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Topic: Argumentum ad hominem

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	To Be Argumentum Ad Hominem, Or Not To Be: That Is The Question
		Ad hominem arguments are fallacious (and often unfair to the adversary) because an attack against some person is generally not relevant to the objective merits of the argument that person has put forward.
		Evaluating an ad hominem argument requires, in addition to evaluating the particulars of the argumentation scheme as used in a given case, an evaluation of the relevance of the ad hominem argument in a context of dialogue.
		Ad hominem arguments are fallacious when an attack against some person is not directed to the merits of the argument that the person has put forward.
	members.aol.com /wpraeder/hominem.htm (2508 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Ad hominem
		An ad hominem fallacy consists of asserting that someone's argument is wrong and/or he is wrong to argue at all purely because of something discreditable/not-authoritative about the person or those persons cited by him rather than addressing the soundness of the argument itself.
		The argumentum ad hominem is a genetic fallacy and red herring, and is often (but not necessarily) an appeal to emotion.
		Ad hominem fallacies should not be mistakenly confused with attacks on credibility of persons asserting a fact that he/she claims to have witnessed.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Ad_hominem (1330 words)

	Ad Hominem - SkepticWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The ad hominem fallacy is an informal logical fallacy, formally known as argumentum ad hominem (Latin: "argument at the person"), where a participant argues that a belief is incorrect because of some failure or flaw in the person making the argument.
		Ad hominem (abusive) is also known as argumentum ad personam and occurs (notoriously) when one abuses one's opponent instead of arguing with them ("if you weren't such an idiot, you would realize I was correct"), but is more generally applied whenever one focuses on irrelevant but negative information about the circumstances of one's opponent.
		A related problem with ad hominem arguments is that frequently the people in the best position to evaluate the truth or falsity of a statement are exactly the people with experience and a vested interest.
	www.skepticwiki.org /wiki/index.php/Ad_Hominem (571 words)

	Ad Hominem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Ad hominem is not a fancy Latin phrase meaning "nasty insult", it's the name of a rhetorical flaw in which, rather than addressing a person's arguments, one criticizes the person making the argument.
		When one's criticism of an argument is that it was made by a "lying son of Satan" (for example), one is indulging in ad hominem.
		It is ad hominem to say that a person's argument is invalid because they are a believer in a particular religion, a member of a particular political party, or any other personal characteristic.
	www.beliefnet.com /boards/adhominem.html (191 words)

	Ad hominem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However in the ad hominem fallacy the un-stated co-premise is always false, thereby maintaining the fallacy.
		Ad hominem is one of the best-known of the logical fallacies usually enumerated in introductory logic and critical thinking textbooks.
		Guilt by Association is a type of ad hominem fallacy that attacks a person because of the similarity between the views of someone making an argument and other proponents of the argument.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ad_hominem (1512 words)

	Argumentum Ad Hominem
		Argumentum ad Hominem (abusive and circumstantial): the fallacy of attacking the character or circumstances of an individual who is advancing a statement or an argument instead of trying to disprove the truth of the statement or the soundness of the argument.
		The personal attack is also often termed an "ad personem argument": the statement or argument at issue is dropped from consideration or is ignored, and the locutor's character or circumstances are used to influence opinion.
		Since the circumstantial variety of the ad hominem can be regarded as a special case of the abusive, the distinction between the abusive and the circumstantial is often ignored.
	philosophy.lander.edu /logic/person.html (540 words)

	Informal Fallacies
		The argumentum ad absurdum, or reductio ad absurdum, is itself a valid argument, based on the principle [the Law of Clavius, (-P -> P) -> P] that the introduction of the denial of the conclusion into a valid argument produces a contradiction and establishes the conclusion.
		Argumentum ad Hominem (abusive) -- simply denigrating the author of the argument -- though "impeaching a witness" is a relevant action in law because of the difference between reasons for truth and reasons for belief (discussed with the Genetic Fallacy).
		Thus the argumentum ad hominem and argumentum ab auctoritate are forms of the Genetic Fallacy that, in the context of belief, are not fallacies at all.
	www.friesian.com /valley/fallacie.htm (1271 words)

	[No title]
		argumentum ad hominem (abusive): argument addressed against the opponent rather than the issue, for instance making the point that one's opponent is a communist in a discussion on computer science.
		ARGUMENTUM AD LAZARUM Description: A fallacy of assuming that because someone is poor he or she is sounder or more virtuous than one who is wealthier.
		Fallacy of argumentum ad baculum (argument from power or force.) The Latin means "an argument according to the stick." "argument by means of the rod," "argument using force." Arguing to support the acceptance of an argument by a threat, or use of fo rce.
	attrition.org /misc/ee/logical_fallacies (6110 words)

	Argumentum ad Hominem - StoneHome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Argumentum ad Hominem, literally translated "argument against the person," is the fallacy of resolution against character assasination.
		Common examples include an arguer dismissing sound points made by their opponent for such reasons, especially when the opponent's vocation or advocation have strong inclinations; frequently religious leaders and medical practicioners have sound arguments dismissed because they're suggested to have required views given their jobs, and that this somehow obviates the claims made.
		Ad Hominem isn't the process of character assasination itself, but rather drawing or discarding conclusions based upon the character assasination's effect on the image of the opponent, their information or resources.
	sc.tri-bit.com /Argumentum_ad_Hominem (230 words)

