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Topic: Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu

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	Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu
		Cardinal Richelieu crushed the revolts violently, and dealt with the rebels harshly.
		The Cardinal is interred at the church of the Sorbonne.
		In 1622, Richelieu was elected the proviseur or principal of the Sorbonne.
	www.wikipediaondvd.com /nav/art/a/r/l.html (3960 words)

	Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal de Richelieu - LoveToKnow 1911
		ARMAND JEAN DU PLESSIS DE, CARDINAL RICHELIEU (1585-1642), French statesman, was born of an ancient family of the lesser nobility of Poitou.
		The original name of the family was Du Plessis, but in the 15th century a younger branch obtained by marriage the estate of Richelieu with its strong castle surrounded by the waters of the Mable, and took the name of Du Plessis de Richelieu.
		At the age of nine Armand was sent to Paris to the College of Navarre, where he passed with credit the regular courses in grammar and philosophy, and then entered a "finishing academy" which prepared the sons of nobles for the life of a courtier or a cavalier.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Armand_Jean_du_Plessis,_Cardinal_de_Richelieu (2700 words)

	Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu Biography and Summary
		Cardinal Armand Jean Richelieu, born Armand Jean du Plessis(9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642), was a French clergyman, noble, and statesman.
		Cardinal Richelieu served as chief minister of the French monarchy from 1624 to 1642.
		Elements of Machiavellian theory apply to Richelieu, as he was an ambitious politician whose policies and tactics contributed greatly to the growth of the French state and the development of the French monarchy as an absolutist regime.
	www.bookrags.com /Armand_Jean_du_Plessis,_Cardinal_Richelieu (262 words)

	Armand-Jean du Plessis, Duke de Richelieu
		Richelieu was named secretary of state on 30 November, 1616, but after the assassination of Concini, favourite of Maria de' Medici, he was forced to leave the ministry and follow the queen mother to Blois.
		Richelieu again strove to allay feeling, and in a discourse (while still affirming that the king held his kingdom from God alone) declared that "the king cannot make an article of faith unless this article has been so declared by the Church in her oecumenical councils".
		Richelieu refused to receive the nuncio (October, 1639); a decree of the royal council, 22 December, restrained the powers of the pontifical Briefs, and even the canonist Marca proposed to break the Concordat and to hold a national council at which Richelieu was to have been made patriarch.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/r/richelieu,armand-jean_du_plessis,duke_de.html (2038 words)

	Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Richelieu was the fourth of five children and the last of three sons, born in Paris in 1585.
		Richelieu was displeased by Pope Urban VIII's refusal to name him the papal legate in France; in turn, the Pope did not approve of the administration of the French church, or of French foreign policy.
		In 1622, Richelieu was elected the proviseur or principal of the Sorbonne.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu (3743 words)

	ARMAND JEAN DU PLESSIS DE, CARDINAL RICHELIEU - LoveToKnow Article on ARMAND JEAN DU PLESSIS DE, CARDINAL RICHELIEU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Armand was the third son and was born in Paris on the 9th of September 1585.
		Richelieu, in spite of the earnest entreaties of the queen-mother, retired once more to his bishopric~ But the king, while approving his conduct, was still suspicious of him, and he wasexiled to Avignon, along with his brother and brother-in-law, on.
		Richelieu had sent to the block the first noble of France, the last of a family illustrious for seven centuries, the feudal head of the nobility of Languedoc; then, unmoved by threats or entreaties, inexorable as fate itself, he cowed all opposition by his relentless vengeance.
	64.1911encyclopedia.org /R/RI/RICHELIEU_ARMAND_JEAN_DU_PLESSIS_DE_CARDINAL.htm (3416 words)

	RICHELIEU, ARMAND JEAN DU PLESSIS, DUC DE. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		(Cardinal Richelieu) (zhäN), 1585–1642, French prelate and statesman, chief minister of King Louis XIII, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.
		The death (1621) of Luynes and the reconciliation of Louis XIII and Marie restored Richelieu to favor.
		Although Richelieu died before the peace was signed (1648; see Westphalia, Peace of), the terms agreed to were in general conformity to his aims.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/ri/RichelAJP.html (408 words)

	Cardinal Richelieu - LearnThis.Info Enclyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Richelieu argued in his political autobiography that, "Harshness towards individuals who flout the laws and commands of the state is for the public good," and thus brutality was necessary to preserve order.
		Richelieu's defeat of the Protestant nobles at La Rochelle broke the power of the one of the largest political factions in the country, the Huguenots.
		Cardinal Richelieu was a principal of the Sorbonne and presided over the construction of its famous chapel in 1635, one of the first Classical buildings in Paris, where he is buried.
	encyclopedia.learnthis.info /c/ca/cardinal_richelieu.html (1301 words)

