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	Ariane 5 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ESA originally designed Ariane 5 to launch the manned mini shuttle Hermes, and thus intended it to be "human rated" from the beginning.
		The Ariane 5G uses the EPS (Étage à Propergols Stockables/Storable Propellant Stage), which is fueled by monomethylhydrazine (MMH) and nitrogen tetroxide, where the Ariane 5 ECA uses the ESC (Étage Supérieur Cryotechnique/Cryogenic Upper Stage), which is fueled by liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen.
		Ariane 5's first test flight (Ariane 5 Flight 501) on 4 June 1996 failed, with the rocket self-destructing 37 seconds after launch because of a malfunction in the control software, which was arguably one of the most expensive computer bugs in history.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ariane_5 (1697 words)

	Ariane 5 - Summary
		The Ariane launch vehicle was designed originally as both a commercial satellite and manned spacecraft launch vehicle.
		The Ariane's 39,000 lb payload capability was sized by the mass of the HERMES Space Plane.
		Once the HERMES was cancelled, the Ariane 5 was converted to a strictly commercial launcher.
	www.spaceandtech.com /spacedata/elvs/ariane5_sum.shtml (256 words)

	Aerospace Technology - Ariane 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Ariane 5 is a heavy load launcher designed to put commercial satellites into geo-stationary orbits at a low cost.
		According to Arianespace, Ariane 5 is the first new-generation launcher to reach the commercial market, arriving at least two years ahead of its closest competitors.
		The Sylda 5 structure is housed inside Ariane 5's payload fairing, and allows the vehicle to carry two primary payloads on a single flight.
	www.aerospace-technology.com /projects/ariane5 (764 words)

	Ariane
		Ariane 1 flew 11 times from 1979 to 1986, failed twice, and launched a number of communications and other satellites, and the Giotto probe to Halley’s Comet.
		The first and third stages of the Ariane 2 and 3 were lengthened from those of their predecessor to enable a longer burn time, and the engines of stages one, two, and three were increased in thrust.
		All subsequent launches of Ariane 5 have been successful with the exception of the first launch of the heavy-lift version known as ECA, with a 10,000-kg payload capability to GTO, on Dec. 11, 2002.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/A/Ariane.html (610 words)

	Ariane 5 Flight 501 Failure: Report by the Inquiry Board
		The design of the Ariane 5 SRI is practically the same as that of an SRI which is presently used on Ariane 4, particularly as regards the software.
		The same requirement does not apply to Ariane 5, which has a different preparation sequence and it was maintained for commonality reasons, presumably based on the view that, unless proven necessary, it was not wise to make changes in software which worked well on Ariane 4.
		An underlying theme in the development of Ariane 5 is the bias towards the mitigation of random failure.
	www.cs.wm.edu /~coppit/other-papers/ariane5.php (5591 words)

	ESA - Launch vehicles - Ariane 5 Generic
		Ariane 5 is used for launches into geostationary transfer orbit GTO), medium and low Earth orbits, Sun-synchronous orbits (SSO) and Earth-escape trajectories.
		All Ariane 5 versions are composed of a central core stage to which are attached two solid boosters.
		In order to launch Ariane 5, ESA built a new launch site at Europe’s Spaceport near to the town of Kourou in French Guiana, as well as facilities to integrate the solid boosters and to produce the solid propellant used by the boosters.
	www.esa.int /SPECIALS/Launchers_Access_to_Space/SEM9UD67ESD_0.html (185 words)

	Ariane Rockets
		The Ariane 5 rocket is a heavy lift launcher used to launch commercial satellites and ESA science projects into space.
		Ariane 3 first flew August 1984 with 150% more payload capacity than Ariane 1, a larger third stage and payload fairing, and two strap-on solid propellant boosters.
		Ariane 2 had the same launch configuration as its predecessor, though lacking the strap-on boosters.
	www.astronomytoday.com /exploration/ariane.html (560 words)

	Ariane-5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		At present, the Ariane 5 functions as a Commercial Satellite Launcher and will be used to launch the ATV Cargo/Supply Spacecraft to the International Space station (ISS) in the future.
		The Main Cryogenic Stage is the core of the Ariane 5 launcher.
		The first flight of the Ariane 5 was in June, 1996 carrying four ESA Cluster satellites, unfortunately the launch failed.
	www.aerospaceguide.net /lv/ariane5.html (286 words)

	Software Engineering: Ariane 5
		Ariane 5 was designed by the European Space Agency (ESA) as a replacement for the successful Ariane 4 launcher.
		In Ariane 4, this software was allowed to continue functioning during the first 50 seconds of flight as it could otherwise delay launching if the countdown was halted for any other reason, this was not necessary for Ariane 5.
		As well, the requirements for the Ariane 5 system were significantly different to that of the Ariane 4 system, despite their overall similarity.
	www.vuw.ac.nz /staff/stephen_marshall/SE/Failures/SE_Ariane.html (1229 words)