	Logic: Logical Fallacies
		This is the opposite of argumentum ad crumenam.
		An "argumentum ad naseum" is one that employs constant repitition in asserting a concept.
		Shifting the burden of proof, a special case of "argumentum ad ignorantium," is a fallacy of putting the burden of proof on the person who denies or questions the assertion being made.
	www.theology.edu /logic/logic23.htm (1879 words)

	Attacking the Person - (argumentum ad hominem) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Ad hominem (abusive): instead of attacking an assertion, the argument attacks the person who made the assertion.
		Ad hominem (circumstantial): instead of attacking an assertion the author points to the relationship between the person making the assertion and the person's circumstances.
		Ad hominem (tu quoque): this form of attack on the person notes that a person does not practise what he preaches.
	www.goodart.org /attack.htm (247 words)

	Logical Fallacies and the Art of Debate
		Argumentum ad nauseam (argument to the point of disgust; i.e., by repitition).
		Argumentum ad populum (argument or appeal to the public).
		If both teams have engaged in ad hominem attacks, or both teams have made a few appeals to pity, then it would hardly be fair to penalize one team for it but not the other.
	www.csun.edu /~dgw61315/fallacies.html (5262 words)

	Argumentum Ad Hominem
		Ad hominem circumstantial: Instead of attacking an assertion, the attacker points to the relationship between the person making the assertion and the person's circumstances.
		Ad hominem tu quoque: Literally translated as, "at the person, you too," this could be called the "hypocrisy" argument.
		There is one situation in which ad hominem is a valid argument - when it is used to attack the credibility of a person who is the sole source of information, not on the validity of their deduction, for there is none.
	www.chiroweb.com /archives/23/16/24.html (956 words)

	Speak Stiltedly and Wear a Yellow Shirt » Blog Archive » Argumentum Ad Nauseum
		It’s a cross between the argumentum ad hominem and the fallacy of style over substance.
		The ad nauseum is the act of attacking a position, not for being incorrect nor for any other logical flaw, but simply for having been said many times before.
		Ad nauseum is also a way to attack someone without having to justify, or even mention, your own position on the issue - that is its kinship with ad hominem.
	www.ficml.org /jemimap/wordpress/2003/02/23/argumentum-ad-nauseum (670 words)

	Constructing a Logical Argument
		The circumstantial form of Argumentum ad Hominem is committed when a person argues that his opponent ought to accept the truth of an assertion because of the opponent's particular circumstances.
		This fallacy is the opposite of the argumentum ad crumenam.
		Shifting the burden of proof, a special case of argumentum ad ignorantiam, is the fallacy of putting the burden of proof on the person who denies or questions the assertion being made.
	polyticks.com /home/LetLexi/fallacy.htm (3995 words)

	Ad hominem - SourceWatch
		An ad hominem argument, or argumentum ad hominem (Latin, literally "argument against the man [or person]"), is a fallacy that involves replying to an argument or assertion by attempting to discredit the person offering the argument or assertion.
		Ad hominem rebuttals are one of the best-known of propagandist tactics.
		Moreover, it is not necessary to insult the individual or organization whose argument is attacked in order to commit the ad hominem attack.
	www.sourcewatch.org /index.php?title=Ad_hominem (456 words)

	Logical Fallacies Handlist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Argumentum ad Populum (Literally "Argument to the People"): Using an appeal to popular assent, often by arousing the feelings and enthusiasm of the multitude rather than building an argument.
		Appeal to Improper Authority (Argumentum Ad Verecundium, literally "argument from that which is improper"): An appeal to an improper authority, such as a famous person or a source that may not be reliable.
		Appeal to a Lack of Evidence (Argumentum Ad Ignorantium, literally "Argument from Ignorance"): Appealing to a lack of information to prove a point, or arguing that, since the opposition cannot disprove a claim, the opposite stance must be true.
	web.cn.edu /kwheeler/fallacies_list.html (4845 words)

	NCPA Debate Central -- Logical Fallacies and Debate
		Because an argumentum ad antiquitatem is easily refuted by simply pointing it out, in general it should be avoided.
		The appropriate time to mention argumentum ad nauseam in a debate round is when the other team has made some assertion, failed to justify it, and then stated it again and again.
		In general, debaters should be called down for committing argumentum ad verecundiam only when (a) they rely on an unqualified source for information about facts without other (qualified) sources of verification, or (b) they imply that some policy must be right simply because so-and-so thought so.
	www.ncpa.org /debate2/fallacies.html (5283 words)

	'Ignoring The Point' from 'Clear Thinking'
		But the argumentum ad hominem may be legitimately applied to individual people when we are taxing them with inconsistency.
		Argumentum ad ignorantiam is attempting to prove an affirmative by showing that the negative has never been established.
		Argumentum ad verecundiam is appealing to reverence for some respected authority, or some venerable institution, or some long-cherished tradition, or one's own qualifications to speak with the voice of authority.
	www.ourcivilisation.com /smartboard/shop/jepsonrw/chap97.htm (536 words)

