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Topic: Arms control

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	Arms control - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Arms control typically takes the form of multi-lateral efforts to agree to such limitations upon consenting participants in treaties and agreements, although it can also include efforts by a nation or group of nations to enforce limitations upon a non-consenting country.
		While arms control treaties are seen by many peace proponents as a key tool against war, by the participants, they are often seen as simply ways to limit the high costs of the development and building of weapons, and even reduce the costs associated with war itself.
		Arms control can even be a way of maintaining the viability of military action by limiting those weapons that would make war so costly and destructive as to make it no longer a viable tool for national policy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arms_control (853 words)

	Arms Control and Non-Proliferation
		Arms control is often defined very broadly to refer to all forms of cooperation between potential adversaries geared toward reducing the likeliness of war, the economic costs of preparing for war and limiting the scope of violence should war occur.
		For instance, during the Cold War, arms control efforts were undertaken by the United States and Soviet Union as a means to stabilize the nuclear arms race in a manner that alleviated fear of a surprise attack by one side.
		Arms Control Today is one of the leading journals covering a wide range of arms control issues, providing both academic and policy analyses, as well as news briefings and updates for ongoing arms control measures.
	www.beyondintractability.org /m/arms_control.jsp (3951 words)

	MSN Encarta - Arms Control
		Arms Control, attempts through treaties, proclamations, convention, and tacit agreement to limit the destructiveness of war by controlling the acquisition and use of weapons and military technology.
		Because arms technology remained nearly static from the 3rd century bc to the Middle Ages, few attempts were made to control the spread of new weapons.
		Widespread revulsion against the horrors of that conflict led to attempts in many countries to lessen the brutality of warfare by limiting combat to recognized armed forces, by formulating conventions for the humane treatment of prisoners and wounded, and by organizing logistics to end supply by pillage.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761553064/Arms_Control.html (579 words)

	Human Rights Watch World Report 2001: Arms - Mechanisms of Arms Control
		For example, tons of surplus arms sold cheaply by former Warsaw Pact countries that were new or aspiring members of NATO contributed to the widespread availability of small arms and their low price.
		As with small arms originating in countries with lax controls, surplus heavy weapons were often sold without consideration for the dangers posed by arms sales to areas of conflict marked by gross human rights abuses.
		While its arms control policy was in principle quite strong, Pretoria had furnished weapons to clients such as Algeria which did not meet South Africa's code of conduct criteria on human rights and conflict.
	www.hrw.org /wr2k1/arms/arms4.html (3277 words)

	Subject Bibliography: ARMS CONTROL (127) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Arms Control and Disarmament Agreements: Texts and Histories of the Negotiations.
		Contains the texts of the Geneva Protocol of 1925 and, in chronological order up to May 1988, all major arms control agreements concluded after World War II in which the United States has been a participant.
		Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, Volume 11, Arms Control and Disarmament.
	bookstore.gpo.gov /sb/sb-127.html (548 words)

	NATO Handbook: Arms Control, Disarmement and Non-proliferation
		NATO’s policy of support for arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation plays a major role in the achievement of the Alliance’s security objectives.
		As stated in the Strategic Concept of 1999, the Alliance is committed to contribute actively to the development of arms control, disarmament, and non-proliferation agreements as well as to Confidence and Security Building Measures (CSBMs).
		Member countries consider confidence building, arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation as important components of conflict prevention and recognise that the Alliance can play a vital role in this field by promoting a broader, more comprehensive and more verifiable international arms control and disarmament process.
	www.nato.int /docu/handbook/2001/hb06.htm (319 words)

	Arms Control
		The United States reputation of international leadership in the arms control effort has been damaged by its own unilateral withdrawal from the Missile Defense accord.
		Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty (1990, modified in 1999) This treaty places legally binding national ceilings on the conventional armed forces of every country party to it and has special restrictions on forces in flank regions.
		Democrats have unanimously support all recent international efforts at arms control whereas Republicans are responsible for the defeat of the test ban treaty.
	www.newsbatch.com /armscontrol.htm (1278 words)

	Submarines and Current Arms Control Challenges.
		Center for Arms Control, Energy and Environmental Studies at MIPT
		Since 1992, our attention was continuously focused on problems of Russian sea based strategic forces, studying an impact of detectability of missile submarines on strategic stability, history of nuclear powered submarine development and problems of nuclear submarine disposal.
		In particular, the conclusion is made, that establishing a governmental agency with the sole responsibility to coordinate disposal projects, distribute the scarce financing and control the spending is desperately needed in order to solve these problems.
	armscontrol.ru /subs/projects.htm (1274 words)

