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Topic: Argument structure

	Verb argument - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A syntactic verb argument, in linguistics, is a phrase that appears in a relationship with the verb in a proposition.
		Typical syntactic arguments are the subject and the direct object, which are usually termed "core arguments".
		The argument structure of verbs with the suffix -kan in Indonesian.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /verb_argument.htm (495 words)

	The Role of Argument Structure in Grammar
		This volume articulates a theory of syntax in which argument structure is the level of representation that underlies the alternative syntactic frames of a predicate such as we find in active/passive alternations.
		It argues for treating argument structure as distinct, in both form and substance, from other levels of representation, particularly those that represent grammatical functions and surface constituency, and related to them by correspondence principles.
		It is argued that predicates have a uniform representation of their arguments at argument structure, which map onto possibly alternative overt expressions through the mediation of grammatical functions.
	csli-publications.stanford.edu /site/1575860341.html (148 words)

	argument structure
		in collaboration with the Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL) is organising a conference on Argument Structure from
		Closely related to this is the issue of Case, in particular, the relation between the functional structure and Case/ argument positions in a clause.
		In connection with the structure of the vP/ VP, particular constructions that are often discussed in detail include: causatives, unaccusative/ unergative, double object and dative constructions, etc. These construction types throw up issues related to the thematic structure and syntactic properties of Case and agreement.
	www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk /~uclyara/argument1.htm (414 words)

	A Scheme for Representing Written Argument (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In particular, we argue that when it comes to representing written arguments composed in response to multiple sources, existing schemes of argument have been missing important abstractions about how authors use the arguments of others in the development and presentation of their own.
		Instead of molding one’s argument under the watchful eye and criticism of a single or small number of discrete and indivisible opponents, the post-print scholarly author needed to be accountable to a library of previous and distant authors, whose ideas had been extended, though often in abbreviated and piecemeal form, through print.
		We have chosen to illustrate our scheme using Stephen Jay Gould’s essay because it is an extremely simple argument in terms of Gould’s own claims and reasons; it is an extremely difficult argument, however, when we track the alien claims and reasons Gould weaves throughout his argument and their dependence on his own perspective.
	jac.gsu.edu /jac/11.1/Articles/7.htm (6111 words)

	Argument Structure - The MIT Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Argument Structure is a contribution to linguistics at the interface between lexical syntax and lexical semantics.
		It formulates an original and highly predictive theory of argument structure that accounts for a large number of syntactic phenomena, and it will interest linguists who focus on the nature and form of linguistic representations as well as psychologists who study the acquisition and use of language.
		Grimshaw suggests that, contrary to the prevailing view, argument structure is in fact structured: it encodes prominence relations among arguments that reflect both their thematic and their aspectual properties.
	www-mitpress.mit.edu /catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=4962 (156 words)

	Ventral/dorsal, predicate/argument: the transformation from perception to meaning. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Predicates and arguments are essentially different in two ways, namely in their semantics (how they relate to the world), and in their syntax (how they relate to each other in the formal scheme).
		In basic logic, arguments denote individual entities, whereas (1-place) predicates denote classes or properties; and the syntax of logic puts predicates outside of (but tied to) the brackets which enclose arguments (though of course other, similarly asymmetric, notations are conceivable).
		The relationship between the surface structure of languages and the representation of thought is so complex and indirect that it will often mask any direct correlation between the surface linguistic structure and the dorsal/ventral separation.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /%7ejim/bbsreply5.html (9761 words)

	IT Solution & Services Philosophy - Argument Structure: Linkage, Convergence and Sequence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In a purely linked argument with three premises in which the conclusion is stated third, the correct diagram would show 1+2+4 leading to 3.
		In a convergent argument that is not purely convergent, not all premises are independent of all others, but the premises form two or more groups each of which is independent of the other groups.
		In a "sequential" argument, a premise of the main argument is supported by another premise and so plays a double role in the argument as a whole, being a conclusion in one "stage" of the argument and a premise in the next.
	www.jps.at /philosophy/linked.html (1241 words)