	Argumentum ad hominem - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
		Un argumento ad hominem o argumentum ad hominem (en latín, ‘dirigido al hombre’), es una falacia lógica que implica responder a un argumento o a una afirmación refiriéndose a la persona que lo formula, en lugar de al argumento por sí mismo.
		Ad hominem circunstancial implica mencionar que alguien se encuentra en una circunstancia en la cual está predispuesta a tomar una determinada posición.
		Ad hominem tu quoque (literalmente, "dirigido al hombre, tú también") puede denominarse también como el argumento de la "hipocresía".
	es.wikipedia.org /wiki/Argumentum_ad_hominem (827 words)

	MIFTAH.ORG--Argumentum Ad Hominem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		'Argumentum Ad Hominem' is one of 12 fallacies used to discredit an argument by following reasoning and logical sequence.
		'Argumentum Ad Hominem' is the fallacy which discredits the man therefore discrediting the argument and is only one of 12 fallacies used to attack, brainwash, justify and dehumanize a people, in this case the Palestinians.
		These one million dollar TV ads campaign uses key words which seem to ring a bell in American society in order to get peoples attention and plant a fallacy in their minds to further empower Israel and ignore its violations of international norms.
	www.miftah.org /PrinterF.cfm?DocId=1056 (529 words)

	Logical Fallacies
		argumentum ad baculum (argument from power or force.) The Latin means "an argument according to the stick." "argument by means of the rod," "argument using force." Arguing to support the acceptance of an argument by a threat, or use of force.
		argumentum ad hominem (argument against the man) The Latin means "argument to the man." (a) Arguing against, or rejecting a person's views by attacking or abusing his personality, character, motives, intentions, qualifications, etc. as opposed to providing evidence why the views are incorrect.
		argumentum ad verecundiam (argument to veneration) (a) appealing to authority (including customs, traditions, institutions, etc.) in order to gain acceptance of a point at issue and/or (b) appealing to the feelings of reverence or respect we have of those in authority, or who are famous.
	www.uiowa.edu /~c100298/fallacies.html (860 words)

	Argumentum ad Verecundiam - StoneHome
		Argumentum ad Verecundiam is the basis for a significant amount of marketing-driven research.
		This fallacy's difficulty to apply is compounded when experts in a field disagree, when an expert's standing is disputable, or when subtle issues of implementation are differently seen by arguing parties; this fallacy is therefore intensely subject to issues of germanity.
		This fallacy often accompanies Argumentum ad Hominem, Straw Man or Argumentum ad Populum, and is not infrequently supported by Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc.
	sc.tri-bit.com /Argumentum_ad_Verecundiam (230 words)

	Accent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Argumentum ad ignorantiam means "argument from ignorance." The fallacy occurs when it's argued that something must be true, simply because it hasn't been proved false.
		This is an example of an ad hoc change being used to shore up an assertion, combined with an attempt to shift the meaning of the words used original assertion; you might call it a combination of fallacies.
		Shifting the burden of proof, a special case of Argumentum ad Ignorantiam, is the fallacy of putting the burden of proof on the person who denies or questions the assertion.
	www.bilkent.edu.tr /~ianr/TEFL503/logicalfallacies.htm (2696 words)

	Ad Hominem
		> BTW this is not argumentum ad hominem.
		Analysis: Remarks are over the top, but not ad hominem, since a real case is made based not on who said something but based on what was said.
		But ad hominem, since an argument is dismissed based on who said it, without reference to content.
	jmm.aaa.net.au /articles/9061.htm (524 words)

	Mission: Critical (Ad Hominem Introduction)
		One of the most common non-rational appeals is an argumentum ad hominem--or, as the Latin phrase suggests, an "argument against the person" (and not against the ideas he or she is presenting).
		But because we often react more strongly to personalities than to the sometimes abstract and complex arguments they are making, ad hominem appeals are often very effective with someone who is not thinking critically.
		Ad hominem fallacies take a number of different forms, though all share the fact that they attempt to re-focus attention, away from the argument made and onto the person making it.
	www.sjsu.edu /depts/itl/graphics/adhom/adhom.html (624 words)

	Definitions
		Argumentum ad hominem is a logical fallacy, in that the argument fails to address the issues presented or to support the point of the speaker uttering the Argumentum ad hominem.
		There is no doubt that an Argumentum ad hominem can be an effective rhetorical tactic on the part of the speaker because it often appeals to emotions or prejudices of the listener rather than intellect, or is directed against the character of the person rather than the subject under discussion.
		Ad Rem, literally "to the thing", can be translated in various ways but is consistently translated as meaning "pertinent" or "relevant".
	www.srmhp.org /archives/definitions.html (729 words)

	Ad hominem - dKosopedia
		Short for Argumentum ad hominem, a Latin term which, translated literally, means "argument against the man".
		In practical terms, an ad hominem means to reply to an argument by attacking the arguer's personality or credibility without citing facts.
		The argumentum ad hominem is a logical fallacy.
	www.dkosopedia.com /wiki/Ad_hominem (138 words)

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