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Topic: Armed Neutrality

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	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for neutrality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Neutrality is not to be confused with neutralism, or nonalignment, under international law.
		The relevance of the concepts of war and armed conflict to the law of neutrality.
		The incoherence of neutrality: a case for eliminating neutrality from religion clause jurisprudence.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=neutrality (695 words)

	Neutrality
		A neutral Power is not called upon to prevent the export or transport, on behalf of one or other of the belligerents, of arms, munitions of war, or, in general, of anything which can be of use to an army or a fleet.
		Breach of the neutrality of Belgium and Holland is meaningless.
		Neutrality does not demand that nations not participating in an armed conflict should be indifferent to the issues of the belligerents.
	lawofwar.org /Neutrality.htm (2522 words)

	armed - definition by dict.die.net
		armed adj 1: (used of persons or the military) characterized by having or bearing arms; "armed robbery" [ant: unarmed] 2: having arms or arms as specified; used especially in combination; "the many-armed goddess Shiva" [ant: armless] 3: used of plants and animals [ant: unarmed]
		To furnish or equip with weapons of offense or defense; as, to arm soldiers; to arm the country.
		Armed at all points (Blazoning), completely incased in armor, sometimes described as armed cap-[`a]-pie.
	dict.die.net /armed (226 words)

	US Navy, USN, Neutrality, Act, Patrol, Atlantic, Battle
		Neutrality Announced - On the 5th, President Roosevelt declared the neutrality of the United States in accordance with the 1937 Neutrality Act.
		The Neutrality Patrol was formed on the 12th under the command of Commander Atlantic Squadron (Rear-Adm A W Johnson).
		Neutrality Act - The Neutrality Act was amended on the 4th November to allow the supply of arms to belligerents on a "cash and carry" basis.
	www.naval-history.net /WW2USN193909.htm (3439 words)

	An Interview With Stephen P. Halbrook by Carlo Stagnaro
		They had the policy of armed neutrality, and deterrence was their major arm — leave aside the weapons privately owned, which posed a major threat to any invading army, German, Soviet, or otherwise.
		As for terrorism, depending on the circumstances, a vigilant and armed populace may be instrumental in stopping a massacre.
		Armed Swiss commoners defeated the mightiest armies of invading knights at numerous battles – they left Charles the Bold in a ditch with his head crushed by a halberd at Nancy in 1477 – but were themselves defeated when they ventured into foreign lands, such as at Marignano in 1515.
	www.lewrockwell.com /orig2/stagnaro5.html (2159 words)

	The Swiss Report (1983)
		The concept of armed neutrality was a policy favored by our Founding Fathers but the warnings and advice of Founding Father George Washington has been lost to Twentieth Century Americans.
		The policy of neutrality originated in 1515 when the Swiss suffered a stunning defeat by the French, but that early neutrality did not save it from an invasion and occupation by the French under Napoleon in 1798.
		Their foreign policy initiatives are a strategic means to defend their policy of armed neutrality, to provide access to raw materials and markets to exports.
	www.constitution.org /mil/swiss_report.htm (6564 words)

	NATO Research Fellowships 1994-1996
		Belorussian neutrality may be characterized nowadays as a policy of non-involvement in international military conflicts, use of military force only for the self-defense purposes and attainment a traditionally neutral status in future.
		Although Switzerland considers its neutrality to be incompatible with UN membership, this was not accepted as a precedent to be followed in the Republic of Belarus.
		A decree passed by the Council of Ministers on 16 December 1992 states that the military doctrine of the Republic of Belarus is based on the concept of armed neutrality and permits cooperation with other states for the repulse of aggression for purposes of defense.
	www.nato.int /acad/fellow/94-96/latypov/04.htm (3302 words)

	Neutrality - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		Neutrality, in international law, legal status of a state that adheres to a policy of nonengagement during war.
		League of Armed Neutrality, alliance formed in 1780 and renewed in 1800 by the states of northern Europe (Denmark, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia) with...
		Judgment (quotations): Judgment: The cold neutrality of an…
	au.encarta.msn.com /Neutrality.html (92 words)

