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	Logical Fallacies and the Art of Debate
		Argumentum ad misericordiam (argument or appeal to pity).
		Argumentum ad populum (argument or appeal to the public).
		Argumentum ad verecundiam (argument or appeal to authority).
	www.csun.edu /~dgw61315/fallacies.html (5262 words)

	Informal Fallacies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Argumentum ad Baculum (appeal to force) -- This is the fallacy committed when one appeals to force or uses the threat of force to cause the acceptance of a given conclusion.
		Argumentum ad Hominem (circumstantial) -- This occurs when one ignores the question of whether his or her own view is true or false and seeks to prove that one's opponent should accept his or her assertions because of that opponent's special circumstances.
		Argumentum ad Pupulum (appeal to the people) -- This is committed by directing an emotional appeal to the populace in an attempt to gain their acceptance of a conclusion unsupported by evidence.
	bioethics.byu.edu /fallacy.htm (844 words)

	Diana Mertz Hsieh: Definitions of Fallacies
		appeal to authority: (argumentum ad verecundiam) citing an authority, who is incompetent or non-objective, in an attempt to gain support an argument, or citing an authority when the issue is not technical.
		argumentum ad nauseam: believing that the more times an argument is heard the more likely it is to be true, or simply repeating an assertion instead of arguing for or proving it.
		argumentum ad logicam: dismissing a proposition to be undeniably false because the argument presented for the proposition was fallacious.
	www.dianahsieh.com /misc/fallacies.html (1428 words)

	Argumentum Ad Hominem: A Pragma-Dialectical Case in Point
		The argumentum ad hominem is a violation of the first rule for critical discussion: "Parties must not prevent each other from advancing standpoints or casting doubt on standpoints." This discussion rule is designed for the confrontation stage, where the protagonist and the antagonist of a standpoint enter into a difference of opinion.
		An argumentum ad hominem that is a countermove against the misuse of expertise or authority by the opponent is by some authors considered as a correct use of the argumentum ad hominem.
		The fact that the term argumentum ad hominem is sometimes used in a neutral way for a personal attack and sometimes refers to the fallacy which occurs when such an attack is incorrect is one of the reasons why the analysis of "exceptions" in the Standard Treatment gives the impression of being merely ad hoc.
	ditext.com /eemeren/aah.html (1991 words)

	Logic: Logical Fallacies
		This is the opposite of argumentum ad crumenam.
		An "argumentum ad naseum" is one that employs constant repitition in asserting a concept.
		Shifting the burden of proof, a special case of "argumentum ad ignorantium," is a fallacy of putting the burden of proof on the person who denies or questions the assertion being made.
	www.theology.edu /logic/logic23.htm (1879 words)

	Informal Fallacies
		The argumentum ad absurdum, or reductio ad absurdum, is itself a valid argument, based on the principle [the Law of Clavius, (-P -> P) -> P] that the introduction of the denial of the conclusion into a valid argument produces a contradiction and establishes the conclusion.
		Argumentum ad Hominem (abusive) -- simply denigrating the author of the argument -- though "impeaching a witness" is a relevant action in law because of the difference between reasons for truth and reasons for belief (discussed with the Genetic Fallacy).
		Thus the argumentum ad hominem and argumentum ab auctoritate are forms of the Genetic Fallacy that, in the context of belief, are not fallacies at all.
	www.friesian.com /valley/fallacie.htm (1271 words)

	[No title]
		Argumentum ad baculum (HYPERLINK "/wiki/Latin"Latin: argument to the cudgel or appeal to the stick), also known as appeal to force, is said by some to be a HYPERLINK "/wiki/Logical_fallacy"logical fallacy.
		Argumentum ad Hominem (abusive and circumstantial): the fallacy of attacking the character or circumstances of an individual who is advancing a statement or an argument instead of trying to disprove the truth of the statement or the soundness of the argument.
		Argumentum ad Misericordiam (argument from pity or misery) the fallacy committed when pity or a related emotion such as sympathy or compassion is appealed to for the sake of getting a conclusion accepted.
	math.boisestate.edu /~tconklin/MATH124/Main/Readings/Fallacies.doc (2433 words)

	'Ignoring The Point' from 'Clear Thinking'
		But the argumentum ad hominem may be legitimately applied to individual people when we are taxing them with inconsistency.
		Argumentum ad ignorantiam is attempting to prove an affirmative by showing that the negative has never been established.
		Argumentum ad verecundiam is appealing to reverence for some respected authority, or some venerable institution, or some long-cherished tradition, or one's own qualifications to speak with the voice of authority.
	www.ourcivilisation.com /smartboard/shop/jepsonrw/chap97.htm (536 words)

