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Topic: Armillaria

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	IPM : Landscape and Turf : Armillaria Root Rot of Trees and Shrubs
		Armillaria root rot is widespread in the relatively heavy soils of the cooler parts of the temperate zones in the United States and Canada, particularly in the Pacific Northwest.
		Armillaria is commonly found in most forest soils, so the disease may occur in forested areas or areas that were previously forested.
		Armillaria mellea and most other species survive as rhizomorphs and vegetative mycelium on and in the dead and dying wood of tree stumps and roots.
	www.ipm.uiuc.edu /landturf/diseases/armillaria/index.html (1811 words)

	Daylily Dictionary: Cutworms
		Armillaria mellea infection is known most commonly as "Shoestring Root Rot" in North America because of the shoestring like structures it produces, and in some other countries it is referred to as "Honey Fungus" due to the color of the mushrooms.
		Armillaria root rot disease is a soil borne pathogen that primarily affects woody plants but occasionally is reported on herbaceous species.
		The causal organism of the Armillaria root rot disease in daylily was identified as Armillaria gallica H. Romagnesi and Marxmüller based on genetic fingerprinting.
	www.daylilies.org /ahs_dictionary/armillaria.html (516 words)

	Index Fungorum - Search Page
		Armillaria constricta (Fr.) Gillet (1874), (= Calocybe constricta), [RSD]; Tricholomataceae
		Armillaria fracida (Fr.) Gillet (1874), (= Chamaemyces fracidus), [RSD]; Agaricaceae
		Armillaria magnivelaris (Peck) Murrill (1914), (= Tricholoma magnivelare), [RSD]; Tricholomataceae
	www.indexfungorum.org /Names/names.asp?strGenus=Armillaria (348 words)

	Forest Insect and Disease Newsletter: 7/99: Armillaria Root Disease: Minnesota DNR
		Armillaria root disease, also known as shoestring root rot, is probably the most damaging disease of forest, shade and ornamental trees and shrubs around the world.
		Armillaria invades the bark and cambial region of roots and root collars, girdling and then killing trees and shrubs of all sizes.
		This allows Armillaria to buildup and cause infection and mortality among planted saplings for ten to fifteen years, or until the stumps are finally rotted away.
	www.dnr.state.mn.us /fid/july99/07029910.html (799 words)

	[No title]
		Armillaria root rot is a fungal disease affecting hundreds of species including woody and herbaceous plants.
		The name "Armillaria root rot" is a generic term for this disease, which is caused by at least 11 different species of fungi.
		Armillaria is easily identified by white fungal mats found under the bark, fl shoestring-like structures (called rhizomorphs) found under the bark, around roots, or in the soil, and honey-colored mushrooms found at the base of the plant.
	www.extension.umn.edu /yardandgarden/ygbriefs/p415armillaria.html (576 words)

	Improving grapevine productivity — Mitigating Armillaria root disease
		Armillaria mellea, the causal fungus, infects woody grapevine roots and decomposes the underlying vascular tissue.
		Armillaria root disease was diagnosed in the Napa vineyard in 2001.
		In the Sonoma vineyard, 10% of the vines died from Armillaria root disease.
	www.practicalwinery.com /marapr05/marapr05p52.htm (1841 words)

	Armillaria root disease - Northern Forestry Centre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Armillaria root disease (ARD) or Armillaria root rot is found on many different plant and trees species throughout the forested areas of the world, including western Canada.
		Armillaria root disease is caused by several closely related species of Armillaria.
		Armillaria ostoyae is the most prevalent and destructive of the three.
	www.nofc.forestry.ca /publications/leaflets/armillaria_e.html (602 words)

	ARMILLARIA (SHOESTRING) ROOT ROT
		At least 12 species of Armillaria have been shown to cause root rots, but since it is very difficult to distinguish between these fungi, and many of these disease situations have not been thoroughly investigated, they are commonly refered to only as Armillaria melea.
		If Armillaria is responsible for the problem, a white, generally felt-like fungus growth can be seen between the bark and the wood when the bark is carefully peeled from the wood.
		Armillaria is common when forest lands have been recently cleared and infected stumps and roots are buried.
	cru.cahe.wsu.edu /CEPublications/eb1776/eb1776.html (1140 words)

	Armillaria (MushroomExpert.Com)
		Armillaria is now much smaller, and most of its former species have been spread out through 25 other genera (most notably, from an amateur mushroomer's standpoint, Tricholoma).
		In the wake of the storm, Armillaria includes only white-spored, wood-rotting mushrooms with gills that are attached to the stem or run down it; most species are parasitic and form visible fl rhizomorphs in the wood.
		The population structure of Armillaria ostoyae and Armillaria sinapina in the central interior of British Columbia.
	www.mushroomexpert.com /armillaria.html (623 words)

