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Topic: Aristotelian logic

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	Logic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ambiguity is that "formal logic" is very often used with the alternate meaning of symbolic logic as we have defined it, with informal logic meaning any logical investigation that does not involve symbolic abstraction; it is this sense of 'formal' that is parallel to the received usages coming from "formal languages" or "formal theory".
		Aristotelian logic has principally been concerned with teaching good argument, and is still taught with that end today, while in mathematical logic and analytical philosophy much greater emphasis is placed on logic as an object of study in its own right, and so logic is studied at a more abstract level.
		The boldest attempt to apply logic to mathematics was undoubtedly the logicism pioneered by philosopher-logicians such as Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell: the idea was that mathematical theories were logical tautologies, and the programme was to show this by means to a reduction of mathematics to logic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logic (3434 words)

	Logic - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Formal logic (sometimes called "symbolic logic") attempts to capture the nature of logical truth and inference in formal systems, which consist of a formal language, a set of rules of derivation (often called "rules of inference"), and sometimes a set of axioms.
		For instance, propositional logic and predicate logic are a kind of formal logic, as well as temporal logic, modal logic, Hoare logic, the calculus of constructions, etc. Higher order logics are logical systems based on a hierarchy of types.
		Informal logic is also more difficult because the semantics of natural language assertions is much more complicated than the semantics of formal logical systems, due to the presence of such phenomena as defeasibility.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Logic (2307 words)

	Aristotelian logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Aristotelian logic, also known as syllogistic, is the particular type of logic created by Aristotle, primarily in his works Prior Analytics and De Interpretatione.
		Logic Entry in the Catholic Encyclopaedia (1917), dominated by a historical survey from Indian and Pre-Aristotelian philosophy to the Logic of John Stuart Mill.
		Logic A historical survey from Indian and Pre-Aristotelian philosophy to the Logic of John Stuart Mill.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Aristotelian_logic.html (910 words)

	Encyclopedia: Aristotelian logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Aristotelian logic, also known as syllogistic logic, is the particular type of logic created by Aristotle, primarily in his works Prior Analytics and De Interpretatione.
		Traditional logic, also known as term logic, is a loose term for the logical tradition that originated with Aristotle and survived broadly unchanged until the advent of modern predicate logic in the late nineteenth century.
		The Square of Opposition is a term from the study of Aristotelian logic or Term Logic in which the logical relationship between various types of sentences is spelled out: For any subject S and predicate P, these rules are supposed to apply: At least one of the universal statements must...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Aristotelian-logic (801 words)

	Organon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The system of logic described in two of these works, namely On Interpretation and the Prior Analytics, often called Aristotelian logic, is discussed in the article on term logic.
		In the Enlightenment there was a revival of interest in logic as the basis of rational enquiry, and a number of texts, most successfully the Port-Royal Logic, polished Aristotelian term logic for pedagogy.
		Since the historical discoveries and logic innovations of the 19th century, particularly the discovery of Indian logic, George Boole's algebraic logic and the formulation of predicate logic, Aristotelian logic no longer has such prestige and is mainly studied out of historical interest.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aristotelian_logic (822 words)

	Non-Aristotelian logic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term non-Aristotelian logic, sometimes shortened to null-A, is a term popularised by A.
		Relevant logic, the Continuum logic and the Kleene 3-logic) make no claim to replace deductive reasoning, but are generally extensions of classical logic intended to deal with specific issues (e.g.
		Modal logic is a non-classical logic which, however, has only two truth values.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Non-Aristotelian_logic (383 words)

	PlanetMath: Aristotelian logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In Aristotelian logic one subject and one predicate are used in a sentence(proposition).
		The square of opposition is used to analyze the relation between propositions in Aristotelian logic.
		This is version 2 of Aristotelian logic, born on 2004-05-08, modified 2004-05-08.
	planetmath.org /encyclopedia/AristotelianLogic.html (2563 words)

	log (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Classical, or Aristotelian, logic is concerned with the formal properties of an argument, not its factual accuracy.
		Aristotelian logic basically held sway in the Western world for 2,000 years, but since the 19th cent.
		Symbolic logic draws on the concepts and techniques of mathematics, notably SET theory, and in turn has contributed to the development of the foundations of mathematics.
	www.uga.edu /~cml/isms/log.html (296 words)

	Aristotelian logic -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Aristotle recognised four kinds of quantified sentences, each of which contain a (The subject matter of a conversation or discussion) subject and a ((logic) what is predicated of the subject of a proposition; the second term in a proposition is predicated of the first term by means of the copula) predicate:
		Aristotelian logic has lost most of its reputation as the one only correct logic.
		Today logicians who study modern logic respect the Aristotelian logic in the sense of its great early accomplishment.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/ar/aristotelian_logic.htm (515 words)