	The Neural Basis of Predicate-Argument Structure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Which argument of a predicate, if any, is privileged to be expressed as the grammatical subject of a sentence (thus in English typically occurring before the verb, and determining number and person agreement in the verb) is not relevant to the truth-conditional analysis of the sentence.
		In generative linguistics, such terms as `deep structure' and `surface structure', `logical form' and `phonetic form' have specialized theory-internal meanings, but the basic insight inherent in such terminology is that linguistic structure is a mapping between two distinct levels of representation.
		The syntactic structure of the PREDICATE(x) formula combines the two types of term into a unified whole capable of receiving a single interpretation which is a function of the denotations of the parts; this whole is typically taken to be an event or a state of affairs in the world.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /~jim/newro.htm (20003 words)

	Argument structure
		All arguments have structure, which can be either deliberately designed or may be discovered through analysis.
		This is the reasoning process, and in a formal argument use careful logic (in informal arguments, emotional reasoning and assumptive leaps may well be used).
		A particular aspect of logical argument is that inferential statements have true-false qualities - that is, they are either true or false and nothing in between.
	www.changingminds.org /disciplines/argument/argument_structure.htm (332 words)

	MIT OpenCourseWare \| Linguistics and Philosophy \| 24.953 Argument Structure and Syntax, Spring 2003 \| Home
		One highlight of this course is the various recent analyses of "object." We will look at objects in a variety of constructions in English, the internal arguments of distransitive verbs in Japanese, and so forth. See Miyagawa and Tsujioka in the readings for discussion related to Japanese.
		This course is a detailed investigation of the major issues and problems in the study of lexical argument structure and how it determines syntactic structure.
		The theoretical emphasis of this course is on structural relations among elements of argument structure.
	ocw.mit.edu /OcwWeb/Linguistics-and-Philosophy/24-953Argument-Structure-and-SyntaxSpring2003/CourseHome/index.htm (173 words)

	[No title]
		Introduction This paper is an HPSG treatment of argument structure (ARG-S) and valence in Balinese, an Austronesian language with about 3,000,000 speakers primarily on the Indonesian islands of Bali, western Lombok, and eastern Java.
		The phenomena of raising, relativization, control, and quantifier float show that the position preceding the verb, where the sole argument of an intransitive appears, is the subject position (Artawa 1994).
		Raising, in which a semantic argument of a subordinate clause appears in a superordinate clause, is known to be restricted to subjects cross-linguistically.
	uts.cc.utexas.edu /~wechsler/balinese (2880 words)

	Ergativity: Argument Structure and Grammatical Relations
		Christopher Manning's codification of syntactic approaches to dealing with ergative languages is based on a hypothesis he terms the 'Inverse Grammatical Relations hypothesis.' This hypothesis adopts a framework that decouples prominence at the levels of grammatical relations and argument structure.
		The result is two notions of subject: grammatical subject and argument structure subject and a uniform analysis of syntactically ergative and Philippine languages.
		A level of argument structure is shown to be particularly well motivated by the examination of syntactically ergative languages.
	csli-publications.stanford.edu /site/1575860368.html (328 words)

	Nominalized Infinitives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Based on a corpus study of German nominalized infinitives (NIs), I claim that argument realization patterns cannot be explained by the assumption that complex event nouns (CENs) inherit the argument structure of the base verb, while simple event nouns (SENs) do not.
		Arguments of functional nouns serve to identify the referent of the noun.
		NIs (and other verbal nouns) require argument relization in their non-generic use because they cannot be used as count nouns, while event nominals that are derived by nominalizing affixes can.
	www-linguistics.stanford.edu /Linguistics/sssg/20050314.html (254 words)