	UGA Entomology \| Southeastern Peach Growers' Handbook \| Armillaria Root & Crown Rot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Armillaria root and crown rot (also known as oak root rot) is a major cause of premature tree death in southeastern stone fruit orchards.
		It is important that the presence of Armillaria is verified by examination of the roots and crown for signs of the fungus.
		Armillaria root rot in peaches is controlled by methyl bromide.
	www.ent.uga.edu /Peach/peach_handbook/armillaria.htm (1724 words)

	Armillaria taxonomy
		The genus Armillaria has been the bane of mycologists ever since its establishment by Fries as a tribe of Agaricus (1821), a genus to which he ascribed nearly every gilled fungus, regardless of spore color, nutritional situation, or other characteristics we use in taxonomy today.
		Even Fries was uncertain as to how he wanted to recognize the tribe Armillaria; four years later he placed the species in the genus Agaricus, tribe Lepiota (1825), then again recognized the tribe Armillaria in 1838 with twice as many species as it had originally.
		The genus Armillaria in the modern and biologically functional sense is reserved for facultatively parasitic root and butt rot fungi that produce rhizomorphs.
	botit.botany.wisc.edu /toms_fungi/arm.html (2210 words)

	Armillaria root disease is found throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world
		Armillaria root disease is worldwide in distribution and found throughout temperate and tropical regions.
		Armillaria mellea, and probably other closely related species, is one of the most common fungi in forest soil.
		In the absence of mushrooms, field identification of Armillaria root disease is based on the presence of mycelial fans, rhizomorphs and/or decay pattern (white, spongy rot of wood with zone lines or pseudosclerotial plates).
	www.cals.ncsu.edu /course/pp728/Armillaria/Armillaria.htm (1450 words)

	Forest Health - Armillaria & Shoestring Root Rot, Honey Mushroom - WSU - NRS EXT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Armillaria fre quently occurs with other root diseases such as laminated root rot and Annosus root disease.
		Armillaria itself is a predisposing factor for bark beetle attack.
		For that reason, trees killed by bark beetles should be examined for signs of Armillaria or other root diseases, as that may affect choices about which species to replant and silvicultural methods to use.
	ext.nrs.wsu.edu /forestryext/foresthealth/notes/armillariarootrot.htm (1762 words)

	Ornamental & Tree Diseases: Armillaria Root Disease
		Armillaria root disease, also known as shoestring root rot, shoestring fungus rot, rhizomorphic root rot, mushroom root rot, toadstool disease, resin flow, and resin glut is caused by the fungus Armillaria ostoyae.
		Armillaria ostoyae, however, is considered to be a virulent pathogen capable of penetrating, infecting, and killing unwounded, unstressed, vigorously growing trees.
		Armillaria inhabited roots decay, reducing or preventing absorption and translocation of water and mineral elements from the soil to above-ground parts.
	msucares.com /lawn/tree_diseases/414armillaria.html (631 words)

	Armillaria ostoyae JPS image (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Armillaria ostoyae is quite common on both hardwood and conifer wood in forests west of the Cascade crest.
		The mycelium attacks the sapwood and is able to travel great distances under the bark or between trees in the form of fl rhizomorphs ("shoestrings").
		Populations of this species in eastern Washington State and the related, Armillaria bulbosa, in Michigan have been found to be huge, dispersed clones of single organisms spread out over 10 acres or more area.
	www.ac.wwu.edu /~fredr/Armillaria.htm (99 words)

	New Disease Reports - Armillaria mellea can infect the perennial weed, Rumex obtusifolius, in the UK
		Armillaria mellea is a common pathogen of trees, woody shrubs and some herbaceous plants, causing root, root-collar and butt rot (Fox, 2000).
		To fulfil Koch’s postulates, ten potted dock plants were each inoculated with an isolate of Armillaria mellea by placing colonised sections of hazel (Corylus avellana) branch (≈6cm long by 2.5cm in diameter; West, 2000) adjacent to the tap root of the plants.
		Salmon (1923) had noticed that "Armillaria mellea" (at that time "sensu lato" - which in Britain was a complex of several species) spread from an apple tree to brambles (Rubus sp.) and docks (Rumex sp.) but the species of dock was unknown and it was not reported whether the docks were killed.
	www.bspp.org.uk /ndr/2000/2000-11.asp (428 words)

