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Topic: Armillaria ostoyae

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	Armillaria ostoyae - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Armillaria ostoyae is the binomial name for one species of fungus commonly known as a "Honey mushroom", and sometimes called "Shoestring Rot".
		Armillaria ostoyae is quite common on both hardwood and conifer wood in forests west of the Cascade crest.
		The mycelium attacks the sapwood and is able to travel great distances under the bark or between trees in the form of fl rhizomorphs ("shoestrings").
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Armillaria_ostoyae (240 words)

	Honey fungus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Armillaria is long lived and form some of the largest living organisms in the world.
		The largest single organism (of the species Armillaria ostoyae) covers more than 3.4 square miles (8.9 km²) and is thousands of years old.
		Some species of Armillaria are bioluminescent and may be responsible for the phenomena known as foxfire and perhaps will o' the wisp.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Honey_fungus (880 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Canopy gaps resulting from armillaria root disease expand slowly, resulting in a more diverse stand structure and at times a more diverse plant species composition, as resistant or non-host trees, shrubs, and forbs are released or become established from the infection center outward, following the slowly expanding fringe of dying host trees.
		Armillaria mushrooms tend to grow in clusters at the base of infected trees and stumps and are produced in late summer and fall.
		Armillaria may sometimes mask the presence of other diseases, especially annosus root disease, so careful examination is required for accurate diagnosis of disease conditions on a site.
	wwwnotes.fs.fed.us:81 /pnw/DecAID/DecAID.nsf/d8f9ee2ef0561fd688256b520067fafb/df14965d522d449888256bf7005a9629?OpenDocument (1856 words)

	Ornamental & Tree Diseases: Armillaria Root Disease
		Armillaria root disease, also known as shoestring root rot, shoestring fungus rot, rhizomorphic root rot, mushroom root rot, toadstool disease, resin flow, and resin glut is caused by the fungus Armillaria ostoyae.
		Armillaria ostoyae, however, is considered to be a virulent pathogen capable of penetrating, infecting, and killing unwounded, unstressed, vigorously growing trees.
		Armillaria inhabited roots decay, reducing or preventing absorption and translocation of water and mineral elements from the soil to above-ground parts.
	msucares.com /lawn/tree_diseases/414armillaria.html (631 words)

	Armillaria root disease - Northern Forestry Centre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Armillaria root disease (ARD) or Armillaria root rot is found on many different plant and trees species throughout the forested areas of the world, including western Canada.
		Armillaria root disease is caused by several closely related species of Armillaria.
		Armillaria ostoyae is the most prevalent and destructive of the three.
	www.nofc.forestry.ca /publications/leaflets/armillaria_e.html (602 words)

	Extension Note 016
		Armillaria ostoyae is the primary root pathogen of conifers in the southern half of British Columbia.
		Armillaria ostoyae may also be present as inactive lesions on the root system of a living host plant without spreading significantly or causing disease symptoms.
		The predominant inoculum of Armillaria ostoyae is mycelial inoculum.
	www.for.gov.bc.ca /rSi/research/nextnotes/rs016.htm (2145 words)

	Forest Health - Armillaria & Shoestring Root Rot, Honey Mushroom - WSU - NRS EXT
		Armillaria fre quently occurs with other root diseases such as laminated root rot and Annosus root disease.
		Armillaria itself is a predisposing factor for bark beetle attack.
		For that reason, trees killed by bark beetles should be examined for signs of Armillaria or other root diseases, as that may affect choices about which species to replant and silvicultural methods to use.
	ext.nrs.wsu.edu /forestryext/foresthealth/notes/armillariarootrot.htm (1762 words)

	Index Fungorum - Search Page
		Armillaria constricta (Fr.) Gillet (1874), (= Calocybe constricta), [RSD]; Tricholomataceae
		Armillaria fracida (Fr.) Gillet (1874), (= Chamaemyces fracidus), [RSD]; Agaricaceae
		Armillaria magnivelaris (Peck) Murrill (1914), (= Tricholoma magnivelare), [RSD]; Tricholomataceae
	www.indexfungorum.org /Names/names.asp?strGenus=Armillaria (339 words)

	Armillaria taxonomy
		The genus Armillaria has been the bane of mycologists ever since its establishment by Fries as a tribe of Agaricus (1821), a genus to which he ascribed nearly every gilled fungus, regardless of spore color, nutritional situation, or other characteristics we use in taxonomy today.
		Even Fries was uncertain as to how he wanted to recognize the tribe Armillaria; four years later he placed the species in the genus Agaricus, tribe Lepiota (1825), then again recognized the tribe Armillaria in 1838 with twice as many species as it had originally.
		The genus Armillaria in the modern and biologically functional sense is reserved for facultatively parasitic root and butt rot fungi that produce rhizomorphs.
	botit.botany.wisc.edu /toms_fungi/arm.html (2210 words)