	The History of the Russian Navy. Battles in the Baltic Sea.
		Catherine II's Declaration of Armed Neutrality was directed at those nations that were engaged in brigandage and attacks on merchant vessels while at war with one another, namely England, France and Spain.
		First, neutral ships shall travel freely and without restriction from one port to any other and along the coastlines of nations that may be at war.
		In effect, the Declaration of Armed Neutrality served to elevate the reputation of the Russian Navy.
	www.navy.ru /history/hrn5-e.htm (3441 words)

	A Well Armed Militia Should Scare Off Predators
		The people of Switzerland are to be envied for their many achievements, and the policy achievement of a plan for armed neutrality could be a model either in whole or in part for those seeking a rational approach to survival problems.
		Switzerland is, of course, neutral, but it was not mere respect for its neutrality which kept the Nazi armies and others before it out of the tiny country.
		The purpose of the military forces of Switzerland are two-fold: (1) to deter war by the principle of dissuasion; and (2) if deterrence fails, to defend the territory and the population.
	webspawner.com /users/donquijote35 (1433 words)

	Slovenia and NATO: Collective Security and Armed Neutrality
		We must not forget something that Europe is increasingly aware of, that the reduction in the risk of armed conflict does not bring with it an equal reduction in the threat of non-conventional forms of aggression, that have their source in local or regional conflicts.
		The availability of materials and technology that could be used to construct arms and weapons of mass destruction is on the increase, while the instruments and procedures used to uncover and prevent illegal trade in these materials and technology at the national level are often ineffectual or over complicated.
		Our neutrality can be strengthened and confirmed through active cooperation in the defence and consolidation of democracy and human rights and fundamental freedoms in areas where factors arise that threaten our sovereignty, independence and democracy.
	nato.gov.si /eng/topic/armed-neutrality (1859 words)

	Schmitt Review: Summer 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		The Handbook of Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflict complements this process; it is an unofficial commentary on the manual's provisions by an impressive array of European scholars and practitioners.
		In the chapter on neutrality, Michael Bothe urges the view that reports of the death of neutrality at the hands of the UN Charter's collective security regime are greatly exaggerated.
		So armed with an understanding of what the book is and is not, one is left with a work that no serious practitioner or scholar in the field should be without.
	www.nwc.navy.mil /press/Review/1998/summer/bkr3su98.htm (1181 words)

	Chapter 1: Background to Internment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Switzerland was obliged to remain neutral and to fulfill the requisite duties of armed neutrality.
		In this circumstance, the one aim of neutral Switzerland was to survive with autonomy, to keep their democratic country intact as a continental haven in the midst of totalitarian powers.
		The “neutrality of Switzerland,” he maintains, “constitutes an element of continuity, of security and stability, which distinguishes her from other states that are only temporarily or occasionally neutral.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/d/r/dra3/swiss1.htm (10432 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Neutrality - Courage, Fear or Intelligent? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Sweden's ability to maintain its policy of neutrality until the war's end was due in large part to luck, since events out of its control played the largest part in the fate Sweden's policy of neutrality.
		Sweden is intelligent in that it has opted only to fight a defensive war and has armed itself to the teeth to discourage anyone from trying to fight it.
		I think that in the 18th century no country was as neutral as Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania but it didnt save that state from dissapearing from map.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=7767&PN=1 (2249 words)

	International Crisis & Neutrality: US Foreign Policy Toward the Iran/Iraq War
		Taken as a whole, the laws of neutrality were designed to operate in a system of international relations where war was considered to be an inescapable fact of international life and yet where the outbreak of war, between even major actors, did not automatically precipitate a total systemic war among all global powers.
		Yet the laws of neutrality specifically denied that the neutral government had any obligation to guarantee that its nationals conduct their affairs with belligerents in a similar fashion or, indeed, in accordance with any but the most rudimentary set of rules.
		Yet the neutral government was under no obligation to prevent the export or transit for the use of either belligerent of arms, ammunitions, or, in general, of anything which could be of use to any army or fleet (art.
	www.ccmep.org /2002_articles/Iraq/121402_international_crisis.htm (10580 words)