	Atheism: Logic & Fallacies
		This fallacy is the opposite of the Argumentum ad Crumenam.
		This is an example of an ad hoc change being used to shore up an assertion, combined with an attempt to shift the meaning of the words used original assertion; you might call it a combination of fallacies.
		Shifting the burden of proof, a special case of Argumentum ad Ignorantiam, is the fallacy of putting the burden of proof on the person who denies or questions the assertion.
	www.infidels.org /library/modern/mathew/logic.html (5866 words)

	Types of Informal Fallacy
		Fallacy of argumentum ad baculum (arguing from power or force).- The Latin means "an argument according to the stick," "argument by means of the rod," "argument using force." Arguing to support the acceptance of an argument by a threat, or use of force.
		Fallacy of argumentum ad hominem (argument against the man).-The Latin means "argument to the man." Arguing against, or rejecting a person's views by attacking or abusing his personality, character, motives, intentions, qualifications, etc., as opposed to providing evidence why the views are incorrect.
		Fallacy of argumentum ad ignorantiam (argument from ignorance).- The Latin means "argument to ignorance." Arguing that something is true because no one has proved it to be false, or arguing that something is false because no one has proved it to be true.
	impulse.beige.org /~gltweasl/fallacy.html (2396 words)

	Argumentum ad Verecundiam - StoneHome
		Argumentum ad Verecundiam is the basis for a significant amount of marketing-driven research.
		This fallacy's difficulty to apply is compounded when experts in a field disagree, when an expert's standing is disputable, or when subtle issues of implementation are differently seen by arguing parties; this fallacy is therefore intensely subject to issues of germanity.
		This fallacy often accompanies Argumentum ad Hominem, Straw Man or Argumentum ad Populum, and is not infrequently supported by Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc.
	sc.tri-bit.com /Argumentum_ad_Verecundiam (230 words)

	Logical Fallacies
		argumentum ad baculum (argument from power or force.) The Latin means "an argument according to the stick." "argument by means of the rod," "argument using force." Arguing to support the acceptance of an argument by a threat, or use of force.
		argumentum ad hominem (argument against the man) The Latin means "argument to the man." (a) Arguing against, or rejecting a person's views by attacking or abusing his personality, character, motives, intentions, qualifications, etc. as opposed to providing evidence why the views are incorrect.
		argumentum ad verecundiam (argument to veneration) (a) appealing to authority (including customs, traditions, institutions, etc.) in order to gain acceptance of a point at issue and/or (b) appealing to the feelings of reverence or respect we have of those in authority, or who are famous.
	www.uiowa.edu /~c100298/fallacies.html (860 words)

	Canned Platypus
		Argumentum ad hominem is one of the two fallacies that does seem to be widely known on the net (the other is strawman).
		The one case in which it's appropriate to focus on the source of a statement rather than the statement itself is when the source itself is treated as proof of the statement.
		This type of argument is called an appeal to authority (or argumentum ad verecundiam) and is sort of the mirror image of argumentum ad hominem - it assumes that something is true instead of false because of who said it.
	pl.atyp.us /misc/logic2.html (1455 words)

	[No title]
		Argumentum ad Baculum (Appeal to Force): Latin word for stick is baculum; someone in a position of authority supports their claim by threatening the audience with undesirable consequences, (which may be either ideological or brute force) if the audience does not accept the claim.
		Argumentum ad Populum (Fallacy of Mob Appeal, Appeal to the Masses): this fallacy can include a “nostalgic” appeal that arouses the audience's negative and positive emotions about institutions and ideas; this appeal commonly uses emotional language, and trite expressions that are irrelevant to the argument at hand.
		Argumentum ad Verecundiam: John Locke gave this fallacy its Latin name, “argument addressed to sense of modesty”; using someone such as a celebrity to support your claim.
	sun-design.com /talitha/relevance.html (855 words)

	The Pragma-Dialectical Approach to Fallacies
		This may be done by putting pressure on him by threatening him with sanctions (argumentum ad baculum) or by playing on his feelings of compassion (argumentum ad misericordiam), but also by discrediting his expertise, impartiality, integrity, or credibility (argumentum ad hominem).
		Distinguishing two variants of the argumentum ad populum as a violation of Rule 4 or 7 makes, for instance, clear that these variants are, in fact, not of the same kind.
		Analyzing one particular variant of the argumentum ad verecundiam and one particular variant of the argumentum ad populum as a violation of the same Rule 7 makes clear that seen from the perspective of resolving a difference of opinion these variants are of the same kind.
	www.ditext.com /eemeren/pd.html (5028 words)

	NCPA Debate Central -- Logical Fallacies and Debate
		Whether or not an argumentum ad ignorantium is really fallacious depends crucially upon the burden of proof.
		Still, the higher burden generally rests with the proposing team, which means that only the opposition is in a position to make an accusation of argumentum ad ignorantium with respect to proving the proposition.
		Argumentum ad numeram (argument or appeal to numbers).
	www.ncpa.org /debate2/fallacies.html (5283 words)