	Tutorials Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In multi-layer arguments, reasons or objections are themselves supported or opposed by further arguments.
		The "macrostructure" is the structure of complex arguments on a large scale.
		By the end of these tutorials, if you have done the exercises properly, you should have acquired basic skills of argument mapping, and have a deeper understanding of the nature of reasoning and argumentation.
	www.austhink.org /tutorials/default.htm (207 words)

	Argument Structure of Klamath Bipartite Stems
		Any theory of argument structure must be empirically grounded in linguistic fact, and my primary purpose here is to present some facts about Klamath.
		Note that the relation between the argument structure of the intransitive and transitive corresponds precisely to that of labile or "ergative" verbs of the break class in English and many other languages.
		In the regular pattern the subject of the intransitive and the object of the transitive are the same Theme argument; in (18) the agentive Theme argument is subject even in the transitive reading.
	www.uoregon.edu /~delancey/papers/argklam.html (1283 words)

	The ontological argument (from Idealism) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The esse est percipi (to be is to be perceived) argument of Berkeley
		In mathematics, an argument is a variable in the domain of a function and usually appears symbolically in parentheses following the functional symbol.
		Also includes a discussion of several common objections to such arguments, a consideration of the issue of whether existence is a predicate, and examples of parodies of ontological arguments.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-68526 (1012 words)

	Contributions of Rhetorical Theorist Stephen E
		Toulmin states that "if we are to set our arguments out with complete logical candour, and understand properly the nature of ‘the logical process’, surely we shall need to employ a pattern of argument no less sophisticated than is required in the law"(Toulmin 96).
		Argument fields is based on the notion that different communities argue differently and therefore, speakers must adapt to the audience.
		This method, as described by Christopher Schroeder, refers to the modes "used by a person to assess arguments, the standards of reference to which a person assesses them, and the manner n which a person qualifies her or his conclusions about them" (99).
	www.mnstate.edu /borchers/Teaching/Rhetoric/RhetoricWeb/Toulmin/Toulmin.htm (1198 words)

	Clause arguments
		The type of the argument (variable, atom, number, integer, list, etc.) and the name of the argument are stored inside this structure.
		Suppose that the second argument may not be an empty variable and that the third argument must be an atom.
		For instance: if 'a(b, c)' is the value of a parameter for a Prolog clause then three TPARGUMENT structures are created, one for 'a' and the 'a' argument structure has two child arguments, these are 'b' and 'c'.
	www.trinc-prolog.com /doc/pl_exten7.htm (304 words)

	Lexical Semantics Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In two experiments children were taught novel motion verbs; they extended them to double-object structures, and did so more often for monosyllabic than for polysyllabic verbs and more often to denote a possession transfer than motion to a location.
		On argument structure and the lexical representation of semantic relations.
		Lidz, J. The argument structure of verbal reflexives.
	dingo.sbs.arizona.edu /~hharley/522/522Spring1999/LexSemBiblio.html (2342 words)

	Argument Structure and Aspect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This course will be devoted to the aspectual system of Russian (as compared to English) and the way it interacts with the argument structure of verbs.
		We will discuss the hypothesis that a condition for a verbal lexeme to occur as either perfective or imperfective depends on its ability to project an internal argument (an underlying object), a property that is also a requirement for English verbs to occur in telic (terminative) environments.
		We will look at transitivity and unaccusativity, direct objects with different types of perfective verbs (their interpretation, the extent to which they are obligatory), passive, aspect and aspectuality, aspectual pairs and the representation of aspect in the grammar.
	egg.auf.net /97/classes/maaikeintro.html (128 words)

	DP Structure and Argument Structure of DPs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This course addresses various topics in the structure and argument structure of nominal structures, primarily from the perspective of comparing them to properties of clauses.
		The starting point will be derived nominals in English, Russian and Polish and their properties with respect to theta-roles, argument licensing, passive, adjuncts, aspect, control etc. We will discuss recent proposals regarding structural case assignment inside DPs.
		We will also touch upon or discuss in some length numerous other questions concerning the structure of DP, different types of nominals, different types of arguments etc. The course intends to familiarize students with proposals from the literature as well as present remaining problematic areas.
	egg.auf.net /97/classes/maaike2.html (124 words)

