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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Logic
		Aristotelian logic has principally been concerned with teaching good argument, and is still taught with that end today, while in mathematical logic and analytical philosophy much greater emphasis is placed on logic as an object of study in its own right, and so logic is studied at a more abstract level.
		Whereas Aristotelian syllogistic logic specified the forms that the relevant part of the involved judgements took, predicate logic allows sentences to be analysed into subject and argument in several different ways, thus allowing predicate logic to solve the problem of multiple generality that had perplexed medieval logicians.
		The first class of paradoxes involves counterfactuals, such as "If the moon is made of green cheese, then 2+2=5", which are puzzling because natural language does not support the principle of explosion.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Logic (4039 words)

	20th WCP: Aristotle on Paideia of Principles
		A principle is a principle of something, and thus part of paideia of principles must involve some kind of knowledge of those things which come from first principles.
		To see that first principles are true is not difficult: "No one fails to hit the proverbial door", but it is generally hard to recognize a first principle as something which is capable of explaining many things in a given discipline.
		The acquisition of paideia of principles involves being exposed to some of the conclusions of a science as they are drawn from principles, such that even though one does not at first perfectly grasp the arguments, one does acquire some idea of the scope of the discipline’s principles, and how they are to be applied.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Anci/AnciGeor.htm (2679 words)

	Aristotelianism
		Aristotelianism was to have a highly distinguished history in the world of Islam; but the Arabic philosophers, who owed their first acquaintance with it to the Neoplatonists' commentaries, never presented it in its purity or disengaged it from the Neoplatonic context in which it had been transmitted to them.
		The triumph of Aristotelianism in the epistemology and in the logic of the 12th-century scholastics prepared the ground for the Aristotelian domination of the universities in the 13th century.
		Already, moreover, in the 1220s, Aristotelianism had broken into the faculties of theology; and thenceforward until the end of the Middle Ages (or even later in some establishments) it was to remain fundamental to the structure of scholasticism, both philosophically and theologically.
	cyberspacei.com /jesusi/inlight/philosophy/western/Aristotelianism.htm (2704 words)

	First principles - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		First Principles is also the title of a work by Herbert Spencer.
		Aristotle, author of the earliest surviving text on logic, formulated a principle that later achieved the historical distinction of being called the first principle as a proper name.
		Likewise, Heidegger attacked something perhaps underlying the notion of first principle, that is, the need to represent the world, and the dualism that that task, in his view, entails.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aristotelian_first_principles (423 words)

	real_philosophy: Aristotle's Physics
		First of all, it is clear that this argument is not sufficient for proving that this unmoved thing is god in any substantial sense (indeed, this is not its intention, and it has not even been asserted yet that this unmoved mover is a god).
		The Aristotelian doctrine that all natural things inherently contain their own principles of movement and change is a sufficient answer to (1), and that these principles are prescribed by the nature of the thing is a partial answer to (2).
		This efficient principle which is inherent in the elements would not be sufficient, as earlier stated, to explain the movement of the cosmos, if it were not for the telos of place by which the direction of the movement of the efficient principle is prescribed.
	community.livejournal.com /real_philosophy/385108.html (4967 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 04.03.24
		First, (1)-(4) are non-controversial; Reeve concludes that they support 'demonstration of unconditionally necessary ethical propositions' (28), though he admits that the extent of such knowledge is rather limited.
		Arguments to first principles are dialectical, while arguments from first principles are scientific (i.e., demonstrative); and EN is a compendium of the former.
		Here NOU=S is employed to define both (a) the theoretical grasp of first principles (the culmination of the inductive process that extends from perception of particulars to conceptual grasp of universals) and (b) the perception of particulars.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/1993/04.03.24.html (2107 words)