	Ad Verecundiam
		Argumentum ad Verecundiam: (authority) the fallacy of appealing to the testimony of an authority outside his special field.
		Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between the ad verecundiam and the ad populum (q.v.,
		ad populum) when the authority cited is a group with status.
	philosophy.lander.edu /logic/authority.html (496 words)

	Ephilosopher :: General Philosophy Forum :: The Problem of Validation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Argumentum ad verecundiam is what I meant, where the truth of theories and beliefs are based on the authority of the people that proposed them.
		Argumentum ad verecundiam and Argumentum ad populum are different only in terms of numbers.
		The Argumentum ad verecundiam is cited as a fallacy in most logic texts, and it refers to an improper use of authority.
	www.ephilosopher.com /phpBB_14-action-viewtopic-topic-5855.html (1578 words)

	Rhetorica: Press-Politics Journal: A structuring fallacy...
		Here's one: Journalism might rid itself of a glaring fallacy: argumentum ad verecundiam--the argument to authority or expertise.
		I do not believe, as some logicians do, that argumentum ad verecundiam is irrational (although it may certainly be used as propaganda).
		Argumentum ad verecundiam could be called a structural fallacy of our current noetic field.
	rhetorica.net /archives/004023.html (399 words)

	Fallacies of Relevance 1. Argumentum ad Baculum (appeal to force). The arguer appeals to
		"The phrase argumentum ad hominem translates literally as 'argument directed to the man.'" The abusive variety occurs when one attacks the other person rather than the other persons' argument.
		"The fallacy of argumentum ad ignorantiam is illustrated by the argument that there must be ghosts because no one has ever been able to prove that there aren't any." 5.
		The arguer appeals to pity where the conclusion is a matter of reason and not one of sentiment.
	www.skepticfiles.org /atheist/argument.htm (419 words)

	A List of Fallacies In Logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This fallacy is the opposite of the informal fallacy "argumentum ad crumenam."
		An "argumentum ad nauseum" is one that employs constant repetition in asserting a truth.
		ARGUMENTUM AD NOVITAM Description: A fallacy of asserting that something is more correct simply because it is new or newer than something else.
	www.locksley.com /6696/logic.htm (2587 words)

	withallyourmind.net » Michael J. Fox: Ad misericordiam and Argumentum ad verecundiam
		The first is the fallacy called ad misericordiam, or the appeal to pity.
		This fallacy is committed when pity or a related emotion such as sympathy or compassion is appealed to for the sake of getting a conclusion accepted.
		The second fallacy committed is a type of the fallacy called Argumentum ad vericundiam, or the argument from (appeal to) authority.
	withallyourmind.net /archives/2006/michael-j-fox-ad-misericordiam-and-argumentum-ad-verecundiam (488 words)

	"Fallacies Handout"
		Too often a person who is unable to cite relevant facts in support of his claims may resort to a plea for sympathy.
		The attempt is made to gain support for an idea or proposal by associating it with highly respected individuals or hallowed institutions.
		Argumentum ad Populum (The Appeal to the Masses)
	www.gregwright.info /subpage42.html (2690 words)

	Duff on Fallacies
		ignorance, appeal to (argumentum ad ignoratiam): The informal fallacy of supposing that a proposition must be true because there is no proof that it is false.
		ad hominem argument (argument against the person): The informal fallacy of supposing that a proposition should be denied because of some disqualifying feature of the person who affirms it.
		In its abusive form, ad hominem is a direct (and often inflammatory) attack on the appearance, character, or personality of the individual.
	www.lawrence.edu /dept/philosophy/research/ryckmant/duff_on_fallacies.htm (875 words)

	Logical Argument Construction
		The circumstantial form of Argumentum ad Hominem is committed when a person argues that his opponent ought to accept the truth of an assertion because of the opponent's particular circumstances.
		This particular form of Argumentum ad Hominem, when one alleges that one's adversary is rationalizing a conclusion formed from selfish interests, is also known as "poisoning the well".
		This is the opposite of the argumentum ad antiquitam; it is the fallacy of asserting that something is more correct simply because it is new or newer than something else.
	www.pleasurepoint.com /logical.html (3626 words)

	Argumentum ad verecundiam
		Argumentum ad verecundiam is one of the topics in focus at Global Oneness.
		argumentum ad verecundiam, Appeal to authority - Conditions for a legitimate argument from authority, Appeal to authority - Discussion, Appeal to authority - Examples of appeals to authority, Appeal to authority - Forms, Appeal to authority - Taxonomy, logical fallacy, Precedent
		Argumentum ad verecundiam: A Christian Theological Dictionary on Argumentum ad verecundiam
	www.experiencefestival.com /argumentum_ad_verecundiam (265 words)

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