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Topic: Aristocratic rule

	Aristocracy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The struggle between a ruling dynastic family and the other aristocratic families in the same country has been a central theme of medieval history.
		The French Revolution focused on aristocrats as people who had achieved their status by birth rather than by merit, such unearned status being considered an affront to the bourgeoisie and new liberal norms.
		In the United Kingdom and other European countries in which hereditary titles are still recognized, "aristocrat" still refers to the descendant of one of approximately 7,000 families with hereditary titles, usually still in possession of considerable wealth, though not necessarily so.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aristocracy (1066 words)

	Japan - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		The most powerful of the aristocratic families were the Fujiwara, descendants of a clan chieftain who had played a central role in the Taika reforms.
		Aristocratic domination of the imperial court signaled the decline of the Chinese-model state.
		And neither the government in Beijing, ruled by the Communists, nor the Nationalist government on Taiwan, ruled by the Kuomintang (which had retreated to the island after the Communists gained control of the Chinese mainland in 1949), were invited to the peace conference because of international dissent over which government legitimately ruled China.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761566679___69/Japan.html (16807 words)

	Home Rule League - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Home Rule League, sometimes called the Home Rule Party, was a nineteenth and early twentieth century Irish political party which campaigned for home rule for the island of Ireland.
		The Home Rule League grew out of the Home Government Association, a pressure group formed in 1870 and led by Isaac Butt, a Dublin Barrister who had once been a leading Irish Tory before becoming a convert to Irish nationalism.
		Because of this the party rapidly became divided, between the less committed members of Parliament, many of whom were from an Irish aristocratic or gentry Church of Ireland background and other more radical members who gathered around Belfast MP Joseph Biggar and Meath MP Charles Parnell.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Home_Rule_League (338 words)

	Appendix C. All moral arguments for the state are wrong.>
		Despite their different beliefs about rights, the aristocratic and democratic philosophers are alike in that (1) they both deny that man has any natural rights now, and (2) they both believe that the state has legitimate authority to govern society.
		The ruling nobility uses the state to oppress and exploit the serfs, who are forced to work in assigned tasks and are not permitted to travel or to change careers.
		The fact that the ruling class is outnumbered by their subjects does not prove that the subjects have freely agreed to obey the rulers.
	royhalliday.home.mindspring.com /a3.htm (22100 words)

	Paternalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Laws that force citizens to conform to a certain set of rules, that are in name thought for their own safety, can be defined paternalistic.
		In particular, monarchists have argued that the state mirrors the patriarchal family, with the subjects obeying the king as children obey their father.
		The family-state paradigm was often expressed as a form of justification for aristocratic rule as justified in observations of the cosmos.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paternalism (1758 words)

	Man and His Gods
		Dike may have been born an aristocrat, but after the coup of Clisthenes, which enabled the democrats to capture the power in the Senate, the assembly and the popular jury courts, the democrats began to claim that they had truth and justice on their side.
		In the ensuing bitter conflict between oligarchs and democrats treachery and treason were suspected everywhere and no man knew whom he might trust; and the Thirty, in order to make certain of their position, indulged in the unprecedented retaliatory measure of having fifteen hundred citizens, outstanding for their democratic fervor, put to death.
		Unlike his master, he was an aristocrat by birth; his family had ever kept to itself within its inherited lands and privileges, aloof from any taint of democratic connection or liberal thought.
	www.positiveatheism.org /hist/homer4b.htm (4358 words)

	A Stupid Steward's Blog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A government composed of and ruled by a capitalist aristocracy typically functions by actively increasing its population's dependence, or stated in other terms; to perpetuate and continually increase its own wealth.
		An aristocrat may indeed have the privilege of freedom and independence, but his freedom and independence are fragile and dependent on his ability to manipulate, to capitalize on the weaknesses and desires of others and by aggressive intimidation if need be.
		The structure of a typical modern multinational corporation is the clearest demonstration of aristocratic rule.
	farmdad.blogspot.com (6586 words)