	Armillaria mellea Root Disease (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Armillaria root disease is found throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world.
		If Armillaria is present, removing the bark covering infections will expose the characteristic, white mycelial mats or the rhizomorphs that grow between the wood and the bark.
		Genetic identification of clones of Armillaria mellea in coniferous forests in Washington.
	www.na.fs.fed.us.cob-web.org:8888 /spfo/pubs/fidls/armillaria/armillaria.htm (1865 words)

	Key to North American
		Although this name was widely used for nearly all members of the genus until the 1970's, true Armillaria mellea has a smaller distribution, occurring mainly in the southeastern United States up into the northeast into Québec and in the midwest in the hardwood forests, although it is occasionally found on conifers in mixed forests.
		Armillaria tabescens (Scop.) Emel This is the only species of Armillaria in North America without an annulus of any type.
		Armillaria nabsnona Volk & Burdsall in Volk, Burdsall, & Banik, 1996, Mycologia 88:484-491 This species has an orange brown pileus, no scales on the pileus, brown stipe fading to white near the annulus, found in gregarious clusters but not caespitose.
	botit.botany.wisc.edu /toms_fungi/armkey.html (1113 words)

	ARMILLARIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The fungus Armillaria mellea (also known as Armillariella mellea or Armillariella elegans) is one of the most common root-rotting fungi, but seems to exist in several forms, some of which have now been formally described as separate species (e.g.
		Armillaria characteristically attacks trees at or below soil level and then produces extensive fans of hyphae that spread upwards under the bark, causing damage by destroying the young woody tissues, and then progressively rotting the wood, causing a "white rot" (see Wood-rot Fungi).
		It is entirely feasible that Armillaria could have contributed to the death of this tree or could even have initiated the infection.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/armillar.htm (826 words)

	LWF Projects: Occurrence and distribution of Armillaria spp. in Switzerland
		Armillaria species are important pathogens of woody plants causing root and butt rot.
		to determine the occurrence of Armillaria on the LTFER plots and to monitor its temporal and spatial dynamics.
		Projekt 6.95.942 "Vorkommen und Verbreitung von Armillaria spp.
	www.wsl.ch /forest/risks/projects/armillaria/welcome-en.ehtml (326 words)

	Honey fungus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Honey fungus or Armillaria is a genus of parasitic fungi that live on trees and woody shrubs.
		Armillaria is long lived and form some of the largest living organisms in the world.
		Some species of Armillaria are bioluminescent and may be responsible for the phenomena known as foxfire and perhaps will o' the wisp.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Honey_fungus (880 words)

	Forest Pathology - Armillaria Root Disease
		Armillaria calvescens is most commonly found on hardwoods in northern hardwood forests, where it often causes butt rot.
		Armillaria ostoyae is probably the most common and aggressive pathogen of conifers in the genus.
		Armillaria species may be abundant in the forest without a lot of obvious, damaging disease in some situations.
	www.forestpathology.org /dis_arm.html (2327 words)

	Armillaria root rot
		Black, strand-like rhizomorphs on the surface of a conifer root infected by the root rot fungus Armillaria spp.
		Fruiting bodies of Armillaria spp., the causal agents of Armillaria root rot, at the base of an infected birch tree.
		Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink is the most common species of the fungus infecting conifers in Ontario.
	www.glfc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca /treedisease/armillaria_e.html (595 words)

	Honey fungus - research at the RHS
		Armillaria root rot is one of the most important root diseases distributed worldwide.
		Armillaria species in the UK Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods were used for the identification of Armillaria species in the UK.
		Armillaria was isolated onto media from infected plant material.
	www.rhs.org.uk /Learning/research/projects/Armillaria.asp (1154 words)

	[No title]
		Effects: The primary affect of Armillaria root disease is mortality of infected trees, but in some cases it may cause butt rot and reduced growth.
		Armillaria disease needs to be evaluated on a site-by-site basis since the host preference and virulence may differ significantly in areas not very far apart.
		Armillaria root disease centers that occur in older stands often contain standing dead trees for relatively long periods of time and down woody material is usually plentiful in larger Armillaria root disease centers.
	www.fs.fed.us /r6/rogue/swofidsc/rootdisease/armillaria.html (901 words)

	APSnet Education Center - Plant Disease Lessons - Armillaria - Disease Management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Although Armillaria root disease is among the most studied diseases of trees in the world, and there are many potential approaches to disease management, the fact remains that, in many cases, we do not have an effective, practical means of reducing the disease.
		Armillaria was thought to result from a transformation of diseased tissues.
		In addition to amount and species of Armillaria, other factors, such as soil or habitat type, may be known locally to be associated with hazard of Armillaria root disease and should be similarly considered.
	www.apsnet.org /education/lessonsPlantPath/Armillaria/mngmnt.htm (990 words)

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