	Philosophy East and West: Aristotelian Logic and the Arabic Language in Alfarabi. (book reviews)@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Aristotelian Logic and the Arabic Language in Alfarabi.
		Aristotelian Logic and the Arabic Language in Alfarabi is an interesting book on Farabi's treatment of the relation of logic to language or, more precisely, of Greek logic to the Arabic language.
		As such, it does not deal with that part of Farabi's logical work which is concerned to trace implication, but with the part devoted to the examination of the logical form of certain words and sentences.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:18287518&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (185 words)

	Aristotelian logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Aristotelian logic, also known as syllogistic, is the particular type of logic created by Aristotle, primarily in hisworks Prior Analytics and De Interpretatione.
		Forexample, under Aristotelian logic, "all trespassers will be prosecuted" implies the existence of at least one trespasser.
		Aristotle's works on logic, (collectively called the Organon), are theonly significant works of Aristotle that were never "lost"; all his other books were "lost" from his death, until rediscovered inthe 11th Century.
	www.therfcc.org /aristotelian-logic-14831.html (386 words)

	logic -> Aristotelian Logic on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Logic analyzers and deep-memory scopes learn to march in lock step; cross-triggering of scopes and logic analyzers isn't new, but you can now obtain benefits on the bench that, not long ago, you could only imagine....
		Program Logic This is the overall logic of a business application, which is also defined as the main loop in a p.
		From Logic to Plumbling It would be a plumber's worst nightmare to have to follow the maze of pipes (circuits) t.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/logic_AristotelianLogic.asp (772 words)

	logic. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Although Aristotle was concerned with problems in modal logic and other minor branches, it is usually agreed that his major contribution in the field of logic was his elaboration of syllogistic logic; indeed, the Aristotelian statement of logic held sway in the Western world for 2,000 years.
		Mill held that the scientist or experimenter is not interested in moving from the general to the specific case, which characterizes deductive logic, but is concerned with inductive reasoning, moving from the specific to the general (see induction).
		Pure formal logic attempts to prove that a logical system is dependent only on the perceptual recognition and valid manipulation of symbols and requires no interpretive reference to content.
	www.bartleby.com /65/lo/logic.html (770 words)

	Aristotelian logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In Mediaeval times students of Aristotelian logic classified possibility and gave them a name.
		For example under logic "all trespassers will be prosecuted" implies existence of at least one trespasser.
		Aristotle's works on logic (collectively called the Organon) are the only significant works of that were never "lost"; all his other were "lost" from his death until rediscovered the 11th Century.
	www.freeglossary.com /Aristotelian_logic (582 words)

	The Tom Bearden Website
		The problem cannot be solved in Aristotelian logic, with its 3 laws, but requires a 5-law logic.
		Note that the philosophers never solved their own basic problems, because that means they are boundary problems and Aristotelian logic fails at the boundary.
		And doesn't sweat the question of "Is it a wave or a particle?" which is an Aristotelian question that really does not apply to the question being asked.
	www.cheniere.org /correspondence/032003a.htm (837 words)

	[No title]
		That is to say, in the role of logical subject its function is to denominate an individual or to refer to an individual and as logical predicate its function is to indicate what belongs or does not belong to an individual.
		The objects of the logic of classes as well as of the predicate logic were constructed by taking out only one function -- and abstracted from the other functions -- of general terms.
		With the emergence of modern logic, that is with the appearance of the Frege-Russell type of so-called classical symbolic logic a great advance undoubtedly was made in the logic whose objects are special kinds of abstract objects.
	www.ifs.csic.es /sorites/Issue_04/item5.htm (1647 words)

	Non-Aristotelian Finitary Logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		For example, Newtonian mechanics (NM) is a theory of classical logic and it makes certain a certain prediction regarding the advance of the perihelion of Mercury; this prediction is contradicted by Einstein's general relativity theory, which also uses classical logic for its predictions.
		Thus if our logic insists on Aristotle's law of the excluded middle (every proposition must be either true or false) and the law of non-contradiction (no proposition can be both true and false), then the inference rules that use these laws would make the logic classical.
		The classical interpretation or Aristotelian logic corresponds to a philosophy called Platonism, namely that every proposition is either true or false in some Platonic world, independent of the human mind.
	nafl.blogspot.com (3690 words)

	Aristotle's logic - Why Aristotelian logic does not work
		It is not enough to attempt to fix Aristotelian logic if you are to cogently discuss issues such as mathematics, politics, philosophy, psychology, economics and the like in a sane and rational manner.
		Aristotelian logic simply does not conform to, or express, the nature of the world as it is. Aristotelian logic engenders a simplistic but erroneous model of reality.
		Because of the interactive quality of the difficulties presented by Aristotelian (on/off or digital) semantics, I have repeated many of the ideas to some degree in various of the sections of this document.
	www.abelard.org /category/category.htm (8200 words)

