must be evaluated in terms of the validity of the argument (the connection between the premises and the conclusion) and the truth of the premises.
		Arguments that are both valid and that have acceptable premises (premises that are both true and relevant to the agruments conclcusion) are called sound arguments.
		A third reason to study the concept of valid deductive arguments is that their validity is based on the notion of logical form, that is, the formal relationship of the premises to the conclusion.
	www.phil.stmarytx.edu /sauerhm/helps/logic.htm (9162 words)

	Self Test on Logic Concepts
		An inductive, or nondeductive, argument is one in which the arguer claims it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false.
		Each individual statement comprising an argument is true or false, but the argument as a whole is not said to be true or false.
		The argument is unsound because it is invalid.
	instruct.westvalley.edu /lafave/logic_selftest.html (1476 words)

	Complex numbers : The modulus, argument and polar form of a complex number
		This is known as the polar form of a complex number.
		In some cases calculations in polar form are much simpler so it is important to be able to work with complex numbers in both forms.
		To prevent confusion one argument is referred to as the principal value of the argument.
	scholar.hw.ac.uk /site/maths/topic11.asp?outline=no (465 words)

	validity
		An argument is invalid iff the set of statements constituted by the premises of the argument and the negation of its conclusion is consistent.
		An argument is a counterexample of an argument form iff (i) the argument is an instance of that form, and (ii) the argument has all true premises and a false conclusion.
		An argument A1 is a counterexample to an argument A2 relative to argument form F iff (i) both A1 and A2 are arguments of form F, and (ii) A1 is a counterexample of F. All this talk about forms and validity must be accompanied by two important points.
	sun.soci.niu.edu /~phildept/Kapitan/validity.html (1250 words)

	The Invalid Argument Form - if P then Q. Q therefore P. - Philosophy
		Any argument of this form will be an invalid argument even when the conclusion is true because, as we have just seen, it is possible for an argument of this form to have all true premises and a false conclusion.
		Have at least one argument where P is true and Q is true, P is false and Q is true, P is false and Q is false, and P is true and Q is false.
		Are there any other combinations of truth values for P and Q? In the arguments you have devised, where the premises (as opposed to propositions) are true and the conclusion happens to be true, try to think of a case where the conclusion could be false, as in the case of argument 1.
	www.bellaonline.com /articles/art15022.asp (625 words)

	Introduction to Informal Fallacies-Logic-CCRI (Site not responding. Last check: )
		When a deductive argument instantiates a correct argument form it is called valid, i.e., the conclusion follows from the premises with strict necessity or, stated alternately, the conclusion must be true if the premises are true.
		In this fallacy someone’s argument is summarily dismissed out of hand, without any actual evaluation of their argument, simply because the arguer stands to gain from the acceptance of their argument.
		In contrast to formal fallacies, which instantiate one fallacious argument form, it is possible for an argument a) to contain more than one informal fallacy, or b) to be a border-line case that could be equally classified as one or another informal fallacy.
	faculty.ccri.edu /paleclerc/logic/fallacies.shtml (1314 words)

	Critical Thinking Worksite: Argument Evaluation
		Form: Its reasons and conclusion will be related in such a way that if the reasons are true, the conclusion will likely be true.
		One good way of revealing the structure of an argument is to replace the sentences found in the reasons and conclusion with symbols---this takes your mind off of what the argument is about and forces you to attend to the structures of the sentences and the relationships among them.
		This is often guaranteed by the form of the argument---in the case of (III), the argument has bad form, and this undermines the connection between the reasons and conclusion.
	www.class.uidaho.edu /crit_think/ctw-m/eval.htm (2674 words)

	java - the Java application launcher
		By default, the first non-option argument is the name of the class to be invoked.
		If the -jar option is specified, the first non-option argument is the name of a JAR archive containing class and resource files for the application, with the startup class indicated by the Main-Class manifest header.
		The first argument is the name of a JAR file instead of a startup class name.
	java.sun.com /j2se/1.4.1/docs/tooldocs/solaris/java.html (1630 words)

	[No title]
		An argument is a specialized form of communication intended to convince one or more people of the validity or plausibility of a case.
		Scholars use argumentative essays to share the results of their research with each other by attempting to convince each other of the plausibility of a certain case—the effectiveness of a drug therapy or an explanation for Huck Finn’s trip down the Mississippi, for example.
		Evidence comes in many forms, and a combination of forms will often be most persuasive, but academic writing tends to privilege logical appeals, so they should be the crux of your argument.
	www.unc.edu /courses/2005spring/engl/012p/001/argument.doc (526 words)

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