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Topic: Arithmometer

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	Making the arithmometer count
		The arithmometer was not however the first machine to accomplish the four basic arithmetical operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division – earlier machines such as those of Hahn and Müller had achieved this level of functionality in the 18th century.
		The arithmometer was granted an honourable mention in the jury report but was clearly considered inferior to the submission of the Hungarian emigré doctor Didier Roth, who obtained a bronze medal for his adding and calculating machines and counters.
		In Germany, the arithmometer had been referred to as early as 1823,50 and its revised form was publicised in an 1862 booklet by Franz Reuleaux.
	www.mhs.ox.ac.uk /staff/saj/arithmometer (11479 words)

	Life and works of W. T. Odhner - Rechnerlexikon
		In spite of the importance of the Odhner pinwheel calculating machine (arithmometer) spread in hundreds of thousands of examples over the whole world, not very much is known about its inventor Willgodt Theophil Odhner (1845-1905) and the development process of the device.
		The arithmometer of Thomas is not mentioned in the statement and it is evident that the referees did not know it.
		The ”first” arithmometer with calculating capacity 9, which Martin claims to stem from the year 1874, is the one that was finished in 1876 and depicted in the newspaper article [9] and the letter [28].
	www.rechnerlexikon.de /wiki.phtml?title=Life_and_works_of_W._T._Odhner (10845 words)

	Arithmometer \| World of Computer Science
		The Arithmometer, small enough to be situated on a desktop, was able to perform arithmetical operations (including the four basic arithmetic functions of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) with large numbers, up to thirty digits.
		The Arithmometer was special with regards to competing calculators during the early 19th century because it was the first calculating machine that was manufactured in large numbers and was much more reliable than its competition.
		Imitations of the Arithmometer (machines of this general design that were of a size to occupy a desktop) were actually manufactured as late as 1920; one hundred years after Thomas de Colmar invented the first one.
	www.bookrags.com /research/arithmometer-wcs (259 words)

	IBM Archives: Thomas de Colmar "Piano" Arithmometer
		Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar (1785-1870) was commissioned to build an arithmometer for the 1855 Paris Exposition.
		The whole mechanism, which consisted of 15 keys for input and allowed for 30 places of results, was mounted in a fl cabinet resembling a piano and decorated with gilded filagree.
		The mechanism of the "piano" arithmometer, which won a medal at the Exposition, was exactly the same as Thomas's successful regular table model.
	www-03.ibm.com /ibm/history/exhibits/attic3/attic3_101.html (99 words)

	Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar Biography \| World of Computer Science
		There is little evidence that working versions of the Arithmometer were produced at this time; it is not until 1840 that we find proof of their manufacture.
		The Arithmometer was essentially an early and large version of a pocket calculator (occupying the best part of a desk), and by 1845 there was a large, commercially successful industry involved in the manufacture of these machines.
		In 1851 the Arithmometer again took second place, this time in London; it was beaten to the gold medal by a calculator designed by Staffel.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/charles-xavier-thomas-de-colmar-wcs (558 words)

	Scientific Item Detail
		Thomas de Colmar designed and built a revolutionary new calculating machine in 1820 that was called “The Arithmometer”, most say the first true mathematical calculator.
		After 1870s a variety of Arithmometer manufactures made this machine with their own stamped name like “Darras, Payen, Peerless, Burkhardt and Bunzel”.
		The serial number is 1806 and one of the last machines made by Thomas deColmar as he died in 1870.
	www.newbegin.com /html/scientific_item_detail_4.html (312 words)

	Aritmometer
		"The Piano Arithmometer was built for the 1855 Exhibition in Paris.
		Most of the Thomas arithmometers, like mine, have a mechanism similar to the one described in this patent.
		The single example of the Thomas piano arithmometer, if IBM ever decided to sell it, might go for millions (see picture above - it is beautiful).
	www.thocp.net /hardware/aritmometer.htm (517 words)

	DIY Calculator :: Golden Age Of Mechanical Calculators
		In fact, it was not until 1820 that the Frenchman Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar (1785-1870), also known as Thomas of Colmar, invented a device he called his Arithmometer, which later became known as a Thomas Machine.
		But the Arithmometer’s main claim to fame was that it actually worked in a reliable fashion; that is, it gave the same answer to the same problem over and over again.
		The big problem with stepped-drum-based machines such as Thomas de Colmar’s Arithmometer was that the drums themselves were large and heavy and they forced both the input levers and display digits to be spread out by an uncomfortable distance for the operator.
	www.diycalculator.com /popup-h-mechgold.shtml (744 words)

	American Arithmometer Company
		This picture above is an American Arithmometer facility although it is unclear when it was taken or what building it was.
		This picture of the American Arithmometer Factory in 1903 represents one of the last photos taken prior to the company moving to Detroit, Michigan, in 1904.
		The information provides some interesting perspectives on the Company and answers a personal question I have always had about the difficulty in finding a specimen of a Burroughs machine that was made prior to 1900.
	pw1.netcom.com /~hancockm/american_arithmometer.htm (516 words)