	[No title]
		LockeÕs own understanding of Aristotelian logic seems to have been drawn not primarily from Aristotle himself or from the medieval schoolmen, but instead from modern scholastic authors such as Robert Sanderson and Philippe du Trieu (see Milton 1984).
		Hence ÒlogicÓ ceases to be a study of formal patterns of inference, and becomes instead the study of the cognitive faculties of the mind, a Òfacultative logicÓ (Buickerood 1985) whose aim is to yield principles for the correct employment of those faculties.
		HUME very explicitly followed the Lockean interpretation of ÒlogicÓ, and evidently saw the first book of his Treatise of Human Nature as a contribution to it: The sole end of logic is to explain the principles and operations of our reasoning faculty, and the nature of our ideas....
	www.etext.leeds.ac.uk /peter/papers/1997LogicEEmp.doc (661 words)

	CHAPTER THREE - THE TRIVALENT LOGIC OF AYMARA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The research of the Polish thinker J. Lukasiewicz was a sharp departure from the Aristotelian interpretation of logic.
		Logic is only interested in the truth-value of statement regardless of any conceptual content they may also have.
		A "logical variable" is a symbol, for example "x", which represents the truth-value of a given statement, A "logical function", or "functor" for short, is a relationship p(x) which assigns a truth-value p according to the values of one or several variables.
	www.aymara.org /biblio/igr/igr3.html (2570 words)

	Read about Aristotelian logic at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Aristotelian logic and learn about Aristotelian ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Aristotelian logic, also known as syllogistic, is the particular type of
		Scholastics, in non-Arab Europe, studied and promoted the study of logic based on the Organon.
		Carl Prantl claimed that any logician who said anything new about logic was "confused, stupid or perverse." These examples illustrate the general tendency during the period between the 13th century and the
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Aristotelian_logic (572 words)

	Aristotelian and Non-Aristotelian Logic
		The discovery of formal logic is a very recent affair in the history of mankind.
		It follows the strict alternative to the two-valued logic of "to be or not be" does not adequately cover the pattern of future events.
		The two-valued, Aristotelian logic reveals itself as the most general form of thinking of which the mind is capable.
	www.thinkartlab.com /pkl/archive/gg_fiction/aristotelian.htm (3446 words)

	Philosophical Dictionary: Arche-Artificial Intelligence
		A collection of two or more propositions, all but one of which are the premises supposed to provide inferential support—either deductive or inductive—for the truth of the remaining one, the conclusion.
		The structure of arguments is the principal subject of logic.
		In categorical logic, an argument form is any one of the 256 distinct varieties of categorical syllogism.
	www.philosophypages.com /dy/a7.htm (854 words)

	Aristotle's Logic
		During the rise of modern formal logic following Frege and Peirce, adherents of Traditional Logic (seen as the descendant of Aristotelian Logic) and the new mathematical logic tended to see one another as rivals, with incompatible notions of logic.
		The rise of modern formal logic following the work of Frege and Russell brought with it a recognition of the many serious limitations of Aristotle's logic; today, very few would try to maintain that it is adequate as a basis for understanding science, mathematics, or even everyday reasoning.
		Modern modal logic treats necessity and possibility as interdefinable: "necessarily P" is equivalent to "not possibly not P", and "possibly P" to "not necessarily not P".
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/aristotle-logic (11032 words)

	Fourth Law of Logic
		In other words, Aristotlean logic is a synthesis of primitive observation, fitted to the partial (spatial) reality emerging from spacetime after the imposition of the monocular (one-at-a-time) photon interaction with matter.
		The resolution to the entire mystery so long inherent in these axioms of logic now stands simply revealed: Whether one of Aristotle's laws holds or its negation holds is determined solely by the nature of the logical operation in time interval three.
		Hence the logic operation is hyperdimensionally a function of mind and injects mind/time into the statement.
	www.cheniere.org /books/aids/appendixIII.htm (3209 words)

	Aristotelian Logic
		A group of his treatises were collected under the title Organon, meaning "instrument." Rather than presenting logic as a discipline unto itself, Aristotle considered it an instrument for philosophical reasoning.
		They changed the face of scientific thought in their time, and for almost 2000 years after, allowed deductions of new truths to be made from established facts or principles.
		New types of logic have been developed that provide a more accurate foundation for mathematical and scientific inquiry.
	www.teachervision.fen.com /page/5992.html?for_printing=1 (392 words)

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