	Coarse-scale population structure of pathogenic Armillaria species in a mixed-conifer forest in the Blue ...
		Armillaria species identifications done by using a polymerase chain reaction based diagnostic and diploid-diploid pairings produced identical results: 108 of the isolates were Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink and four were North American Biological Species X (NABS X).
		Armillaria ostoyae genet sizes were approximately 20, 95, 195, 260, and 965 ha; cumulative colonization of the study area was at least 9.5%.
		The maximum distance between isolates from the 965-ha A. ostoyae genet was approximately 3810 m, and use of three estimates of A. ostoyae spread rate in conifer forests resulted in age estimates for the genet ranging from 1900 to 8650 years.
	www.treesearch.fs.fed.us /pubs/20135 (394 words)

	Key to North American
		Although this name was widely used for nearly all members of the genus until the 1970's, true Armillaria mellea has a smaller distribution, occurring mainly in the southeastern United States up into the northeast into Québec and in the midwest in the hardwood forests, although it is occasionally found on conifers in mixed forests.
		Armillaria tabescens (Scop.) Emel This is the only species of Armillaria in North America without an annulus of any type.
		Armillaria nabsnona Volk & Burdsall in Volk, Burdsall, & Banik, 1996, Mycologia 88:484-491 This species has an orange brown pileus, no scales on the pileus, brown stipe fading to white near the annulus, found in gregarious clusters but not caespitose.
	botit.botany.wisc.edu /toms_fungi/armkey.html (1113 words)

	Largest Living Thing Is a 2,200 Acre Fungus in Oregon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The fungus, Armillaria ostoyae, covers 2,200 acres in the Malheur National Forest and is estimated to be 2,400 years old, said Catherine Parks, a scientist with the U.S. Forest Service's Pacific Northwest Research Station.
		Armillaria ostoyae produces clusters of golden-brown mushrooms, but they are rarely seen in eastern Oregon because of the climate.
		Armillaria is the most common root disease in Oregon, but it can be found around the world, said Greg Filip, an associate professor at OSU who collaborated on the project.
	www.newhouse.com /archive/story1b080700.html (680 words)

	Armillaria (MushroomExpert.Com)
		Armillaria is now much smaller, and most of its former species have been spread out through 25 other genera (most notably, from an amateur mushroomer's standpoint, Tricholoma).
		In the wake of the storm, Armillaria includes only white-spored, wood-dwelling mushrooms with gills that are attached to the stem or run down it; most species are parasitic and form visible fl rhizomorphs in the wood.
		The population structure of Armillaria ostoyae and Armillaria sinapina in the central interior of British Columbia.
	www.mushroomexpert.com /armillaria.html (614 words)

	[No title]
		Of particular concern to forest managers of the inland northwestern United States is the root rot pathogen Armillaria ostoyae.
		ostoyae from outside the western United States indicates the presence of a circumboreal group of A.
		Other Armillaria species were used as outgroups to examine evolutionary relationships among the groups of A.
	www.agls.uidaho.edu /pses_seminar/Abstracts/Spring2004/hanna.html (305 words)

	[No title]
		Effects: The primary affect of Armillaria root disease is mortality of infected trees, but in some cases it may cause butt rot and reduced growth.
		Armillaria disease needs to be evaluated on a site-by-site basis since the host preference and virulence may differ significantly in areas not very far apart.
		Armillaria root disease centers that occur in older stands often contain standing dead trees for relatively long periods of time and down woody material is usually plentiful in larger Armillaria root disease centers.
	www.fs.fed.us /r6/rogue/swofidsc/rootdisease/armillaria.html (901 words)

	ARMCLO
		Delineation and biology of clones of Armillaria ostoyae, A.
		ostoyae was identified and evidence suggested that at least 25 trees (10%) were pathogenically colonized.
		ostoyae were identified among isolates from 32 of 281 trees; the largest somatic incompatibility group colonized 14 trees and was at least 25 m in diameter.
	www.public.iastate.edu /~tcharrin/ARMCLO.html (248 words)

	Armillaria root rot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		While growing on a dead stump, Armillaria produces root-like structures called rhizomorphs which can grow out into the soil away from the infected stump for distances of up to 60 feet.
		Armillaria is not likely to be the culprit if the mat is not present.
		Often, trees killed by Armillaria have first been weakened by some other agents such as insects or other pathogens, so anything you can do to prevent stress on the trees should help prevent Armillaria from gaining a foothold.
	ppathw3.cals.cornell.edu /Trees/Armillaria.html (290 words)

	BookRags: Armillaria Ostoyae Summary
		Armillaria ostoyae is a fungus, and is also known as the honey mushroom.
		Armillaria ostoyae grows from a spore by extending filaments called rhizomorphs into the surrounding soil.
		Although not as well studied as the Oregon giant, another Armillaria ostoyae found in Washington state is even larger.
	www.bookrags.com /sciences/biology/armillaria-ostoyae-wmi.html (397 words)

	Extension Note 021
		Armillaria ostoyae is a component of most forest ecosystems, managed or natural, in the southern third of British Columbia.
		Armillaria ostoyae and its hosts often reach an equilibrium between the pathogenicity of the fungus and the resistance of the host.
		Armillaria ostoyae is also a common problem in clearcut areas.
	www.for.gov.bc.ca /rSi/research/nextnotes/rs021.htm (2141 words)