	Adding & Calculating Machines
		Thomas has lately made the finishing improvements in the arithmometer, at which he has been working for upwards of thirty years.
		It is already used in many great financial establishments." Thomas's Arithmometer was a commercial success after the Paris Exposition of 1867.
		At some point between 1866 and 1870, the Director of the Bureau of Statistics at the U.S. Treasury Department purchased a Thomas Arithmometer for use in the Bureau.
	www.officemuseum.com /calculating_machines.htm (1451 words)

	Discovering the Arithmometer
		The original Arithmometer was built in 1820 by Thomas de Colmar.
		While it was not the first device with these capabilities, it was the first of its kind to be reliable enough for use in the workplace.
		While the outside appearance of the device largely remained the same, the internal mechanisms were continuously improved in order to improve reliability.
	www.nuprograms.com /arithmometer/background.html (123 words)

	Early Office Museum Adding and Calculating Machines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-25)
		Thomas's Arithmometer was introduced in 1820, was a commercial success after the Paris Exposition of 1867, and was in use in the United States by 1870.
		It is already used in many great financial establishments." Between 1866 and 1870, the Director of the Bureau of Statistics at the U.S. Treasury Department purchased a Thomas Arithmometer for use in the Bureau.
		Also, it appears that the St. Louis Mutual Life Insurance Co. had a Thomas Arithmometer around 1872 (P. Kidwell, "The Adding Machine Fraternity at St. Louis: Creating a Center of Invention, 1880-1920," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, April 2000, including Figure 2, which is a photo of a Thomas Arithmometer from 1867).
	www.netangola.com /EarlyOfficeMuseum/calculating_machines.htm (1434 words)

	Authentic Arithmometer from Sovietski.com. Plus a huge range of other Russian and former Soviet Union collectibles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-25)
		The following Arithmometer products are just a few samples of the range on offer at Sovietski.com.
		In addition to this product, they also offer a huge range of Russian and former Soviet union era collectibles, including timepieces, optics, instruments, Russia outdoor gear, antiques, wall art, books and music, treasures, spy equipment, jewelry, porcelain tableware, collectibles, badges and medals, coins, uniforms and apparel, decorative weaponry, along with posters, pennants and flags.
		arithmometers) were fixtures in banks, accounting offices and stores.
	www.netrap.com /soviet/arithmometer.html (214 words)

	Odhner Calculators - Willgodt T. Odhner - Kevin Odhner
		This early Odhner arithmometer is at the Polytechnic Museum of Moscow, and I'm told they believe it to be serial #11, because they found that number stamped on an internal part.
		The above picture of Arithmometer serial #50 was scanned from page 26 of "Odhners Historia", written by Henry Wassen in 1945.
		The picture is from a booklet called "Från abakus till Odhner" published in Sweden in 1958....I am told the calculator itself may also reside at the Museum of Science and Technology in Stockholm at this time, however, the curator there did not mention it or send a picture of this along with the other two..
	mywebpages.comcast.net /wtodhner/calcs.html (3419 words)

	World-Information.Org
		His Thomas Arithmometer, also known as Thomas Machine, was to become the first commercially successful adding machine, and it was produced in large quantities up until 1930.
		Based on Leibniz's calculating machine, the device utilized stepped drum gears for calculation and was capable of performing the four operations in a simple and reliable way.
		The Thomas Machine had many clones, and the term Arithmometer became synonymous with four function calculating machine.
	world-information.org /wio/program/events/1036598378/1036779142/objects/1037128687/1037128714 (275 words)

	Discovering the Arithmometer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-25)
		The objective behind this project was to create a 3D CAD model of the Arithmometer, a 19th century calculating machine.
		The Arithmometer was first built in 1820 by Thomas de Colmar and could perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
		It was the first machine of this kind to receive commercial success.
	www.nuprograms.com /arithmometer/index.html (111 words)

	Felix - mechanical office machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-25)
		This arithmometer is named by Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky (later KGB boss) who based National Calculating Machine Factory in Moscow in 1924 as successor to the factory T.W.Odhner-Produktion in St.Petersburg, Russia.
		The system of pin-wheel type arithmometer was invented by Willgodt T. Odhner in 1874.
		A calculator on similar principles was invented independently 2 years earlier by Frank Baldwin in the USA, but Odhner had more successful design.
	tuljo.store20.com /stuff/felix.html (303 words)

	The Dead media Project:Working Notes:03.0 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-25)
		(((I don't believe this qualifies as an outright medium, but the Arithmometer was a commercial mainstay of 19th century calculation.
		Arithmometers were in fact produced up to World War I. This indicates the ever-increasing public demand for calculating machines during the early industrial era.)))
		THOMAS ARITHMOMETER: The first commercially produced calculating machine, produced by Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar in France.
	www.deadmedia.org /notes/3/030.html (182 words)