	Cardinal Richelieu \| Prime Minister of France
		Cardinal Richelieu was born Armand Jean du Plessis in Paris on September 9, 1585.
		Cardinal Richelieu rose from his provincial post in Luçon to become France's Secretary of State for foreign affairs in 1616, and then on to head the royal council as prime minister of France in 1624.
		The Shade of Cardinal Richelieu by Alexandre Dumas.
	www.lucidcafe.com /library/95sep/richelieu.html (682 words)

	Cardinal Richelieu \| Prime Minister of France
		Cardinal Richelieu rose from his provincial post in Luçon to become France's Secretary of State for foreign affairs in 1616, and then on to head the royal council as prime minister of France in 1624.
		Richelieu adhered to the maxim that "the ends justify the means." Although he devoutly believed in the mission of the Roman Church, he sought to assign the church a more practical role.
		The Shade of Cardinal Richelieu by Alexandre Dumas.
	www2.lucidcafe.com /lucidcafe/library/95sep/richelieu.html (693 words)

	Side Effects (of living and being me) :: Cardinal Richelieu :: September :: 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Richelieu, however, survived the scheme, and Marie was exiled as a result.Habsburg Spain exploited the French conflict with the Huguenots to extend its influence in northern Italy.
		The Cardinal is interred at the church of the Sorbonne.
		In 1622, Richelieu was elected the proviseur or principal of the Sorbonne.
	bellatryx.blogs.ie /2006/09/26/cardinal-richelieu (4031 words)

	Armand-Jean du Plessis, cardinal and duke de Richelieu - Britannica Concise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis, cardinal et duc de - chief minister to King Louis XIII of France from 1624 to 1642.
		Richelieu, Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, duke (duc) de - French nobleman, soldier, and statesman who, as premier of France (1815–18 and 1820–21), obtained the withdrawal of the Allied occupation army from France.
		Richelieu, Louis-François-Armand du Plessis, Duke (duc) de - marshal of France, and grand-nephew of Cardinal de Richelieu.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9376893 (518 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Cardinal Richelieu
		In his diocese, Richelieu showed great zeal for the conversion of Protestants and appointed the Oratorians and the Capuchins to give missions in all the parishes.
		The executions of Marillac (1632), Montmorency (1632), Cinq-Mars and of de Thou (1642) intimidated the enemies of the cardinal.
		Richelieu foresaw the perils to which nascent Jansenism would expose the Church.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13047a.htm (2069 words)

	Cardinal Richelieu
		Armand Jean du Plessis was born in Paris on September 9, 1585.
		Richelieu's powerful, analytical intellect was characterized by a reliance on reason, strong will, the ability to govern others and use political power effectively.
		Cardinal Richelieu became the most powerful person in France, in part because Louis was a weak king and in part because Richelieu was so strong.
	www.girouard.org /cgi-bin/page.pl?file=richelieu (441 words)

	Talk:Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Etymology: French, literally, gray eminence, nickname of Père Joseph (François du Tremblay) died 1638 French monk and diplomat, confidant of Cardinal Richelieu who was known as Éminence Rouge red eminence; from the colors of their respective habits
		Except that "Du Plessis," and not "Richelieu" was his surname.
		It would be nice to mention the town Richelieu was granted south of the Loire: It's called "Richelieu", and has a rather interesting archetecture, being surrounded by a moat and arranged in a grid structure around a series of squares, which gives it the appearence of an American rather than a European town.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Armand_Jean_du_Plessis,_Cardinal_Richelieu (574 words)

	Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu information - Search.com
		Cardinal Richelieu (9 September 1585–4 December 1642) was a French clergyman, noble, and statesman.
		The Cardinal de Richelieu was often known by the title of the King's "Chief Minister." As a result, he is sometimes considered to be the world's first Prime Minister.
		His chief foreign policy objective was to check the power of the Austro-Spanish Habsburg dynasty; although a Roman Catholic cardinal, he did not hesitate to make alliances with Protestant rulers in attempting to achieve this goal.
	www.search.com /reference/Cardinal_Richelieu (3757 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Armand Jean du Plessis, Duke of Richelieu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		After a brief disgrace he returned to power, was made cardinal in 1622, and President of the Council of Ministers in 1624; he occupied this post until his death, 18 years later.
		Richelieu was a great patron of letters and the founder of the French Academy in 1634.
		He was one of the greatest statesmen France ever produced, but his actions were frequently inspired by a spirit of vindictiveness, and his policy of constant alliances with the Protestants of Holland and Germany for the sole purpose of humbling the House of Austria, cannot be condoned.
	www.catholic-forum.com /Saints/ncd07098.htm (209 words)