	Armillaria root disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Armillaria root disease, caused by several species of the genus Armillaria, occurs in many hardwood and conifer trees worldwide.
		Armillaria species are native to forests and play an important role as saprophytes in decomposition as well as pathogens in disease.
		Armillaria ostoyae causes dieback in the main shoots, thinning of the foliage and an off color similar to water stress.
	ag.arizona.edu /PLP/plpext/diseases/native/pine-ponderosa/armillaria.html (211 words)

	NCRS RWU 4502 - Research Focus
		We do know that Armillaria root disease is contributing to the oak decline occurring across upland forests of the Missouri Ozarks and may be contributing to oak mortality in northern Minnesota and spruce decline in northern Wisconsin.
		We are identifying and monitoring Armillaria species associated with decline and mortality in various areas of the region and are using new technologies to identify the species.
		We are studying the impact of Armillaria species on oak regeneration in areas of oak decline in the Missouri Ozarks.
	www.ncrs.fs.fed.us /4502/focus/oak_health/oak_decline/armillaria (225 words)

	Dettman 2001a (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The population structures of Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink and Armillaria sinapina Bérubé & Dessureault were investigated at a study site near Williams Lake in the central interior of British Columbia.
		Armillaria sinapina appears to be more pathogenic to coniferous hosts than previously reported in the region.
		Armillaria ostoyae appears to initiate new infections of available substrate via airborne basidiospores at a lower frequency than A.
	plantbio.berkeley.edu /~taylor/text/dettman2001a.html (432 words)

	Armillaria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The major examples include Armillaria mellea (in the new, restricted sense) and Armillaria ostoyae in Europe and North America, and Armillaria luteobubalina in Australasia.
		Thus, once established in a site Armillaria often forms an extensive network of rhizomorphs which can either aggressively invade the roots of trees or, in the case of the less pathogenic species, can invade when the trees are stressed by environmental factors.
		Many aspects of the biology, infection behaviour and ecology of Armillaria are covered in depth in the chapters of Armillaria Root Disease (CG Shaw and GA Kile, eds) 1991.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/microbes/armill.htm (3126 words)

	Armillaria root rot
		Black, strand-like rhizomorphs on the surface of a conifer root infected by the root rot fungus Armillaria spp.
		Fruiting bodies of Armillaria spp., the causal agents of Armillaria root rot, at the base of an infected birch tree.
		Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink is the most common species of the fungus infecting conifers in Ontario.
	www.glfc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca /treedisease/armillaria_e.html (595 words)

	Forest Pathology - Armillaria Root Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Armillaria calvescens is most commonly found on hardwoods in northern hardwood forests, where it often causes butt rot.
		Armillaria ostoyae is probably the most common and aggressive pathogen of conifers in the genus.
		Armillaria species may be abundant in the forest without a lot of obvious, damaging disease in some situations.
	www.forestpathology.org /dis_arm.html (2327 words)

	Armillaria root disease, Armillaria ostoyae (Agaricales: Marasmiaceae) @ Forestry Images
		This young western white pine has been killed by Armillaria root disease which was probably harbored by the adjacent stump.
		Mushrooms of Armillaria can be produced in abundance, but are not reliably present.
		Cutting away the bark reveals white fan-shaped felts of Armillaria mycelium in the cambium at the root collar.
	www.forestryimages.org /browse/subimages.cfm?sub=822 (258 words)

	Biggest living thing; Huge mushroom in Oregon
		Armillaria ostoyae) that covered 1,500 acres (600 hectares) found living in the state of Washington.
		But then mycology experts surmised that if an Armillaria that large could be found in Washington, then perhaps one just as large could be responsible for the trees dying in the Malheur National Forest in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon.
		Armillaria grows and spreads primarily underground and the sheer bulk of this organism lies in the earth, out of sight.
	www.extremescience.com /biggestlivingthing.htm (431 words)

	armillaria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Armillaria root disease is a stress related disease—there are 45+ species of the fungus.
		Armillaria ostoyae is a major pathogen on conifers and is found in Washington state, among others.
		Fruiting bodies are produced in the fall, and they occur in clumps at the base of the tree.
	www.cfr.washington.edu /classes.fm.324/summer2000/armillaria.htm (128 words)

	Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink, 1973 (a honey fungus) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink, 1973 (a honey fungus)
		Armillaria ostoyae may be covered by literature listed under:
		Armillaria ostoyae may be associated with taxa listed at higher taxonomic level
	www.bioimages.org.uk /HTML/T30228.HTM (37 words)

	Best Management Practices for Aphids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Oaks have co-existed with Armillaria for centuries, as long as they are not irrigated during the summer when Armillaria is most active.
		Although Armillaria does spread and infect new areas by the underground growth of rhizomorphs (root-like structures), cleaning tools and equipment before working in a new area or with a different plant can decrease the chance of infection.
		When removing an Armillaria infected plant, it is essential to remove as much of it, including roots, as possible.
	www.lotusland.org /bmps/armillaria.htm (695 words)

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