	Ariane 5G
		Ariane V138's EPS upper stage carried an ASAP5 small payload attachment ring with a special camera system and the LDREX experimental antenna for Japan's NASDA space agency.
		This launch was the first Ariane 5 to use the 17-m Long Fairing and the first to launch north from Kourou.
		The flight profile was quite different from earlier Ariane 5 GTO launches where the EPC core stage usually reached a marginal orbit.
	www.astronautix.com /lvs/ariane5g.htm (3527 words)

	Holub Associates: Falling Debris
		The inertial reference system of Ariane 5 is essentially common to a system which is presently flying on Ariane 4.
		In Ariane 4 flights using the same type of inertial reference system there has been no such failure because the trajectory during the first 40 seconds of flight is such that the particular variable related to horizontal velocity cannot reach, with an adequate operational margin, a value beyond the limit present in the software.
		Ariane 5 has a high initial acceleration and a trajectory which leads to a build-up of horizontal velocity which is five times more rapid than for Ariane 4.
	www.holub.com /goodies/ariane5.html (5545 words)

	Ariane 5 Family from ESA
		Ariane 5 is designed to meet the challenges of the new millennium.
		Ariane 5 has proved highly reliable and economic, and has been used to launch satellites for communications, Earth observation and scientific research into geostationary orbits and Sun-synchronous orbits.
		Ariane 5 can be used for launches into geostationary orbit, medium-Earth orbit and low-Earth orbit, as well as for launches to other planets.
	www.spacehike.com /esaariane5.html (281 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Ariane Launch Report \| Ariane 5 falls short
		Europe's Ariane 5 commercial rocket suffered a major setback Thursday when it failed to deliver a pricey experimental communications technology satellite and a TV broadcasting spacecraft into the correct orbit, possibly resulting in a $1 billion loss.
		Thursday's flight marked the 10th launch of the Ariane 5 rocket, which is set to replace the workhorse Ariane 4 booster after 2003.
		The next Ariane 5 was slated for liftoff in mid-September with Eutelsat's Atlantic Bird 2 and the Indian Insat 3C spacecraft.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /ariane/v142 (1180 words)

	ESA - Launch vehicles - Ariane 5 Generic
		Ariane 5 made its first successful launch on 30 October 1997.
		In order for Ariane 5 to use Europe’s Spaceport in Kourou ESA built a new launch site as well as facilities to integrate the solid boosters and produce the solid propellant they use.
		Ariane 5 is used for launches into geostationary orbit, medium and low-Earth orbits and sun-synchronous orbits.
	www.esa.int /SPECIALS/Launchers_Access_to_Space/ASEVLU0TCNC_0.html (112 words)

	Ariane 5 - European Space Activities
		After years of testing the Vulcain engine (since 1990), an Ariane 5 first stage non-flight"battleship" (reinforced) configuration was fired for the first time on a pad at the Kourou spacelaunch facility on 17 November 1994.
		As many as 64 Ariane 5 vehicles will be built by the year 2010, and French officials have informally offered to license Ariane 5 technology to the US to meet heavy-lift requirements.
		Specific Ariane 5 enhancements, including an improved Vulcain main engine and a change in the ratio and mass of the propellants, represent a near-term improvement which could increase the booster payload capacity to LEO by two metric tons.
	www.fas.org /spp/guide/europe/launch/ariane5.htm (1736 words)

	Ariane 5 Flight 501 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ariane 5 software reused the specifications from the Ariane 4, but the Ariane 5's flight path was considerably different and beyond the range for which the reused code had been designed.
		Specifically, the Ariane 5's greater acceleration caused the back-up and primary inertial guidance computers to crash, after which the launcher's nozzles were directed by spurious data.
		The subsequent automated analysis of the Ariane code was the first example of large-scale static code analysis by abstract interpretation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ariane_5_Flight_501 (1127 words)

	CNN - Unmanned European rocket explodes on first flight - June 4, 1996
		Ariane 5's original lift-off had been delayed for about an hour because of low cloud cover before officials gave it the go-ahead.
		Aboard Ariane 5 was Cluster -- a $500 million set of four identical scientific satellites that were designed to to establish precisely how the Earth's magnetic field interacts with solar winds.
		The explosion was a setback for Arianespace, whose previous models of the Ariane rocket had been some of the most reliable vehicles for satellite launches.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/9606/04/rocket.explode (322 words)

	Spaceflight :Arianespace and the Ariane Family of Rockets
		Ariane 1, March 4, 1984, payload was Intelsat V F8.
		Ariane was the centerpiece of the European Space Agency (ESA) during its early years.
		Industry analysts note that although Ariane may not be the cheapest launch vehicle available, even in the dual launch configuration, Arianespace's customer service and flexibility—such as a launch range free of other military or human spaceflight launches—makes it a highly-effective competitor.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/SPACEFLIGHT/ariane/SP42.htm (1561 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Ariane 5 Rolls Out
		Yesterday the Ariane 5 spacecraft, minus its payload, was moved from the BIL (Batiment d'Integration des Lanceurs) to BAF (Batiment d'Assemblage Final).
		Midway in the transfer process, the Ariane 5 and its launch table are framed by blue skies and French Guiana vegetation.
		Ariane 5 nears the completion of the transfer process as it approaches the Final Integration Building at the Spaceport.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=34641 (173 words)