	Immanuel Kant- a compendium of essays, articles and notes
		Kant was also the first recorded scholar to postulate (as is true) that some of the faint nebulae one can see with a small telescope (or in one case, with the naked eye) were external galaxies or, as he called them, island universes.
		First, Kant argued that that old division between a priori truths and a posteriori truths employed by both camps was insufficient to describe the sort of metaphysical claims that were under dispute.
		The first theory is that the fundamental activity of the mind, called "synthesis," is an activity of thought that applies certain concepts to a previously given perceptual datum from experience.
	www.martinfrost.ws /htmlfiles/kant_biog.html (19471 words)

	Axiom - LoveToKnow 1911
		the Aristotelian apxal, "first principles"), which, however, are sometimes susceptible of proof in another wider science.
		2) gave it also the wider significance of the ultimate principles of thought which are behind all special sciences (e.g.
		The word was reintroduced in modern philosophy probably by Rene Descartes (or by his followers) who, in the search for a definite self-evident principle as the basis of a new philosophy, naturally turned to the familiar science of mathematics.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Axiom (222 words)

	[No title]
		It seems to be so also from the fact that it is a first principle; for it is for the sake of this that we all do all that we do, and the first principle and cause of goods is, we claim, something prized and divine.
		Now the man acts voluntarily; for the principle that moves the instrumental parts of the body in such actions is in him, and the things of which the moving principle is in a man himself are in his power to do or not to do.
		Hence the appetitive element in a temperate man should harmonize with the rational principle; for the noble is the mark at which both aim, and the temperate man craves for the things be ought, as he ought, as when he ought; and when he ought; and this is what rational principle directs.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/aristotle-nico-eth.txt (18311 words)

	P
		The first is the assumption that mutual beliefs must be represented in a mental model as an infinite series of belief statements'.
		There is first the almost unconsciously held ideological assumption that the Eurocentric model for the humanities actually represents a natural and proper subject matter for the humanistic scholar....
		First, I have suggested the Sperber and Wilson's proposal that mutual cognitive environments constitute the true context for comprehension is not sufficiently clear and distinguishable from the concept of mutual knowledge.
	www.sil.org /~radneyr/humanities/P.htm (17509 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Aristotle
		They form, in fact, the first attempt to reduce logic to a science, and consequently entitle their writer to be considered the founder of logic.
		The former is the determining, the latter the determinable principle.
		known to the first of the Schoolmen, that is to say, to the Christian philosophers of Western Europe from the ninth to the twelfth century.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01713a.htm (5835 words)

	Studies in Aristotle (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Aristotelian-Thomistic theory of the abstractive induction of immediate first principles and methodology of a priori demonstrations from immediate first principles is defended as found in actu signato in Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and in actu exercito in Aristotle's Physics.
		Aristotelian science demonstrates through causes (not incidental principles or elements) as middle terms in the demonstrations, but only according to the order of causality among the four Aristotelian causes.
		Once reasoning from immediate first principles is established as neither circular nor necessitating an infinite regress, the a priori demonstrations in the Physics about motion, place, and time are treated.
	www.morec.com /classics/studies_in_aristotle.htm (251 words)

	Metaphysics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Universal science is the study of first principles, which Aristotle believed underlie all other inquiries.
		An example of such a principle is the law of non-contradiction: A = A, A ≠ B, Not both A and B. Universal science or first philosophy treats of "being qua being" — that is, what is basic to all science before one adds the particular details of any one science.
		Aristotle describes the principle of contradiction, "It is impossible that the same quality should both belong and not belong to the same thing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Metaphysics (1777 words)

	Existence - First Part: Origins and definitions (Site not responding. Last check: )
		First, there is the problem of what we are to say about the existence of fictitious objects, such as centaurs, dragons, and Pegasus; second, there is the problem of what we are t o say about the existence of abstract objects, such as qualities, relations, and numbers.
		First, because this being, understood precisely, is sufficient for the truth of this statement with a second adjacent: essence is. Hence, that being is true existence.
		From these principles Wolff proceeds to the consideration of the metaphysical modalities, of which the most fundamental is the possible, the negation of the self-contradictory, or logically impossible.
	www.formalontology.it /existence.htm (5603 words)