	Online NewsHour: Nuclear Weapon Debate -- May 31, 2000
		So part of the whole problem here is for the President's first visit, I think arms control in a sense is a captive of the past as opposed to the next agenda — or, for example, his relations with his neighbors who feel concerned.
		And simply to dismiss arms control as an overhang from the Cold War is, among other things, simply to ignore the Russian position.
		For example, one of the ways in which we have been able to work with the Russians on trying to reduce the leakage of Russian technology into Iran is by making the point that it is not in their interest, that we should work together to stop it.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/military/jan-june00/nuclear_5-31.html (2252 words)

	Bureau of Arms Control (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		, is responsible for developing policy in the areas of conventional, chemical/biological, and nuclear forces, for supporting arms control negotiations, for implementing existing agreements in these areas, and for advising the Secretary on related national security issues such as nuclear testing and missile defense.
		The Bureau of Arms Control leads efforts to negotiate new arms control agreements, such as the May 2002 Moscow Treaty on strategic offensive reductions, as well as ongoing efforts in the Geneva Conference on Disarmament (CD).
		The Bureau has the lead for negotiations, implementation, and policy development related to the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), Confidence and Security-Building Measures (CSBMs)* in the OSCE, the Treaty on Open Skies, arms control elements of the Dayton peace accords, and other European conventional arms control issues.
	www.state.gov /t/ac (386 words)

	FSI Stanford Publication - "Arms Control," in International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		FSI Stanford Publication - "Arms Control," in International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences
		This Encyclopedia is the first attempt in a generation to map the social and behavioral sciences on a grand scale.
		Not since the publication in 1968 of the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, edited by David L. Sills, has there been such an ambitious project to describe the state of the art in all the fields encompassed within the social and behavioral sciences.
	www-iis.stanford.edu /publications/20591 (90 words)

	Arms Control - Global Issues
		The military industrial complexes of the wealthier (and more powerful) nations will highlight how so many other countries have increasingly sophisticated weapons (often sold by the wealthier and more powerful nations!) and how that means that they should consider urgently increasing their own military spending and proliferation.
		In recent years, there have been movements and treaties to help control the flow and deployment of arms, be they landmines, small arms, or weapons of mass destruction such as nuclear weapons.
		This part of the global issues web site starts by looking in to some of those arms control measures in the nuclear weapons arena and at some of the controversial decisions that have been made.
	www.globalissues.org /Geopolitics/ArmsControl.asp (766 words)

	Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation
		Washington, DC, August 11— The Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation warned that Iran’s resumption of its nuclear activities and its defiance of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has escalated a dangerous stand-off and has become a test case for enforcing compliance under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
		Washington, DC, August 8 — The Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, one of the oldest and largest arms control groups, warned that Iran’s resumption of its uranium conversion program signals a dangerous shift that could become a test case for the continued viability of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
		The Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation is dedicated to enhancing international peace and security and protecting the American people from the threat of weapons of mass destruction (WMD).
	www.armscontrolcenter.org (597 words)

	Control Arms
		Support the Control Arms Campaign and make arms control a reality.
		Every 15 minutes in Brazil, someone dies from armed violence.
		Control Arms is a campaign jointly run by Amnesty International, IANSA and Oxfam
	www.controlarms.org (235 words)

	Browse Topic: Arms Control
		Arms control or nonproliferation activities being conducted within the following sections of the U.S. Department of State:
		"The mission of the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency is to strengthen the national security of the United States by formulating, advocating, negotiating, implementing and verifiying effective arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament policies, strategies, and agreements." Online resources include fact sheets, speeches, treaties, and reports.
		"provides oversight of both policy and resources of all matters relating to verification of compliance with international arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament agreements and commitments." Links to full text and signatory lists of treaties and agreements and the 28th edition of WMEAT: World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers.
	www.library.okstate.edu /govdocs/browsetopics/armscont.html (299 words)

	Arms Control (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Arms control involves taking threat reduction efforts right to the source by assessing the threat environment first-hand.
		The United States is signatory to a growing number of international arms control treaties and other agreements whose members have consented to verification regimes, including on-site inspection activities, to demonstrate and build confidence in compliance.
		In the 21st century, the On-Site Inspection directorate will play an increasingly important role in safeguarding our national security by monitoring and ensuring compliance under these arms control treaties and agreements.
	www.dtra.mil /Toolbox/ac.cfm (127 words)

	US CODE: Title 22,2778. Control of arms exports and imports (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The President is authorized to designate those items which shall be considered as defense articles and defense services for the purposes of this section and to promulgate regulations for the import and export of such articles and services.
		(ii) the automation of munitions control functions and the processing of munitions control license applications, including the development, procurement, and utilization of computer equipment and related software.
		Such notice shall describe the nature of any controls to be imposed on that item under any other provision of law.
	www4.law.cornell.edu /uscode/22/2778.html (2322 words)