	Critique of "Put it in the contract: The lessons of Ariane" - Ken Garlington 16 Mar 98
		After the crash of the Ariane 5 rocket, an inquiry board was establish to determine the cause of the incident and to propose corrective actions for future launches.
		Thus, without other changes in the Ariane test philosophy (which are not called for in the Eiffel paper), the assertions would not have been tested in the proper conditions and thus would not have detected the fault.
		The higher horizontal velocity of Ariane 5 generated, within the 40-second time-frame, the excessive value [BH] which caused the inertial system computers to cease operation." It is important to note from this statement that BH is computed from the measured horizontal velocities; it is not itself a measured value.
	www.flash.net /~kennieg/ariane.html (7855 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Ariane Launch Report \| New Ariane 5 fails
		Arianespace was hit by a massive setback Wednesday night when the upgraded Ariane 5 rocket failed minutes into its debut flight, plummeting into the Atlantic Ocean with two communications satellites aboard.
		EST) as the Ariane 5 thundered from the Guiana Space Center on the northeast coast of South America.
		The other key difference on the new Ariane 5 is the cryogenic upper stage, a more powerful replacement to the storable propellant stage used on the previous Ariane 5G rockets.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /ariane/v157/index.html (1482 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Perfect flight for Ariane
		The Ariane roared into the night sky over the Kourou spaceport in French Guiana at 1952 local time (2252 GMT) to execute a flawless delivery of its Indian and US payloads.
		The Ariane 5 is western Europe's only launcher following the retirement of the hugely successful and reliable Ariane 4 series of rockets.
		The 5 must now build a similar reputation in an industry which is suffering from over-capacity and reduced demand.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/2925733.stm (575 words)

	Ariane 5
		The Ariane 504 launcher will be ready for launch at the end of May, in line with the original schedule.
		ARD was released during the Ariane 503 flight on 21 October, shortly after separation of the launcher's cryogenic main stage (at an altitude of about 216 km) 12 minutes after lift-off from the Guiana Space Centre, Europe's spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana.
		A historical review of the Ariane 5 programme and a digest of the main technical data concerning the 503 launcher and campaign are also available.
	www.xs4all.nl /~carlkop/ariavijf.html (1324 words)

	AG RVS - The Ariane 5 Accident: A Programming Problem?
		I consider three papers on the Ariane 5 first-flight accident, by Jézéquel and Meyer suggesting that the problem was one of using the appropriate system design techniques; by Garlington on the culture of flight-control and avionics software engineering; and by Baber on use of pre- and post-conditions in programming.
		The Ariane 4 has different flight characteristics in the first 30 seconds of flight and exception conditions were generated on both inertial guidance system (IGS) channels of the Ariane 5.
		The conversion error occurred in a routine which had been reused from the Ariane 4 vehicle, whose launch trajectory was different from that of the Ariane 5.
	www.rvs.uni-bielefeld.de /publications/Reports/ariane.html (2660 words)

	Ariane 5
		It took the European Space Agency 10 years and $7 billion to produce Ariane 5, a giant rocket capable of hurling a pair of three-ton satellites into orbit with each launch and intended to give Europe overwhelming supremacy in the commercial space business.
		But engineers chose long ago, in an earlier version of the Ariane, to leave this function running for the first 40 seconds of flight - -- a "special feature" meant to make it easy to restart the system in the event of a brief hold in the countdown.
		The Europeans hope to launch a new Ariane 5 next spring, this time with a newly designated "software architect" who will oversee a process of more intensive and, they hope, realistic ground simulation.
	www.computerjokes.net /064.htm (1064 words)

	Inquiry Board Traces Ariane 5 Failure to Overflow Error
		The design of the SRI used in Ariane 5 is almost identical to that of Ariane 4, particularly with regard to the software.
		In the case of Ariane 5, this resulted in the switching off of two still healthy critical units of equipment.
		The same requirement does not apply to Ariane 5, which has a different preparation sequence, and it was maintained for commonality reasons, presumably based on the view that, unless proven necessary, it was not wise to make changes in software that worked well on Ariane 4.
	www.siam.org /siamnews/general/ariane.htm (2264 words)

	Possibility Raised of Future Without Ariane 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Soyuz program in Europe has been billed as a way of complementing Europe’s heavy-lift Ariane 5 and the small Vega vehicle, still in development, with a middle-range rocket capable of lofting large Earth observation satellites and the smallest of today’s commercial telecommunications satellites.
		But with Ariane 5’s new variant still not proven — a first launch is expected in February — and European governments increasingly hesitant to finance the rocket, government officials even in France are now willing to invoke a possible end to the Ariane program in 2009, after a five-year, 960 million-euro support package expires.
		For these officials, abandoning Ariane 5 would be tantamount to closing down France’s nuclear-deterrent force.
	dev.space.com /spacenews/launchindustry/soyuz_121504.html (778 words)

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