	Cardinal Richelieu biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		RICHELIEU Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal, Duke of, eminent statesman, born in Paris, France, Sept. 5, 1585; died Dec. 4, 1642.
		He was made cardinal in 1622, and became minister of state in 1624, a position which he retained until his death.
		It was Richelieu's design to strengthen the French court, and with that end in view he devised a plan whereby the nobles and feudal lords were limited in power, many of the leading opponents being sentenced to life imprisonment or brought to the scaffold.
	www.dromo.info /richelieubio.htm (300 words)

	Armand-Jean du Plessis, cardinal and duke de Richelieu -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Armand-Jean du Plessis, duke of Richelieu, was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic church.
		One of the masterpieces of French literature, the satirical and somewhat bitter Les Caractères de Théophraste traduits du grec avec les caractères ou les moeurs de ce siècle (Characters, or Manners of the Age, with the Characters of Theophrastus [sic]), was written by Jean de La Bruyère.
		The 13th-century French poet Jean de Meung is famous for his continuation of the Roman de la rose (Romance of the Rose), an allegorical poem in the courtly love tradition begun by Guillaume de Lorris in about 1230.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9063580 (864 words)

	Armand-Jean du Plessis, duc de Richelieu
		Richelieu entwickelte früh politische Interessen und hätte gerne an den Beratungen in Loudun zur Beilegung eines Adelsaufstands teilgenommen, bei denen du Tremblay als Vertrauter der Königin-Mutter Maria von Medici und des päpstlichen Gesandten fungierte.
		Richelieu musste das militärische Potenzial der Hugenotten brechen, um den Absolutismus in Frankreich dauerhaft zu etablieren.
		Armand Jean du Plessis (Herzog von Richelieu), 10.
	www.weblexikon.de /Armand_Jean_du_Plessis_(Herzog_von_Richelieu).html (4601 words)

	Cardinal Richelieu [Armand Jean du Plessis] (1585-1642)
		Note: When French King Henry IV had died, his son (Louis XIII) was a child, so there was a period of regency during which the Queen Mother served as Regent – but she was viewed as an [Italian] outsider.
		By 1616 Richelieu receives a political appointment as a member of the Council of State.
		Richelieu loved this concept, but feared that enemies might adapt it to their uses.
	www.eureka.edu /emp/jrodrig/webpage/Theory4.htm (774 words)

	RICHELIEU, ARMAND JEAN ... - Online Information article about RICHELIEU, ARMAND JEAN ...
		In 1606, at the age of twenty-one, Richelieu was nominated bishop of Luton by Henry IV.
		Simon, father of the memoir writer, and Cardinal La Valette, sent for Richelieu in the evening, and while the salons of the Luxembourg were full of expectant courtiers the king was reassuring the cardinal of his continued favour and support.
		Compiegne, but as she refused to be reconciled with Richelieu she was left there alone and forbidden to return to Paris.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /RHY_RON/RICHELIEU_ARMAND_JEAN_DU_PLESSI.html (4441 words)

	Armand Jean du Plessis Duc de Richelieu
		Armand Jean du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu, (1585-1642), French cardinal and statesman, who more than anyone else promoted absolutism in France and laid the foundations of the country's 17th-century grandeur.
		Richelieu was born in Paris on September 9, 1585, and embarked on a military career.
		Richelieu, by vigorous and effective measures, succeeded in breaking the political power of the great families of France-making the king an absolute ruler-and in establishing France as the first military power of Europe.
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/dadd/1258/Richelieu.html (437 words)

	Portrait of Armand-Jean du Plessis, Cardinal de Richelieu (Getty Museum)
		Known both as an astute politician and a connoisseur of the French arts, Cardinal de Richelieu controlled much of France's political and artistic sphere in the 1600s.
		Simon Vouet drew him in his cardinal's robes while clasping in his hands a letter, an attribute of his life as an official of the Church and the State.
		The red chalk shows off the brilliant color of the cardinal's cape and hat, while the white creates soft highlights in his hair and collar.
	www.getty.edu /art/gettyguide/artObjectDetails?artobj=113241 (193 words)

	L'Encyclopédie de L'Agora: Armand-Jean du Plessis, cardinal duc de Richelieu
		Richelieu connaissait trop bien le roi pour lui épargner même la honte de se voir impliqué dans un dessein qui avait été précédé de négociations secrètes avec les ennemis du royaume, les Espagnols.
		Richelieu et le roi sentaient tous deux que la mort approchait; mais chacun d’eux, en attendant, se repaissait des projets qu’il fondait sur la mort antérieure de l’autre.
		Le cardinal Richelieu était accessoirement poète médiocre, et il devint ministre dans le temps où l’on trouvait ses vers mauvais.
	agora.qc.ca /reftext.nsf/Documents/Armand-Jean_du_Plessis_cardinal_de_Richelieu--Armand-Jean_du_Plessis_cardinal_duc_de_Richelieu_par_Friedrich_von_Schiller (4620 words)

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