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Topic: Aristotelian theory of gravity

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	Gravitation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gravity was rather poorly understood until Isaac Newton formulated his law of gravitation in the 17th century.
		Gravity is used in geophysical exploration to investigate density contrasts in the subsurface of the Earth.
		Tensor-vector-scalar gravity (TeVeS) (2004), a relativistic modification of MOND by Jacob Bekenstein
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gravity (2486 words)

	Aristotelian theory of gravity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Aristotelian theory of gravity was a flawed theory that stated all bodies move towards their natural place.
		Isaac Newton was the first to mathematically codify the newer theory of gravity according to which any mass, not only the Earth, is attracted to other masses according to a function of their mass and the inverse square of their distance.
		In 1915, Newton's theory was overthrown by Albert Einstein, who developed a whole new picture of the nature of gravity, in the framework of his general theory of relativity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aristotelian_theory_of_gravity (403 words)

	gravity concept from the Astronomy knowledge base (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Gravity appears strong because it has infinite range and it is always attractive (except for a false vacuum), but on a subatomic level gravity is the weakest of the known interactions; the gravitational force between a proton and an electron is 2 × 10
		In Newtonian physics, the universal, mutual, attraction of all massive objects for one another; its force is directly proportional to the mass of each object, and decreases by the square of the distance separating the objects involved.
		In Einstein's general relativity, gravity is viewed as a consequence of the curvature of space induced by the presence of a massive object.
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/gravity.html (388 words)

	PowerPedia:Anti-gravity - PESWiki
		In quantum gravity theories, either the graviton is the postulated carrier of the gravitational force, or time-space itself is envisioned as discrete in nature, or both.
		Candidate models for this regime are theories of everything, which attempt to model all four forces (example: string theory), and theories of quantum gravity, which attempt to produce a model of gravity that is consistent with quantum mechanics, though not necessarily unified with the other forces.
		String theory is a model of fundamental physics which may be able to avoid problems associated with the presence of point-like particles in theories of physics, in particular the problem of defining a sensible quantum theory of gravity.
	peswiki.com /index.php/PowerPedia:Anti-gravity (8959 words)

	Kollerstrom's Newton's Lunar Theory in STS@UCL
		Gravity is a force in a body impelling it to descend.
		His theory is shown to be better than the old theories of vortices or crystal spheres because of the way comets can move about the solar system, in a quite contrary direction than the planets.
		Gravity applies to any body in proportion to its ‘weight' he explains, irrespective of shape or whether it is solid or liquid (today we would say ‘mass').
	www.ucl.ac.uk /sts/nk/newton-gravity.htm (9527 words)

	Cosmology: Methodological Debates in the 1930s and 1940s (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Since about 1700 theories about the nature and structure of the Universe were derived from Newtonian theory, most especially his theory of gravitation, which was used to account for the behavior of heavenly bodies and their systems.
		In Einstein's view, gravity was not a force existing independently of the spatial ‘container’; rather, gravitation arises as a curvature of the space (and time, which is necessarily connected to space in the new theory), which means that geometry and gravity and astronomical behavior are all intimately connected.
		First, he modifies his earlier view that theories are acceptable solely on the basis of their successful predictive power; to this, he now adds that a theory cannot be accepted as satisfactory unless it is philosophically satisfying.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/cosmology-30s (7572 words)

	Gravity
		He broke free of the bonds of the Aristotelian thought and stated that the only reason that makes bodies fall at different speeds was the existence of air; if one were to do the experiments in the vacuum all bodies should fall in the same way.
		Second, he generalized his theory: he realized that the same laws that apply here on earth must also apply to the movement of the celestial bodies, and this is how he managed to explain the tides: as an earthly effect of celestial bodies.
		The complete theory of gravity will include eventually somehow the quantum principles; this theory of quantum gravity is the greatest challenge of our understanding of the world today.
	www-scf.usc.edu /~kallos/gravity.htm (4270 words)

	Space and Time
		The Aristotelian tradition held that one could work out all the laws that govern the universe by pure thought : It was not necessary to check by observation so no one until Galileo Galilei bothered to see weather bodies of different weight did in fact fall at different speeds.
		This special theory of relativity, was inconsistent with the Newtonian theory of gravity, which said that objects attracted each other with a force that depended on the distance between them.
		In 1915 Einstein made the revolutionary suggestion that gravity is not a force like other forces, but is a consequence, of the fact that space time is not flat, as had been previously assumed.
	library.thinkquest.org /28550/space.htm (1454 words)

	Chapter 10, Gravity - Andamooka Reader (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This chapter is about Newton's theory of gravity, which he used to explain the motion of the planets as they orbited the sun.
		When Newton tested his theory of gravity by comparing the orbital acceleration of the moon to the acceleration of a falling apple on earth, he assumed he could compute the earth's force on the apple using the distance from the apple to the earth's center.
		For terrestrial gravity, each shell acts as though its mass was concentrated at the earth's center, so the final result is the same as if the earth's whole mass was concentrated at its center.
	www.andamooka.org /reader.pl?pgid=newtphysbk1ch10 (7043 words)