	Armed Females of America Pro Gun Women on Full Auto
		Cities that sue the gun industry are on shaky legal ground, for their failure to keep criminals away from guns is at least as big a factor in gun crimes as the industry's manufacture of firearms.
		Because a large share of the population is armed, the NRA has a large potential base of members and activists.
		The federal and state constitutions reflect the belief that arms possession is key to upholding political and civil rights, spurring citizens and lobbyists to stand up for gun rights.
	www.armedfemalesofamerica.com /firingline/print.fascination.htm (2198 words)

	Second World War Books: Review
		His foresight and staunch belief in Swiss armed neutrality -- with the emphasis on "armed" -- make him the central character of the book and, in many ways, the savior of his country.
		On the eve of war, Switzerland's armed forces could mobilize 10% of the population, a figure that would rise during the war.
		Although offered as "...Switzerland's political and military efforts to defend her independence", it usually sounds as if Halbrook is writing about armed forces for the general public, and in that sense his book can be very frustrating for anyone seeking a serious work of military history.
	stonebooks.com /archives/981111.shtml (1486 words)

	Amazon.ca: Target Switzerland: Swiss Armed Neutrality in World War II: Books: Stephen P. Halbrook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		He offers much evidence that the Swiss armed and equipped themselves at considerable cost to defend their independence, for which most of them were prepared to fight even against the might of the Wehrmacht.
		In 1937, Etter wrote, 'The armed defense of the country is a primary and substantial task of the state.
		Unfortunately the myth of a armed and well motivated Swiss army as a major deterrent for the German forces to invade Switzerland is still holding up and this book does not really contribute to give a more balances account on the reasons why Switzerland wasnt invaded.
	www.amazon.ca /Target-Switzerland-Armed-Neutrality-World/dp/1885119534 (3073 words)

	Captain's Log: Permanent armed neutrality for the US?
		Here is a very odd post which proposes that the United States should adopt the traditional Swiss foreign policy maxime of permanent armed neutrality.
		The Swiss David has come to accept neutrality as his preferred mode of operation in the highly pugnacious European environment after 1600 because he lacked power and direction to behave otherwise.
		But after some strategic defeats, the virtue of neutrality in my view is a lack of opportunity rather than a deliberate policy decision.
	www.dreyer.ch /log/2004/08/permanent-armed-neutrality-for-us (909 words)

	swissinfo - Swiss support their army and neutrality according to 2006 security report by ETH Zurich
		A majority has come out in favour of remaining neutral in military conflicts and of contributing peacekeepers to the United Nations.
		An increasing number of those polled would prefer male conscripts be given the choice between serving in the country's armed forces and doing some other form of community work.
		The report also says an overwhelming majority of interviewees came out in favour of the principle of armed neutrality.
	www.swissinfo.org /eng/social_affairs/detail/Swiss_support_their_army_and_neutrality.html?siteSect=201&sid=7002407 (571 words)

	armed-citizens.com - News
		Armed citizens were hurting the Nazis, who took the sternest measures.
		Out of all the acts of armed citizen resisters in the war, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943 is difficult to surpass in its heroism.
		Beginning with just a few handguns, armed Jews put a temporary stop to the deportations to extermination camps, frightened the Nazis out of the ghetto, stood off assaults for days on end, and escaped to the forests to continue the struggle.
	www.armed-citizens.com /research/ac_news_703.php (2792 words)

	Gun Control: A Historical Perspective, Part 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Since independence in the 14th century, the Swiss have been required to keep and bear arms, and since 1515, have had a policy of armed neutrality.
		The Afghans are a recent example of an armed populace who, though backward and using mostly outdated weapons, drove the Soviet invaders from the country and overthrew a puppet government.
		Machiavelli understood this lesson of history, for he wrote in the early 16th century that it is a "legally armed" citizenry which has kept governments "free and incorrupt.
	www.fff.org /freedom/0794d.asp (1734 words)