	Gray Pocket Arithmometer Adding Machine Calculator w/ Original Case
		This is the rare early model, before Tasco purchased the patent.
		The Arithmometer measures 5 3/8 inches long x 3 1/8 inches wide, made of steel, all numbers are impressed in metal.
		Also marked on back The Gray Arithmometer Corp, Ithaca NY, no date, early 1900's- very good condition no cracks, dents; has light age toning.
	www.antiqnet.com /detail,gray-pocket-arithmometer,1277457.html (151 words)

	TIME.com: Happiness & Kings -- Nov. 4, 1935 -- Page 2
		Arithmometer was then doing business in St. Louis.
		Macauley quarreled with the city government because it refused to let him connect two buildings with a bridge across an alley, moved the whole Arithmometer personnel and plant to Detroit in 1905.
		Five years later came the call to Packard and in 1916 the presidency of the Packard works.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,755300-2,00.html (696 words)

	Inventor of the Week: Archive
		Two years before the patent was issued he founded the American Arithmometer Company with three other men - Thomas Metcalfe, R.M. Scruggs, and W.C. Metcalfe - to produce and sell the machine.
		William Joseph E. Boyer, a St. Louis manufacturer who had supported Burroughs' efforts for many years, became president of the American Arithmometer Company in 1902.
		In 1904 the company moved to Detroit where it built a 70,000 square foot plant.
	web.mit.edu /invent/iow/burroughs.html (421 words)

	Burroughs Corporation Records, American Arithmometer Company Records (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-25)
		The American Arithmometer Company was the forerunner of the Burroughs Corporation.
		The American Arithmometer Company operated out of the shop of the Boyer Machine Company, also located in St. Louis, Missouri.
		In 1904 the factory and general offices were moved to Detroit, Michigan, and in 1905 the company's name was changed to the Burroughs Adding Machine Company.
	special.lib.umn.edu /cbi/collections/inv/burros/cbi00090-003.html (286 words)

	[No title]
		In 1770 he constructed fully operational arithmometer, that was produced in Uffenheim, unfortunnately its very high price (20000 gulden, when Hahn's solar clock costed 8 gulden) did not let it gain wider pupularity.
		First true commercial success was so called Thomas Arithmometer, constructed by French Charles Xavier Thomas de Colnmar in 1820.
		This machine was copied by many companies and produced over the period of more than 100 years.
	www.icpnet.pl /~mgrzegorz/an_staff.html (133 words)

	Charles Xavier Thomas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-25)
		Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar (1785-1870) designed and patented the Arithmometer, in 1820.
		Using some previous principles from other calculators, Thomas’s calculator is the most reliable calculator yet and sells for ninety years.
		The Arithmometer was very large and would occupy and entire desk.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Charles_Xavier_Thomas (146 words)

	Collectors FAQs
		He was living in St. Louis at the time and had worked as a bank teller, which was a driving force behind his desire to create this “banker’s tool.”
		A company was formed to finance the task of bringing the invention to the marketplace, and the new company was called the American Arithmometer Company.
		The machine was first known as the Registering Accountant and later simply called the “Burroughs." In about 1904, the American Arithmometer Company moved its entire operations from St.
	pw1.netcom.com /~hancockm/collectors_faqs.htm (1007 words)

	[No title]
		Collection contains information about the American Arithmometer Company, including a description of the incorporation and first meeting of the Board of Directors; agreements with the Boyer Machine Company; correspondence; financial records; cash books, ledgers and journals; time books; and specifications for the Detroit factory.
		The records were given to the Charles Babbage Institute by Unisys Corporation in 1991.
		The materials are arranged alphabetically by subject or type of material.
	special.lib.umn.edu /findaid/ead/cbi/cbi00090-003.xml (366 words)

	WILLIAM S. BURROUGHS'S ADDING MACHINE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-25)
		By 1891, he had several patents and an adding machine sufficiently reliable for use in banks.
		It was sold by a firm called American Arithmometer Company, later renamed Burroughs.
		On later Burroughs machines, a row of numeral dials displayed the running total.
	www.nasm.si.edu /research/dsh/LDC/ldc_part3.html (278 words)

	Discovering the Arithmometer (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-25)
		This gives a very brief overview of the various components on the device with visuals from the CAD model.
		Discovering the Arithmometer - Powerpoint Poster - [view as ppt]
		This 22"x28" poster gives an overview of the project along with current successes and future plans.
	www.nuprograms.com.cob-web.org:8888 /arithmometer/downloads.html (142 words)

	History of computing hardware - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was put to practical use by his friend Johannes Kepler, who revolutionized astronomy.
		Around 1820, Charles Xavier Thomas created the first successful, mass-produced mechanical calculator, the Thomas Arithmometer, that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide.
		Mechanical calculators, like the base-ten addiator, the comptometer, the Monroe, the Curta and the Addo-X remained in use until the 1970s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_computing_hardware (5554 words)

	A Brief History of Computing - Timeline
		Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar (1785-1870), of France, makes his "Arithmometer", the first mass-produced calculator.
		The project is then largely forgotten, though Howard Aiken is a notable exception.
		The design is the independent, and more or less simultaneous, invention of Frank S. Baldwin, of the United States, and T. Odhner, a Swede living in Russia.
	www.learnitnow.com (9962 words)

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