	Time [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A theory of quantum gravity is likely to have radical implications for our understanding of time, such as time and space losing their discreteness and even their separate identities on the very smallest scale.
		The absolute theories are theories that spacetime could exist even if there were no physical objects and events in the universe, but relational theories imply that spacetime is nothing but objects, their events, and the spatiotemporal relationships among them.
		That is, the theory is insensitive to the arrow of time, to the distinction between past and future--because a moving molecule could just as well move in one direction as in the reverse direction.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/t/time.htm (17204 words)

	Vibrational Relativity Theory Home Page
		Vibrational Relativity Theory (VRT) is a third Einsteinian theory of relativity which I discovered after an interesting insight about angular motion which occurred to me January 1997 and which is published on this web site (click here for my bio describing the life circumstances which lead to this theory).
		FIGURE 5: According to vibrational relativity theory, atoms are 4-dimensional vortices (three axes of space and one axis in time) as opposed to 3-dimensional spheres (three axes in space only).
		Gravity is therefore a secondary force with the electro-weak force being the primary force.
	www.vibrationalrelativity.org /overview.htm (1727 words)

	The Washington Monthly
		A scientific theory is a model of the way some part of the natural world operates, and to be valid it must be, at the very least, consistent with the facts, which are generally experimental observations.
		Theory has become a buzzword in the deconstruction of science by the right, hoping to distort the notion of scientific consensus to insert uncertanties and justify the encroachment of religion into the public sphere.
		Theory is understood and used by laypeople (like Deutsch) in the same way that scientists use the word hypothesis.
	www.washingtonmonthly.com /archives/individual/2006_02/008168.php (12378 words)

	QUANTUM SET THEORY INTRO
		When a singularity is predicted by or elicited from any physical theory, the logical inference to draw is that the theory fails in the locus of the singularity: singularities are not real and physical things, but rather, mathematical things.
		Quantum theory has an essential linear feature, superposition, the idea that the state of the system is generally representable by a complex linear combination of mutually exclusive alternatives.
		A necessary property of the foundations of a proper theory of "quantum gravity" would have to be the essential indeterminacy of the future, as well as of any determinable past.
	graham.main.nc.us /~bhammel/QSET/qset0.html (7445 words)

	The Academy :: View topic - Theory-ladenness
		In general, it was believed that theories are tested against observations, so that we have a clear demarcation between theoretical and observational statements; the former confirmed or otherwise by the latter.
		Some of his contemporaries were extremely skeptical of this instrument; indeed, what Galileo lacked was a theory of optics to explain why those looking through his telescope could trust what they were "seeing" rather than suspecting the apparent celestial phenomena to be tricks of the lenses.
		This would seem to be a case that supports the theory of gravity, but it also supports the idea that apples have a telos that propels them to the centre of the earth.
	www.galilean-library.org /academy/viewtopic.php?t=103 (2459 words)

	Quantum theory
		We suggest that exponents of WIE quantum theory may even generate the measurement problem for themselves in the course of the way(s) that they eliminate the observer; and in contrast, we suggest that exponents of a frame of reference which systematically takes the observer into account might encounter no measurement problem.
		Quantum theory argues that the evolution of the wave packet represents the probabilities of the future positions of the electron.
		To summarize this domain in our set theory notation, we adduce the domain of self-identical WIE notational languages, which includes the set of complex numbers, the logical axiom of identity, the equivalence relation of identity, the relations of associativity, commutativity, distributivity, etc., and the construct of the empty set.
	www.hilgart.org /papers_html/072S895.531.html (15634 words)

	Gravity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The rings are composed of innumerable tiny ice particles orbiting in circles under the influence of saturn's gravity.
		Einstein had modified Newton's theory, but certain characteristrics of gravitational forces were firmly established.
		Newton had answered this question by saying that if the universe was infinite in all directions, then it would have no geometric center toward which it would collapse; the forces on any particular star or planet exerted by distant parts of the universe would tend to cancel out by symmetry.
	www.lightandmatter.com /html_books/1np/ch10/ch10.html (8354 words)

	Einstein's relativity theory hits a speed bump (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The theory is based on observations made at the University of New South Wales by Dr John Webb in 1999 and further observations by one of his PhD students, Michael Murphy.
		Black hole theory suggests light is slowing also posted there with a few interesting comments.
		One of the key concepts of Einsteins theory is that light always appear to be moving at a constant velocity, relative to(or irregardless of) your frame of reference.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/news/730930/posts (4923 words)

	Re: Can you refute gravity? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		I guess it could depend on which theory of gravity you are talking about.
		Of course, this is all coming form a die-hard Aristotelian (myself).
		And don't get started on the little invisible green men theory.
	fp.bio.utk.edu /evo-eco/_discussion/0000005c.htm (49 words)

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