	EXCELLENT BOOK ON SWISS "ARMED NEUTRALITY" DURING WW II [Free Republic]
		In this, Switzerland is unique in the world, exhibiting a remarkable degree of trust in her citizens [imagine a government that trusts its citizens!], whose right to bear arms is considered as natural as the right to vote.
		The idea that Switzertland's armed populace might have kept them safe during WWII is a romantic thought, but the sad fact is they were the bankers of the Third Reich.
		Examine the literature and one will find numerous references to the notion that neutrality is somehow impossible when a country becomes a world power, and that a world power country has an obligation to help its less fortunate neighbors.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a3954a71958e7.htm (2304 words)

	US Navy, USN, Roosevelt, Naval, Expansion, Act, NDRC, Stark, Admiral, Red Sea, Zone
		Civilian scientists were appointed to a new National Defense Research Committee from which stemmed most of the armed forces research in the pre-Pearl Harbor period.
		The only neutral countries were Fascist Spain to the west, Yugoslavia in the centre, and Greece, Crete and Turkey in the east.
		At this stage, Greece and Crete were fortunately neutral, otherwise Axis aircraft would dominate the British Mediterranean Fleet as soon as it left Egyptian waters.
	www.naval-history.net /WW2USN194006.htm (7427 words)

	Armed Females of America Document
		For centuries, the Swiss cantons had no restrictions on keeping and bearing arms, though every male was required to provide himself with arms for militia service.
		By the latter part of the 20th century, some cantons required licenses to carry pistols, imposed fees for the acquisition of certain firearms (which could be evaded by buying them in other cantons), and imposed other restrictions -- albeit never interfering with the ever-present shooting matches.
		The law forbids fully automatic arms and certain semiautomatics "derived" therefrom; but Swiss military assault rifles are excluded from this prohibition.
	www.armedfemalesofamerica.com /swissmess.htm (1960 words)

	Books and articles on Armed , Peace Palace Library Catalogue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Documentary history of the armed neutralities 1780 and 1800 : together with selected documents relating to the war of American independence 1776-1783 and the Dutch war 1780-1784
		The armed neutralities of 1780 and 1800 : a collection of official documents preceded by the views of representative publicists
		Official documents bearing on the armed neutrality of 1780 and 1800
	www.ppl.nl /catalogue.php?code=237&topic=Armed (248 words)

	NATO/PfP: Presentation Document of Switzerland
		Switzerland is committed to permanent and armed neutrality.
		For this purpose it intends to organize in Switzerland training courses for military officers and civil servants of defence ministries These training courses shall have a duration of six weeks and be conducted annually.
		Switzerland also wants to contribute to the co-operation in the OSCE area among training and research institutions in security policy, especially co-operation aiming at the development and mutual exchange of teaching materials and data bases concerning the promotion of peace, democracy, and stability in Europe and beyond.
	www.nato.int /pfp/docu/p961217a.htm (1470 words)

	Why does ICRC place so much emphasis on "neutrality" - isn't this just a way of not having to take a moral stand?
		Neutrality is not an end in itself, but rather a means towards an end, which is: to be able to act on behalf of people protected by humanitarian law and to make a positive difference to those who are affected by armed violence.
		Neutrality means making no judgement about the merits of one person's need as against another's; it does not mean condoning violations of IHL.
		taking sides in an armed conflict is vital in enabling ICRC to reach out to those who need its help.
	www.icrc.org /Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList74/B2444525335A690841256C69004B4F5B (283 words)

	Target Switzerland: Swiss Armed Neutrality in World War II
		Yet, as the Nazi tide spread across Europe from the Pyrenees to the Volga, one nation stood free, albeit armed to the teeth-its flag unbowed in a sea of twisted crosses.
		The little-known magnitude of Alpine fortifications is examined, as well as Swiss military doctrine, including its concept of instant mobilization, and the record of its air force in border skirmishes with the Luftwaffe.
		The Swiss have remained armed and free, ready to combat any aggressor, since 1291.
	diodon349.com /Attack_on_America/target.html (336 words)

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