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Topic: Army of the Democratic Republic of Congo

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	Congo, Democratic Republic of the. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		It borders on Angola in the southwest and west, on Cabinda and the Republic of the Congo in the west, on the Central African Republic and Sudan in the north, on Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania in the east, and on Zambia in the southeast.
		Congo lies astride the equator, and virtually all of the country is part of the vast Congo River drainage basin.
		However, the Republic of the Congo (as the nation was then called) soon began to be pulled apart by ethnic and personal rivalries, often encouraged by Belgian interests.
	www.bartleby.com /65/co/Congo-Kin.html (4090 words)

	Congo, Democratic Republic of the
		The Congo, in west-central Africa, is bordered by the Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, the Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, Angola, and the Atlantic Ocean.
		Congo, Democratic Republic of the - Congo, Democratic Republic of the, formerly Zaïre, republic (2005 est.
		Congo, Democratic Republic of the: History - History Early History The indigenous inhabitants of the region of the Congo were probably Pygmies,...
	www.factmonster.com /ipa/A0198161.html (1386 words)

	Congo War
		Most of the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) was ruled by President Laurent Desire Kabila, whose Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire (ADFL) overthrew the authoritarian regime of Mobutu Sese Seko by armed force in 1997.
		Congo's five-year war is officially over and a transitional government is trying to shepherd the vast African nation to elections next year, but the peace process has come to a halt, largely because of the continued presence of armed groups in the east.
		In May 2005 it was reported that Rwandan Hutu rebels based in eastern Congo were responsible for hundreds of summary executions, rapes, beatings and hostage-taking of Congolese civilians in the territory of Walungu, South Kivu Province, the UN Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/war/congo.htm (5297 words)

	Uganda article - Uganda Africa Lake Victoria Kenya Sudan Democratic Republic Congo Rwanda - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The Republic of Uganda is a country in east central Africa.
		It is bordered in the southeast by Lake Victoria, in the east by Kenya, in the north by Sudan, by the Democratic Republic of Congo in the west and Rwanda and Tanzania in the southwest.
		Ongoing Ugandan involvement in the war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, corruption within the government, and slippage in the government's determination to press reforms raise doubts about the continuation of strong growth.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Uganda (779 words)

	Online NewsHour: Ravaged Land -- May 28, 2003
		It was when rebels mutinied within the army of the Congo, supported by Rwanda and Uganda, two eastern neighbors, and the government of Laurent Kabila, who had himself just overthrown the previous government of Mobutu Sese Seko the year before, called on the support of Zimbabwe, Namibia, and Angola.
		Congo is such a rich country that all these participating armies were also pillaging its diamonds, its gold, its coltan, a metal used in cell phones.
		And the eastern Congo has always been a volatile region because of the mix of interests and because of the aftermath of the genocide in Rwanda, where you had a great exodus of those responsible for the genocide who are become fighting forces throughout the region.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/africa/jan-june03/congo_5-28.html (2140 words)

	Congo, Democratic Republic of the
		Democratic Republic of Congo asserts right to seek help in defence of natural wealth against outside forces.
		Democratic Republic of Congo President assures Council of his commitment to Lusaka Agreement -- Part 2 of 2.
		Democratic Republic of Congo requests World Court to indicate urgent provisional measures in case concerning Uganda.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0198161.html (1592 words)

	Democratic Republic of Congo, Landmine Monitor Report 2003
		The Democratic Republic of Congo acceded to the Mine Ban Treaty on 2 May 2002, and the treaty entered into force for it on 1 November 2002.
		Along with the Republic of Congo and Canada, the DRC organized a workshop on the “Implementation of the Ottawa Convention and Mine Action in the DRC and in the Republic of Congo,” in Brazzaville on 7 and 8 May 2003.
		[9] Invitation to the ICBL to the workshop, from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation and Francophonie of the Republic of Congo and the Canadian Embassy in the Republic of Congo, 9 April 2003.
	www.icbl.org /lm/2003/dem_congo.html (8903 words)

	Democratic Republic of Congo DRC on the Internet
		Causes of the conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the way forward" by Claude Kabemba) and the complete texts of their most recent policy briefs ("From dilemma to détente: Pretoria's policy options on the DRC and Great Lakes" by Francis Kornegay and Chris Landsberg.
		News on the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Rwanda.
		Congo The Transition, by Ernest Wamba dia Wamba and Mandisi Majavu.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/africa/zaire.html (9456 words)

	[No title]
		In both cases, exploitation was often carried out in violation of the sovereignty of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the national legislation and sometimes international law, and it led to illicit activities.
		This is partly due to the high number of insiders living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in Europe who were directly involved with those entities and who offered to share almost everything they knew or had experienced or gathered as documentation while they were involved with them.
		The Democratic Republic of the Congo is endowed with a unique biodiversity, vast mineral and forest resources, and rich soils conducive to agriculture (see map).
	www.un.org /News/dh/latest/drcongo.htm (7459 words)