	Untitled Document
		Aristocratic societies typically view this kind of work as degrading, as a kind of brutalizing and mind-numbing activity fit only for slaves, and others incapable of real thoughts and feelings.
		To esteem this activity of the majority as a crucial contribution to society that all should engage in, is to apply the same kind of principles to questions of economics and status, that isonomia applies to the law.
		The Protocols of the Elders of Zion incarnates the aristocrat’s ressentiment, in the face of isonomia.
	www.bu.edu /mille/people/rlpages/isonomia.html (4581 words)

	Detail Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		"Rule by the best, " an early form of government in some Greek city-states whereby power was shared by a small circle whose membership was defined by privilege of noble birth.
		This ruling circle—often confined to one clan—tended to monopolize wealth, land, and military and religious office as well as government.
		The typical instrument of aristocratic rule was the Council (boule), a kind of omnipotent senate in which laws and state policies were decided.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=GRE0075 (232 words)

	Samurai Rising
		The aristocratic power structure based in Heian-kyo, although superficially constructed from the Chinese model, had none of the absolute power of the Chinese dynasties.
		Unlike the capital aristocracy, the provincial clan aristocrats were quite self-sufficient and seemed content to leave the imperial government alone so long as they could continue to control the peasants on their estates and organize their armed cliques for local self-defense without interference from the capital.
		This system of political control came to be known as the Insei government, the rule of the "Cloistered Emperors," a form of government that lasted for seventy years, until a break in the line of succession set off a small revolution in Japan.
	koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C05/E0504.htm (3097 words)

	Critiques of Democracy (plain text version for printing)
		When democracy was a new experiment, the rule of royalty and nobles was accepted around the world and in its most desirable forms, still signified freedom to many more subjects than the citizens to whom democracy meant freedom.
		That concept of rule has since been defeated soundly in “public opinion” because for their various personal reasons, most people prefer the enticing idea of "self-rule," whether this means in practical terms that they enjoy the idea of controlling their own affairs, or crave control over others’ affairs.
		There are countless ancient and modern examples of what happens when the majority rules and the unpopular minority is exploited or killed, and not simply on the local level of a lynching — the genocide of America's native populations, for instance [6].
	www.promethea.org /Misc_Compositions/TextVersions/text_CritiquesofDemocracy.html (14601 words)

	No title (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Such an ideal, of course, is absolutely antithetical to any form of aristocratic societal arrangement in that such arrangements are always authoritarian, putting the needs of the state and/or the formalization of religion ahead of the need for self determination.
		Rules which are anti democratic and anti social and which unduly burden the common people to prevent their Ascension.
		And as such the American voters are continually misinformed in such a way as to lead them to vote in a manner contrary to their own best interest, in a manner that rewards the aristocratic members of the society at the expense of the common people.
	greatervoice.org /econ/Hijacked.php (4589 words)

	Paternalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In particular, monarchists have argued that the state mirrors the patriarchal family, with the people obeying the king as children obey their father.
		The Family/State paradigm was often expressed as a form of justification for aristocratic rule as justified in observations of the cosmos.
		The relationship of parents to children is monarchic, of husbands to wives aristocratic, of children to one another democratic." (4) Modern thinkers have taken the paradigm as a given in societies where hierarchical structures appeared natural.
	paternalism.ask.dyndns.dk (1888 words)

	Peter Suber, Paradox of Self-Amendment, Section 8
		To suppose that any rules are legally immutable begs the question of the mutability of the rules of change: for a changeable rule of change might in some attainable new form reach all the rules of the system, even if its original form could not.
		Conceivably a rule that is immutable at one moment may be "transmuted" in the next moment, if the AC can change itself into a form that can transmute immutable rules or convert them to mutable rules (see Appendix 3).
		Such a rule is not at all unlikely, for it is a variant of the rule that one generation cannot bind its successors except revocably or in manner and form.
	www.earlham.edu /~peters/writing/psa/sec08.htm (16437 words)