	St. Thomas Aquinas (Site not responding. Last check: )
		First, it follows that the tale is told very largely to those who are not of the communion of St. Thomas; and who may be interested in him as I might be in Confucius or Mahomet.
		First, in spite of all that was once said about superstition, the Dark Ages and the sterility of Scholasticism, it was in every sense a movement of enlargement, always moving towards greater light and even greater liberty.
		First, it must be remembered that the Greek influence continued to flow from the Greek Empire; or at least from the centre of the Roman Empire which was in the Greek city of Byzantium, and no longer in Rome.
	www.dur.ac.uk /martin.ward/gkc/books/aquinas.html (22585 words)

	Giacomo Zabarella (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Zabarella was an orthodox Aristotelian seeking to defend the scientific status of theoretical natural philosophy against the pressures emanating from the practical disciplines, i.e., the art of medicine and anatomy.
		First, it has to deal with their basic principles, such as matter and motion, which are not natural beings themselves.
		For example, the first part of the art of medicine, physiology, has a compositive order as against the medicine as a whole, which is arranged according to a resolutive order.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/zabarella (6123 words)

	Jacques Maritain Center: Juan Jose Sanguineti
		Dialectic (in the Aristotelian sense) is stronger in metaphysics, since the first principles are axiomatic and can be defended by indirect argument per absurdum, especially with the help of the principle of non-contradiction.
		However that may be, the field of a philosophical discussion of scientific principles, in a more or less noetic context, seems to be dialectic, which naturally must be understood in a deep sense and not as a mere logical match.
		According to the Aristotelian view, quoad se they have a right to produce a necessary knowledge, which cannot be otherwise, but the stress of Aristotle and Aquinas here is that man's intelligence is initially blind to those subjects, like the eyes of the owl regarding the brightness of normal light.
	www.nd.edu /~afreddos/papers/sanguin.htm (6674 words)

	A Preliminary Poetics
		First, I present the definition of interactive drama motivating this theory and situate this definition with respect to other notions of interactive story.
		Murray's discussion of transformation as variety, particularly in the form of the kaleidoscopic narrative that refuses closure, is contrary to the Aristotelian ideals of unity and intensification.
		Adding interaction to the Aristotelian model can be considered the addition of two new causal chains at the level of character.
	www.electronicbookreview.com /thread/firstperson/mateas (6704 words)

	Science and Human Values - Aristotle (Site not responding. Last check: )
		First, the nature of circular motion proved for him that the cosmos must be finite.
		Second, this finite universe is divided into two distinct regions, the upper part, or the region of celestial spheres, where the circular motion reigns supreme, and the region iinterior to the orbit of the moon (subluminary) filled with ordinary matter whose nature is to move up or down.
		Fourth, it also follows from the Aristotelian analysis of uniform circular motion that the ether is unalterable, suffers neither growth nor diminution, and has no beginning or end, which is to say that it can be neither generated nor corrupted.
	www.rit.edu /~flwstv/aristotle1.html (5951 words)

	Descartes, René (1596–1650) : Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online
		It was for Beeckman that Descartes wrote his first surviving work, the Compendium musicum, a tract on music theory, then considered a branch of what was called mixed mathematics, along with other disciplines such as mathematical astronomy and geometric optics.
		Exactly a year after first meeting Beeckman, this new path was confirmed for Descartes in a series of three dreams that he interpreted as a call to settle down to his work as a mathematician and philosopher.
		In the first part, also called the Traité de la lumière (Treatise on Light), Descartes begins with a general account of the distinction between a sensation and the motion of tiny particles of different sizes and shapes that is its cause, followed by an account of the foundations of the laws of nature.
	www.rep.routledge.com /article/DA026SECT1 (1638 words)