	Politics - Congo Kinshasa Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Units of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo (FARDC), backed by Indian soldiers serving in the UN Observer Mission in Congo (MONUC), have captured the headquarters of the Ugandan rebel ADF/NALU at Mwalika in North-Kivu province.
		The army in Democratic Republic of Congo, working with UN military support, has overrun bases of a Ugandan rebel movement, saying it had seized the lot apart from the insurgents' headquarters.
		The UN Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) has welcomed the arrest of a notorious militia leader thought to be responsible for attacks that caused the death of scores of civilians as well a...
	www.congokin.com /news/categories/politics (949 words)

	monuc.org: Security Council, UN: In presidential statement, security council expresses 'serious concern' over reported ...
		It further expressed its concern at reports of increased military activity by the Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda (FDLR) in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and of incursions by them into the territory of Rwanda.
		It underlined that the disarmament and demobilization of all armed groups, including in particular the ex-Forces armées rwandaises (ex-FAR) and Interahamwé combatants, were essential to the settlement of the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
		It urged all governments in the region to encourage the re-establishment of confidence between neighbouring countries, in accordance with the Declaration of Principles on Good-Neighbourly Relations and Cooperation between the Governments of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and of Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda, adopted in New York, by regional leaders on 25 September 2003.
	www.monuc.org /news.aspx?newsID=2601 (843 words)

	Congo: War Crimes in Kisangani (Human Rights Watch, 20-8-2002)
		The agreement called for the disarming of the former Rwandan Armed Forces (ex-FAR) and Interahamwe militia in Congo implicated in Rwanda’s 1994 genocide, and a withdrawal of Rwandan forces from Congo.
		Directly implicated in the killings were: Gabriel Amisi, also known as Tango Fort, the assistant chief of staff for logistics of the RCD-Goma army; Bernard Biamungu, commander of the Fifth Brigade headquartered in Goma; Laurent Nkunda, the commander of the Seventh Brigade based in Kisangani, and other senior officers of the Fifth and Seventh Brigades.
		Human Rights Watch questioned whether the U.N. Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) failed to carry out its mandate to protect civilians "under imminent threat of physical violence." The U.N. Mission had more than a thousand soldiers in Kisangani and were clearly aware of the killings.
	www.hrw.org /press/2002/08/kisangani0820.htm (753 words)

	King Léopold II of Belgium killer file
		As the influence of the Europeans steadily moves inland, the Congo River basin is raised in the imagination of the West, with the exploits of 19th Century explorers such as David Livingstone receiving wide publicity.
		France is given 670,000 square kilometres on the north bank of the Congo (modern Congo-Brazzaville and the Central African Republic) and Portugal 910,000 square kilometres to the south (modern Angola).
		The republic is quickly destabilised by internal divisions and intrusions from neighbouring Rwanda and Uganda.
	www.moreorless.au.com /killers/leopold.html (4506 words)

	Democratic Republic of Congo - Country Page
		The UN Wire reported in April 2004 that girls who fought in the ethnic conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo's northeastern region or were abducted by armed factions are facing ostracism when they return home.
		One member of the United Nations peacekeeping mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) accused of sexual abuse is being repatriated early and will be prosecuted by his national authorities.
		He visited the Democratic Republic of the Congo in October to gain a first-hand understanding of the nature of the problem and will continue to assist me in developing a comprehensive strategy to prevent and respond to exploitation and abuse not only in MONUC, but in all peacekeeping operation around the world.
	www.womenwarpeace.org /drc/drc.htm (11257 words)

	Report: U.S. Arms to Africa and the Congo War - World Policy Institute - Research Project
		The ongoing conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is only the latest example of how the U.S.’s Cold War legacy continues to wreak havoc in the developing world.
		Uncertain whether democratic reforms would actually be implemented under Kabila’s self-installed government, but still hoping for a quiet end to the civil strife of the past few years, the U.S. chose to officially back the new government.
		In a 1997 report, DfD found that 57% of African countries are clearly not democratic, and that the armed forces still hold substantial political and economic power in 40 of the 53 African nations.
	www.worldpolicy.org /projects/arms/reports/congo.htm (7420 words)

	iafrica.com \| news \| world news DRC general awaits ultimatum response
		A dissident army general in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) who has threatened to start yet another war in the devastated country unless alleged atrocities in the east are investigated said on Monday he was waiting for word from Kinshasa before making his next move.
		Members of the former rebel Congolese Rally for Democracy (RCD), who since last year have been part of the country's transition government, were meeting in Kinshasa to discuss the threat, General Laurent Nkunda told an AFP correspondent in Cyangugu, a town on the Rwandan side of the border with the DRC.
		He justified the seizure of Bukavu with the claim that the Banyamulenge were being massacred there by regular troops.
	iafrica.com /news/worldnews/329165.htm (433 words)