	Polybius
		In that case I presume they would, like the animals, herd together; for it is but reasonable to suppose that bodily weakness would induce them to seek those of their own kind to herd with.
		And in that case too, as with the animals, he who was superior to the rest in strength of body or courage of soul would lead and rule them.
		And no wonder: for if we confine our observation to the power of the Consuls we should be inclined to regard it as despotic; if on that of the Senate, as aristocratic; and if finally one looks at the power possessed by the people it would seem a clear case of a democracy.
	www.humanistictexts.org /polybius.htm (4175 words)

	Ideologies of Ancient Greece: Two Codes
		A general emphasis on an aristocratic ruling council, perhaps accepting a lower assembly if not allowed to i nitiate or debate measures sent down (as in Sparta).
		Traditionally the aristocrats had resisted the emergence of written law, since it blocked their flexibility in ruling the mass; but if unavoidable, written law should be rigid and unchanging, to resist change initiated from below (cf Plato's Laws).
		Aristocratic institutions put decisions out of reach of the demos, which lacks leis ure and competence for participation.
	www.wsu.edu /~tcook/doc/AristocraticVsDemocraticCodes.htm (1033 words)

	Greeks, Politics and War
		In 514, a young aristocrat opposed to popular rule assassinated one of the sons, and some aristocrats attempted but failed to assassinate the surviving son, Hippias.
		The priest at the principal shrine of the god Apollo, at Delphi, encouraged the exiled aristocrats by suggesting that Apollo was on their side.
		Athens forced its rule on the island of Scyros (seventy-five miles to its southeast), and Athenians claimed authority there on the grounds of the discovery in Scyros of the bones of a mythical king of Athens who was said to have migrated there during the Dorian invasions.
	www.fsmitha.com /h1/ch09.htm (9030 words)

	Is Congregationalism a Democracy? - 9Marks
		There are some striking resemblances, but the biblical answer is no. Biblical congregationalism is democratic in the sense that it is not strictly monarchic (rule by one), oligarchic (rule by a few), aristocratic (rule by the fittest), or anarchic (rule by no one), but rather government by the people (the demos).
		It is the gathered local assembly that is the final court of appeal, not the pastor or the elders, and not a deliberative body outside or above the local church.
		Biblical congregationalism is also democratic in the sense that each member of the church has one vote to cast on certain issues that touch the corporate life of the church.
	www.9marks.org /partner/Article_Display_Page/0,,PTID314526\|CHID598014\|CIID2008886,00.html (1465 words)

	The Specious Origins of Liberalism Chapter 6
		The opportunity to state a principle that would have shed urgently needed light on the millennium in question was both timely and propitious, and the fact that he missed it and lent his authority to a misunderstanding of the issue, is seriously to be deplored.
		It was at this stage in the evolution of the idea of Popular Government in the West, that a searching scrutiny of the causes of failure and degradation in aristocratic rule was called for and might have been most fruitful.
		that aristocratic rule was not a Natural Law, began to be learnt by the masses, a commotion ensued similar to that which would result to-day if men were given the means of controlling the weather.
	www.anthonymludovici.com /so_06.htm (957 words)

	BOURGEOIS CLASS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In feudal time the cities had become the place of business and residence of a growing class of merchants, professionals and crafts persons, who came to be seen as having a social status between the peasant class and the land owning or aristocratic class.
		This new middle class came to feel oppressed by the traditions and restrictions of feudalism and aristocratic rule and eventually were able to grasp power and transform social values.
		The term bourgeois class, or bourgeoisie, was used by Marx to refer to the corporate or capitalist class in modern societies that is thought, particularly in socialist ideas, to be also a ruling class.
	sociologyindex.com /bourgeois.htm (162 words)

	History of Scotland - Modern Scotland
		Because Britain (and all of Europe for that matter) had lived with an aristocratic class system for well over a thousand years, the mindset of the ruling class was different than what we find here in the United States.
		In Britain, the ruling classes genuinely believed they were superior intellectually and, more importantly, in terms of leadership to the mass of the people.
		However, they kept the issue of Home Rule alive in Great Britain for decades and their agitation eventually won the hearts and minds of the Scottish people.
	www.heartoscotland.com /Categories/History6.htm (1874 words)