	Aristotelian Realism by John D. Allee, First Church of Satan
		Aristotelian realism is based on the principle that ideas (or forms) can exist without matter, but no matter can exist without form.
		This fourth principle is illustrated by his idea of the soul as an entity to be kept in balance.
		Universal principles are reached by mind from an examination of the particulars by sense perception and organizing the results into rational explanations.
	www.churchofsatan.org /realism.html (4105 words)

	HYLE 9-2 (2003): Visualization in Medieval Alchemy
		The scholastic Aristotelian method adopted by all major alchemical treatises from the mid-thirteenth century on was that of combined deduction from general principles and induction based on sense data, that is, on the observation of accidental qualities of substances.
		The first depictions of diverse processes and stages of transformation in glass vessels are included in a highly original vernacular verse from the region of the lower Rhine, possibly Brabant, dating from the second half of the fourteenth century.
		Primus puer, the first offspring from Ylarius and Virgo.
	www.hyle.org /journal/issues/9-2/obrist.htm (11985 words)

	The Founders Of Classical Mechanics :: Aristotle (Site not responding. Last check: )
		His character (as revealed by his writings, his will (which is undoubtedly genuine), fragments of his letters and the allusions of his unprejudiced contemporaries) was that of a high-minded, kind-hearted man, devoted to his family and his friends, kind to his slaves, fair to his enemies and rivals, grateful towards his benefactors.
		It required a repudiation of some Aristotelian principles for the sciences and the arts to free themselves for the discovery of modern scientific laws and empirical methods.
		Therefore, the Aristotelian mind assumes that when subject A utters "I am X," he or she is referring to the same experience and is expressing the same purpose as subject B who also utters "I am X."
	about-physicists.org /aristotel.html (4067 words)

	Aristotelian vs. Dialectical logic
		The Aristotelian laws are as follows: (1) Law of Identity: Each existence is identical with itself; (2) Law of Noncontradiction: Each existence is not different from itself; and (3) Law of Excluded Middle: No existence can be both itself and different from itself.
		In brief, the first law says that everything has a history; the second, that the history is qualitative as well as quantitative; the third, that this kind of history does not stop (Somerville, 1967, p.
		Even though these principles are regarded as universal (i.e., found in everything), it is not claimed that the specific laws of each particular level of reality can be deduced from them.
	www.comnet.ca /~pballan/logic2.htm (377 words)

	Documentation Redux: Prolegomenon to (Another) Philosophy of Information - Science - RedOrbit
		The difficulty may be seen as a case of the familiar Aristotelian problem of the possibility and legitimacy of a science of the individual.
		These principles draw their certainty and authority from common experience; they are what everyone knows, such as "Heavy bodies fall," or "The sun rises in the east." In Aristotelian science, an "experience" was "a universal statement of how things are" (Dear, 1995, p.
		The experiment had first to be "constructed linguistically as a historical account of a specific event that acts as a warrant for the truth of a universal knowledge-claim" (Dear, 1995, p.
	www.redorbit.com /news/display/?id=61644 (7461 words)

	Aristotelian Realism by John D. Allee, First Church of Satan
		Aristotelian realism is based on the principle that ideas (or forms) can exist without matter, but no matter can exist without form.
		This fourth principle is illustrated by his idea of the soul as an entity to be kept in balance.
		Universal principles are reached by mind from an examination of the particulars by sense perception and organizing the results into rational explanations.
	churchofsatan.tv /realism.html (4105 words)

	Society for Aristotelian Studies - Declaration of Principles
		The Society for Aristotelian Studies is a non-profit, learned society composed of individuals having a strong interest in the Aristotelian philosophical tradition.
		It was for these reasons that the title “Aristotelian Studies” was chosen for the Society, naming as it does all that is valuable in philosophy throughout the ages.
		Among those philosophers who embraced Aristotelian principles and carried them to new heights, however, none went so far, nor rivaled with his master so clearly as Thomas Aquinas.
	www.aristotle-aquinas.org /declaration-of-principles (738 words)

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