	International Trade in Arms and Military Training: Amnesty International's Human Rights Concerns
		The largely unregulated global trade in small arms and light weapons continues to provide abusive governments and armed groups with easy access to the arms most often used to commit massacres, torture, rape, and other gross human rights abuses.
		Recognizing that it is not only the international sale of arms that kills innocent people, AI is not solely concerned about the international sale of arms that are used to violate human rights.
		The Control Arms Campaign also calls on all governments to enact careful regulation of domestic, or local, firearms sales in order to ensure to the greatest extent possible that people in their country are not harmed by gun violence.
	www.amnestyusa.org /arms_trade/index.do (521 words)

	- Export Controls
		The SIPRI export control project seeks to raise the quality of information and awareness of the current state of national and multilateral export control systems, primarily in Europe.
		During the 1990s European countries revised and updated their national control laws and regulations in light of their changing security environment as well as helping to revitalize existing multilateral export control arrangements and develop new ones.
		The European Union has developed an export control system that includes a common legal basis for dual-use export control and strengthened cooperation in conventional arms export control.
	www.sipri.org /contents/expcon/expcon.html (233 words)

	STAR Site. Strategic Arms Reductions. Internet Project of the Center for Arms Control, Energy and Environmental Studies
		The report is addressed to a broad audience - political scientists, military, technical and arms control experts, diplomats and general public, interested in problems of international security.
		Center for Arms Control, Energy and Environmental Studies at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology released a new report on Non-Strategic Nuclear Weapons.
		Problems of Control and Reduction (in Russian), by Anatoli Diakov, Eugene Miasnikov and Timur Kadyshev.
	www.armscontrol.ru /start (1948 words)

	AllRefer.com - Romania - Arms Control \| Romanian Information Resource
		In 1989 Romania viewed arms control as an element of its military doctrine and strategy that had the potential to promote its national security.
		It was the most vocal Eastern European proponent of a general military disengagement in Europe, maintaining that general reductions in armaments and military activities by NATO and the Warsaw Pact would minimize the threat of a general European conflict.
		Romania adopted positions on arms control issues that would reduce the ability of its Warsaw Pact allies to intervene in its internal affairs.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/romania/romania201.html (423 words)

	US Department of State Bulletin: Beyond the Summit: next steps in arms control - Paul H. Nitze's address before the ...
		When I was appointed to head the U.S. delegation to the INF [intermediate-range nuclear forces] negotiations at their outset in 1981, I made two immediate decisions.
		We negotiate arms control treaties to limit the military capabilities of our adversary.
		The purpose of verification is to ensure that the treaties serve their intended purpose.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1079/is_n2131_v88/ai_6456511 (1596 words)

	ArmsControlWonk \| an arms control weblog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Place arms control related developments into context and correct lousy reporting.
		With a second blogger, I should state that the opinions expressed here are usually our own and never those of our respective employers, the University of Maryland or the Arms Control Association.
		Paul Kerr is a research analyst at the Arms Control Association covering missile and nuclear non-proliferation issues.
	www.armscontrolwonk.com /about (717 words)

	Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today
		Letters should be under 600 words and should include the writer's full name, address and daytime phone number.
		The Arms Control Association is a non-profit, membership-based organization.
		Arms Control Today encourages reprint of its articles with permission of the Editor.
	www.armscontrol.org /act (80 words)

	Professor Gerald M. Steinberg
		Professor Gerald M. Steinberg, "The Failure of the MTCR in the Middle East," Published in Ballistic Missiles: The Threat and the Response, edited by Arieh Stav, Brassey's, London, 1999, pp.
		Chinese Policies On Arms Control and Proliferation in the Middle East From China Report, special issue on China And The Middle East edited by R. Kumaraswamy, 1998, no. 3-4, pp.
		"Arms Control in the Middle East" - Published in The Encyclopedia of Arms Control and Disarmament, Prof.
	faculty.biu.ac.il /~steing/index_a2.shtml (1349 words)

	Bulletin 20 - Bibliography on Space Arms Control
		Cleminson, Banning the Stationing of Weapons in Space Through Arms Control, in: J.M. Beier, S. Mataila, Arms Control and the Rule of Law: A Framework for Peace and Security in Outer Space, Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Ottawa NACD Verification Symposium, Toronto 1998, pp.
		Guillaume, France and Arms Control in Outer Space, in: Matte 1985, pp.
		N.M. Matte (ed.), Arms Control and Disarmament in Outer Space, Lecture-seminars given at the Centre for Research of Air and Space Law, McGill University Montreal, 1985.
	www.inesap.org /bulletin20/bul20art02b.htm (2204 words)

	Alsos: Arms Control Association
		This is the official website of the Arms Control Association, a national nonpartisan organization dedicated to promoting public understanding of and support for effective arms control policies.
		On the site, visitors can learn about the association and access full text documents and other information about arms control.
		The website contains up-to-date as well as historic information about arms control across the world and is one of the most authoritative on those issues.
	alsos.wlu.edu /information.aspx?id=658 (92 words)

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