	Review of unique Greek approaches to democracy by Cleisthenes
		First, Cleisthenes responded to tyrants--aristocrats who tried to bypass collective aristocratic rule by directly appealing to the masses--by allowing people's direct political participation through establishing the institutions of the Ecclesia, the Council of 500 and the People's Court, thereby undercutting any prospective tyrants' aspirations.
		His goals seemed to be to prevent social unrest from a confrontation between the people and the aristocracy through power sharing, and to maintain a collective identity of the aristocrats, preventing any single one of them from usurping the power of other aristocrats.
		After the expulsion of the Etruscans, the Romans established a republic and ruled by the senate and the assembly.
	www.iun.edu /~hisdcl/h113_2001/greekromanpolity.htm (774 words)

	Miscellaneous (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Aristocratic Republic began with the popular "Revolution of 1895," led by the charismatic and irrepressible José Nicolás de Piérola (1895-99).
		This began a period known as the Aristocratic Republic (1895- 1914), during which Peru was characterized not only by relative political harmony and rapid economic growth and modernization, but also by social and political change.
		From the ruins of the War of the Pacific, new elites had emerged along the coast and coalesced to form a powerful oligarchy, based on the reemergence of sugar, cotton, and mining exports, as well as the reintegration of Peru into the international economy.
	maxpages.com /peru/Aristocratic_republic - !http://www.maxpages.com/peru/Aristocratic_republic (392 words)

	Miscellaneous (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		When he perceived a plot by the Civilistas to deny him the election, the diminutive but boundlessly energetic Leguía (he stood only 1.5 meters tall and weighed a little over 45 kilograms) staged a preemptive coup and assumed the presidency.
		Leguía's eleven-year rule, known as the oncenio (1919- 30), began auspiciously enough with a progressive, new constitution in 1920 that enhanced the power of the state to carry out a number of popular social and economic reforms.
		The orgy of financial excesses, which included widespread corruption and the massive build-up of the foreign debt, was brought to a sudden end by the Wall Street stock market crash of 1929 and ensuing worldwide depression.
	maxpages.com /peru/eleven_year_rule - !http://www.maxpages.com/peru/eleven_year_rule (693 words)

	Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Not the rule of the one but the rule of the few.
		It is a decentered and deterritorialising apparatus of rule that progressively incorporates the entire global realm within its open, expanding frontiers.
		The object of its rule is social life in its entirety, and thus Empire presents the paradigmatic form of biopower.
	info.interactivist.net /print.pl?sid=03/07/24/0248201 (6894 words)

	Belgium
		Charlemagne succeeded his father in 768 and ruled for almost a half century, creating during that time an empire that covered nearly all of continental Europe, with the exception of Spain and Scandinavia.
		Social unrest in the cities was met by Philip with harsh and rigid repression, including the introduction of a massive Spanish military presence in the north as well as the execution of thousands of Protestants.
		Under the rule of Louis XIV (1659-1715), the French made sustained efforts to extend their control over the Spanish Netherlands.
	www.visitbelgium.com /historyofbelgium.htm (2293 words)

	The Family Compact Party of Canada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		They both considered Greek democracy to be a failure, and pinned the blame for that failure on the fact that democracy put government in the hands of people who (in their opinion) were largely incapable of making wise decisions.
		Those born into ruling class families were considered to have superior qualities by the nature of their high birth, and thus entitled to special privileges and dominion over others.
		The movement away from aristocratic rule was more pragmatic than heartfelt in most cases.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/929642/posts (1207 words)

	The Quest of Human Quality Chapter 4
		For if, as an ennobled class — the word "aristocratic" could in any case not be applied to them — they sprang in a generation from the mob, the monarchs to whom they owed their advancement were hardly better.
		Even if some historians refrain from actually extolling the ruling class of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, they imply that their creation, the British Empire of Victorian days, with its dependence on mechanized industry and foreign trade, was a magnificent and highly creditable feat.
		An aristocratic society can, in fact, mean only one thing — a community in which the degree of power exercised by the dominant class is always commensurate with the quality of its members, increasing power always depending on increasing quality.
	www.anthonymludovici.com /qh_04.htm (8385 words)

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