	ANNOTATING PREDICATE ARGUMENT STRUCTURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		For passives, the predicate argument structure can be recovered by replacing the passive null element with the material it is co-indexed with, and treating the NP marked -LGS as the subject.
		The extraposed clause is interpreted as the subject of a pleasure here; the word it is to be ignored during predicate argument interpretation; this is flagged by the use of a special tag.
		We have developed a simple notational mechanism, based on structural templates, which allows the predicate argument structure of gapped clauses to be recovered in most cases when the full parallel structure is within the same clause.
	www.ldc.upenn.edu /doc/treebank2/arpa94.html (3354 words)

	Argument structure
		A premise (or premiss) of an argument is something that is put forward as a truth, but which is not proven.
		The conclusion (or claim) is the statement with which you want the other person to agree.
		A useful way of spotting a conclusion is that may well be a statement of necessity, saying what must or should happen.
	www.changingminds.org /disciplines/argument/making_argument/argument_elements.htm (371 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Rephrased in terms of temporal argument structure, this is a claim that all tenses are three-place (complex) predicates of temporal ordering.
		Although my variation on Zagona's structure makes use of a Reference Time argument, this is not Reichenbach's notion of R. In his theory, S and R have an independent status alongside E in the argument structure of every tense.
		In terms of the structure for tense given above, this implies that temporal adverbials are associated syntactically either with the ZP complement of TENSE (its internal argument) or with the VP-internal variable (the position theta-marked by the verb as its temporal argument).
	www.linguistics.ucla.edu /people/stowell/PSIND.htm (5517 words)

	DitsSpawnKickArg - Create an argument structure used when kick actions which spawn. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Create an argument structure used when kick actions which spawn.
		Actions which spawn (allowing multiple actions of the same name) must be kicked by specifing an argument structure which allows the target task to determine which invocation of the action should be kicked.
		Note, arguments to the kick itself can be added to the argument created here, using standard ArgPut functions.
	www.ing.iac.es /~docs/external/drama/html/routines/DitsSpawnKickArg.html (184 words)

	Adele Goldberg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The role of discourse context in determining the argument structure of novel verbs with omitted arguments.
		The Contribution of Argument Structure Constructions to Sentence Meaning.
		Patient arguments of causative verbs can be omitted: the role of information structure in argument distribution.
	www.princeton.edu /~adele (231 words)

	Dissociating functor-argument structure from surface phrase structure: the relationship of HPSG Order Domains to LFG - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Abstract: Recent work on order domains and linearization in HPSG, and also conceptually related work in categorial grammar, is argued to mirror the key ideas that motivated the separation between c-structure and f-structure in the earliest work in LFG (Bresnan 1982).
		This paper argues that: (i) to be descriptively adequate, all constraint-based frameworks do indeed need a dissociation between functor-argument structure and surface phrase structure, (ii) while linearization HPSG can technically be...
		1 Arguments and counterarguments Abeill e and Godard (1994) henceforth A G present four arguments against a...
	citeseer.lcs.mit.edu /manning96dissociating.html (834 words)

	[No title]
		In particular, they interact with the basic argument structure of verbs, (de-)transitivizing them and / or changing the linking of thematic roles to syntactic slots.
		For these languages, it is generally assumed that there is no principled way of accounting for the argument structure possibilities of verbs.
		Furthermore, comparative data from closely related isolating languages show some interesting parallels to the Goemaidata, suggesting that there is a common (West) Chadic pattern that is coded by different means in different languages - verbal extensions in most, particles and adpositions in others, and constructional alternations in Goemai.
	www.hrelp.org /events/seminars/abstracts/Hellwig_abs.doc (222 words)

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