	Democratic Republic of Congo: The Continuing Catastrophe
		The conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is one of the deadliest in African history.
		Democratic Republic of Congo: Peace process at risk if political and military rivalries in North-Kivu province are not addressed (28 Sept 2005)
		Democratic Republic of Congo: Authorities must prosecute the killers of human rights defender Pascal Kabungulu Kibembi (7 Sept 2005)
	www.amnesty.org.uk /action/drc (562 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Congo, Democratic Republic of the (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Established as a Belgian colony in 1908, the Republic of the Congo gained its independence in 1960, but its early years were marred by political and social instability.
		He renamed the country the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC), but in August 1998 his regime was itself challenged by an insurrection backed by Rwanda and Uganda.
		In October 2002, the new president was successful in negotiating the withdrawal of Rwandan forces occupying eastern Congo; two months later, the Pretoria Accord was signed by all remaining warring parties to end the fighting and establish a government of national unity.
	www.odci.gov /cia/publications/factbook/geos/cg.html (1564 words)

	Congo, Democratic Republic of the: History
		(1884–85) the European powers recognized Leopold's claim to the Congo basin, and in a ceremony (1885) at Banana, the king announced the establishment of the Congo Free State, headed by himself.
		Fighting between militias and UN peacekeepers occurred in NE Congo during 2005, as the area remained unpacified and some of the militias resisted disarming.
		Because of the fighting and tensions within the government and logistical issues (a new constitution was not approved by the interim parliament until May, 2005) the elections scheduled to be held by June, 2005, were postponed into 2006.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0857522.html (3246 words)

	The Congo: Unanswered questions surround Kabila's assassination
		It was apparently a statement claiming responsibility for the killing by this group, called “the young militants of the National Council for Resistance and Democracy (NCRD),” that was sent to the French AFP news agency in Paris.
		The then US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright insisted on the territorial integrity of the Congo, demanding that all the outside countries involved withdraw so that a settlement could be agreed to restore stability to the region.
		It has taken 40 years for the truth to be established about the killing of Patrice Lumumba, the first post-independence leader of the Congo: evidence now points to Belgian agents having killed him, but the governments of the US and Britain were also planning to murder him.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2001/jan2001/cong-j25.shtml (1533 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Business \| Sanctions urged for Congo plunderers
		In the report, the five-member panel details how the Rwandan Government and army, the Ugandan army, and Congolese and Zimbabwean Government officials plan to continue to exploit the DR Congo's resources.
		The plunder continues, despite the withdrawal of foreign troops, by "elite networks" running a self-financing war economy on the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the report said.
		The Ugandan army is accused of provoking ethnic fighting in eastern Congo and of training militias to control "directly and discreetly" trade and tax collection.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/business/2345727.stm (622 words)

	The All North America Conference on the Congo
		ANACCO is an international association of scholars and professionals who are interested in the reconstruction and the development of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
		The organization includes citizens of the Democratic Republic of Congo, friends of Congo, researchers, business entrepreneurs, students, and many other people who believe that the largest French-speaking nation on the face of the earth deserves better.
		All issues related to Congo can be discussed in a theoretical or practical manner.
	www.anacco.org (149 words)

	Democratic Republic of Congo: Stop the Use of Child Soldiers - Amnesty International
		Democratic Republic of Congo: Stop the Use of Child Soldiers
		Over the past five years, tens of thousands of children have been forced to fight alongside government armed forces and armed political groups in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
		From the beginning to the end of their military service, these children are subjected to harrowing and dehumanising experiences, including beatings, rape and other forms of torture.
	web.amnesty.org /pages/cod-061003-action-eng (302 words)

	Elusive African Apes: Giant Chimps or New Species? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Summary A mysterious group of apes in the war-torn Democratic Republic of Congo has scientists and conservationist scratching their heads.
		A mysterious group of apes found in the war-torn Democratic Republic of Congo in central Africa has scientists and conservationist scratching their heads.
		Since Ammann launched his quest, he has led expeditions into the Bili forest in the northern Democratic Republic of Congo where the original skulls were recovered.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2003/04/0414_030314_strangeape.html (864 words)

	allAfrica.com: Congo-Kinshasa
		Hundreds of civilians have been displaced in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in the latest round of fighting between dissident soldiers and the army's fifth brigade, a humanitarian official has said.
		An overwhelming number of voters approved a constitutional referendum in December 2005, which is expected to lead to general elections in the Democratic Republic of Congo, official results of the poll show.
		Prospects for the first democratic elections in the Democratic Republic of Congo in over 40 years and a return to sustainable peace have brightened following the decision by key opposition leader Etienne Tshisekedi to participate in the March polls.
	allafrica.com /congo-kinshasa (1075 words)

	9 UN Peacekeepers Killed in Democratic Republic of Congo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The United Nations mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo says up to nine peacekeepers have been killed in an ambush.
		Thousands of U.N. troops are in Congo to help oversee the transition from a five year long war which ended in a series of peace deals in 2003.
		Although the war is over, eastern Congo remains volatile with sporadic violence among various ethnic groups and the Congolese army and dissident soldiers.
	www.voanews.com /english/2005-02-25-voa27.cfm (180 words)

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